apss manual

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APOLLO PHOTONIC SOLUTIONS SUITE

APSS

User Manual


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Disclaimer

In no event shall Apollo Inc., its employees, its contractors, or the authorsof this documentation be liable to you for general, special, direct, indirect,incidental or consequential damages, losses, costs, charges, claims,demands, or claim for lost profits, fees or expenses of any nature or kind.

Document Revision: MARCH2004

Copyright 2004 Apollo Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, modified or redistributedin any form or by whatever means without prior written approval of Apollo Inc.


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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................61.1 Key Features of APSS...............................................................................61.2 Getting Help...............................................................................................7

CHAPTER 2 FIRST STEPS.......................................................................................8

2.1 Installing the License Manager..................................................................82.2 Connect the Hardlock Key.......................................................................112.3 Install APSS.............................................................................................122.4 Run APSS................................................................................................132.5 Updating / Upgrading APSS....................................................................132.6 Main Window and Object Navigator Window ..........................................14

CHAPTER 3 GENERAL FUNCTIONS .......................................................................17

3.1 Open a Project.........................................................................................173.2 Import a Project .......................................................................................183.3 Save a Project .........................................................................................18

3.4 Save a Project under a New Name .........................................................183.5 Export a Project .......................................................................................183.6 Delete a Project .......................................................................................193.7 Close a Project ........................................................................................193.8 Refresh a Project.....................................................................................193.9 Unlock a Project ......................................................................................203.10 Copy and Paste an Object.......................................................................203.11 Copy and Paste an Object into a Different Database .............................203.12 Move an Object .......................................................................................213.13 Undo a Move ...........................................................................................213.14 Cut an Object...........................................................................................213.15 Delete an Object......................................................................................213.16 Undo an Object Deletion .........................................................................223.17 Add a Comment.......................................................................................223.18 Edit an Object ..........................................................................................22

3.19 Exit the Program......................................................................................233.20 User Log Off ............................................................................................23

CHAPTER 4 ADMINISTRATION ..............................................................................24

4.1 Compact and Repair the Database .........................................................244.2 Add a New User ......................................................................................244.3 Modify a User ..........................................................................................254.4 Add a User to a Group.............................................................................254.5 Delete a User from a Group ....................................................................254.6 Clear a User's Password .........................................................................264.7 Delete a User...........................................................................................26


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4.8 Upgrade the Dictionaries.........................................................................26

CHAPTER 5 CUSTOMIZATION ...............................................................................27

5.1 Add a Scheme List Registry ....................................................................275.2 Delete a Scheme List Registry ................................................................275.3 Modify the Password ...............................................................................275.4 Modify Object Colors ...............................................................................28

CHAPTER 6 SESSIONS.........................................................................................29

6.1 View a Session ........................................................................................296.2 Send a Message......................................................................................29

6.3 Close a Session.......................................................................................29CHAPTER 7 UPGRADING THE DATABASE .............................................................30

7.1 Upgrading the Main Database.................................................................30

CHAPTER 8 MATERIAL MODULE...........................................................................31

8.1 Create a Material Project.........................................................................318.2 Modify a Material Project .........................................................................328.3 Create a New Material.............................................................................328.4 Create a New User-defined Material .......................................................338.5 Modify a Material in the Material Dictionary ............................................348.6 Modify a User-defined Material in the Material Dictionary.......................398.7 Delete a Material from the Material Dictionary ........................................428.8 Preview a Material ...................................................................................42

CHAPTER 9 WAVEGUIDE MODULE........................................................................43

9.1 Pre-defined Waveguide ...........................................................................439.2 User-defined Waveguide .........................................................................45

CHAPTER 10 DEVICE MODULE...............................................................................52

10.1 Pre-defined Device ..................................................................................5210.2 User-defined Device ................................................................................56

CHAPTER 11 CIRCUIT MODULE..............................................................................63

11.1 Create a Circuit Project ...........................................................................63

11.2 Modify the Circuit.....................................................................................64CHAPTER 12 SIMULATION......................................................................................67

12.1 Waveguide...............................................................................................6712.2 Device......................................................................................................6912.3 Circuit.......................................................................................................7612.4 Results and Post Processing Options .....................................................7712.5 Viewing Options.......................................................................................87

CHAPTER 13 WAVEGUIDE APPLICATIONS...............................................................9113.1 Far and Near Field...................................................................................91


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CHAPTER 14 SCANNING ........................................................................................95

14.1 Perform a Scan of a Waveguide .............................................................95

14.2 Perform a Scan of a Device.....................................................................97CHAPTER 15 MESH SETTINGS ...............................................................................99

15.1 View the Mesh Settings ...........................................................................9915.2 Modify the Mesh Settings ......................................................................100

CHAPTER 16 PRE-DEFINED STRUCTURES.............................................................102

16.1 Pre-defined Waveguides .......................................................................10216.2 Pre-defined Devices ..............................................................................103

CHAPTER 17 BASIC SHAPES & OPERATIONS .......................................................147

17.1 Introduction............................................................................................14717.2 Coordinate System................................................................................14717.3 Shapes...................................................................................................14817.4 Operations .............................................................................................157

CHAPTER 18 THEORY..........................................................................................160

18.1 Waveguide Theory ................................................................................16018.2 Device Theory .......................................................................................16318.3 Time Domain Formulations (Finite Difference Time Domain) ...............163

CHAPTER 19 APPENDIX I: APSS RELEASE NOTES .............................................168

19.1 APSS 2.2 ...............................................................................................16819.2 APSS 2.1 ...............................................................................................168

CHAPTER 20 APPENDIX II: FILE FORMAT FOR WAVEGUIDE REFRACTIVE INDEX INPUT170

CHAPTER 21 APPENDIX III: TAPER FUNCTIONS IN AWG COUPLERS .....................171CHAPTER 22 APPENDIX IV: WAVEGUIDE PARAMETERS ........................................174

22.1 Propagation constant and phase...........................................................17422.2 Loss 17422.3 Group index and group velocity.............................................................17422.4 Dispersion..............................................................................................17522.5 Effective Area ........................................................................................175

22.6 Modal Diameter .....................................................................................175CHAPTER 23 GLOSSARY .....................................................................................177

CHAPTER 24 INDEX .............................................................................................180


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Introduction 6

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Apollo Inc. provides one of the world's most complete design solutions for photonicdevices and systems. Apollo brings together internationally renowned experts to developleading-edge photonic design tools and services, including pre-packaged computer-aideddesign (CAD) software and custom design services.Apollo Photonic Solutions Suite (APSS) makes designing next-generation photonicdevices and circuits faster and easier than ever before. APSS combines advanced designcapabilities with innovative simulation tools, making it the most sophisticated computer-

aided design software suite available. Its unique capabilities give designersunprecedented flexibility over their project development. Designed for general andadvanced users, APSS offers both the simplicity and control necessary to rapidly createinnovative photonic device and circuit designs.APSS is the first-ever commercial design tool for photonic integrated circuits. The fullintegration of material, waveguide, device and circuit modeling is offered in an easy to usehierarchical framework. Its predefined, knowledge based component libraries for standardand customized device structures dramatically reduce preliminary input and make designchanges quick and simple.. Powerful simulation techniques for complex device and circuitstructures allow designers to quickly analyze and test their designs. Enhanced designoptimization and parameter extraction capabilities enable designers to develop devicesand circuits by starting from predetermined performance levels.

1.1 Key Features of APSS

Provides comprehensive solutions through a hierarchy for material, waveguide,device and circuit designs.

Delivers reliable simulation through each design process using numerical andanalytical simulation tools.

Offers built-in libraries, which serve as the foundation for most new projectsguiding users through a series of pre-defined structures.

Allows advanced users to edit complex structures and to benefit from completecontrol of the simulation tool and set-up.

Creates an extensive range of physical and mask layouts of the final designbased on industry standards.

Contacting Apollo Inc.Address: Apollo Inc.

1057 Main Street W.Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 1B7

Telephone: 1 905-524-3030Fax: 1 905-524-3050

Web Address: www.apollophotonics.comSupport: [email protected]
http://www.apollophotonics.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.apollophotonics.com/


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7 Introduction

1.2 Getting Help

1.2.1 On line Help

APSS has comprehensive online help. The online help can be accessed from the Maintoolbar by selecting Help, then selecting Contents. When you click the Help button,located on most dialog boxes, you will find information on a specific dialog box.When you enter a word or phrase in the Online Help's Search tab, Help searches the

contents of the topics to find all occurrences of that word or phrase. This is a good way tofind a topic title (if you know it) or to find out more information about a dialog box.To find information using a full-text search:

1. On the Online Helpwindow, click the Searchtab, and type the word or phraseyou wish to find.

2. Click the List Topicsbutton, select the topic you want, and then click theDisplaybutton.

3. To sort the topic list, click the Title, Locationor Rankcolumn heading.

1.2.2 Getting Started Manual

A Getting Started file is included with APSS. This document guides you through all of theAPSS modules. Getting Started can help beginner designers create a simple structureand learn about the main features of APSS.

1.2.3 Examples

APSS includes examples for each module (Material, Waveguide, Device, Circuit). Theseexamples were created and simulated to show APSS features and strengths. Most ofthese examples are based on real experiments or approved technical papers. See Opena Project on page 17 to learn how to open the existing examples.

1.2.4 Training

Apollo offers two types of training classes year-round. The first is a general class held atApollos headquarters in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The other is a customized trainingclass based on your companys needs. Please contact Apollo for more details.

1.2.5 Techn ical Suppo rt

Apollo offers free technical support for two months on APSS. However, extendedtechnical support is also available. You may send any technical questions [email protected]. A knowledgeable technical support team member willquickly answer your questions.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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First Steps 8

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Installing the License Manager 8Connect the Hardlock Key 8Install APSS 12Run APSS 13Main Window and Object Navigator Window 13

2.1 Installing the License Manager

APSS can be used as on a stand-alone computer or in a network with multiple user. Touse FOMS on a stand-alone computer, just install APSS in the computer and connect thehardlock to the printer port, (explained later). You also need the license file, which is sent

to you by Apollo. To get the license file, you have to send/Fax the License Request Formto Apollo. This form was shipped with the package, or can be printed from the installationGuide on the CD.

To run the APSS on a network for multiple user access, you must install the licensemanager on a server computer (license server). Apollo uses one of the most advancedlicense managers, FlexLM from Macrovision (GLOBEtrotter). This license manager has asimple interface.

The license manager daemon(lmgrd) handles the initial contact with the client applicationprograms. The lmgrd runs on the server. The application on each machine (client)contacts the server, and gets available licenses. The license file should be available onthe server and client machines.Setting up the license manager on the server is done using the license administration tool,lmtools. This tool can be accessed from Start menu/Program/Apollo Photonics/LicenseManager/lmtools. There are a few steps to initiate the license manager:

1. Select Configuration using Services, so FlexLM can run in the background.


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2. Configure Services, using the last tab.

Enter the path where you installed the license manager during the installation.The default path in the setup is: C:\Program Files\Apollo Photonics\LicenseManager. Enter the path to the license file, license.dat. You may place thelicense file license.dat in any folder, but you will need to specify the path here.Note that on the client machine, it should be saved to the same directory as theapplication, e.g., C:\Program Files\Apollo Photonics\APSS 2.x. See NOTESbelow.

Enter the path to the debug log file. If the file does not exist, the program willcreate the file.

Select Use Services. By selecting Start Server at Power Up, you will not need to start the server each

time the machine is rebooted. Click Save Service.


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First Steps 10

3. Start the service using the Start/Stop/Reread tab.

4. Other utilities are available on the other tabs. More information can be obtainedfrom http://www.macrovision.com.

NOTE 1: The license file, license.dat is not shipped with the product. To get the license

file, customers must fill out the Codeword Request Form and Fax it to Apollo.NOTE 2: Do not forget to place the license file, license.dat, on the server and clientmachines. The license file can be saved in any folder, but on the client machine, it shouldbe saved in the same directory as the application, i.e. C:\Program Files\ApolloPhotonics\APSS 2.x.
http://www.macrovision.com/http://www.macrovision.com/http://www.macrovision.com/


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11 First Steps

2.2 Connect the Hardlock Key

To run APSS, you must connect a hard-lock key (provided by Apollo Inc.) to the parallelport of your computer. Several different methods exist for connecting the hardlock key.

2.2.1 Direct Connec tion to the Parallel Port

The simplest way to use the hardlock key is to connect it to the parallel port of thecomputer, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Direct connection to the parallel port

2.2.2 Connect ion to the Paral lel Port thro ugh an Extensio n

Cable

If you would like to save some space between the wall and your computer, you may usean extension parallel cable between the computer and the hardlock key as shown inFigure 2.

Figure 2 Connection through parallel cable between the parallel port and thehardlock key

2.2.3 Multip le Hardlo ck Keys

If you have more than one hardlock key for different computer software, you can stack thekeys together in series as shown in Figure 3.


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First Steps 12

Figure 3 Use of multiple hardlock keys

2.3 Install APSS

2.3.1 Sys tem Requir ement s

Before you install and use APSS ensure you have the following minimum (orrecommended) items:Operating System

Windows 2000 / NT / XPProcessor

Minimum: Pentium II 233 MHz or higher

Recommended: Pentium III 600 MHz or higherRAM

Minimum: 64 MB or higher

Recommended: 128 MB or higherVideo

256 color or higher

To install APSS:NOTE: If you are un-installing a previous version of APSS, your database will be deletedduring the uninstall process. To retain the database, make a copy before un-installing.When installing APSS, you will also be prompted to install the hardlock driver. Make sure

you install the hardlock driver, otherwise APSS will not run.1. Close all programs.2. Insert the APSSCD into your CD-ROM drive.

If Autorun is enabled on your system, the installation process will beginautomatically, and you can skip to step 5.

3. From the Startmenu, select Run.4. Type D:\APSSInstaller.exe(replace Dwith the appropriate letter for your CD-

ROM drive).5. Select the APSS to install the program on the computer. Then follow the

instruction to completely install the program. Once APSS and the Hard-lockdriver are installed, the Readme file automatically opens.


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13 First Steps

6. Install the license manager only on the server, which may not have APSS. Followthe instruction. If the computer is used as stand-alone, the license server shouldalso be installed on that. However no setting is required

7. Connect the hardlock to the computer for stand-alone computer. Or connect thehardlock to the server for network application.

8. Put the license file to computer (the same folder as you installed APSS), and inthe server.

Troubleshoot ing

Not enough disk space: APSS requires ~800 MB of free disk space. If there is not

enough space on your disk drive, APSS will not install. If this occurs during the installationprocess, click Abortand remove any unnecessary files or select a drive with more space,

then try reinstalling APSS.Hardlock not found: This error can occur for two reasons when trying to run APSS: thehardlock is not connected to the parallel port, or you did not install the hardlock driverwhen installing APSS. If this occurs, connect the hardlock and reinstall APSS makingsure to also install the driver during the installation process.

2.4 Run APSS

The hard-lock key must be connected in order for APSS to run. Once APSS is installed, ashortcut icon is created on your computer desktop.To log in for the first time after APSS is installed:Note: The person who is the first to log-in after APSS is installed should be the

designated Administrator.

1. Leave Administratoras the Username, and leave the Passwordfield blank.2. Click OK. The password can be changed later.

3. APSS opens.Note: The Administrator should now add new users, see page 24.

To log in:

1. Select APSS from Start menu. The Log-inwindow opens.2. In the User Namefield, enter your user name.

3. In the Passwordfield, enter your password.Note: If you have not previously entered a password, leave the Passwordfieldblank and then modify your password (page 27) when you enter APSS.

4. If desired, click in the Schemefield to select the desired database.5. Click OK. APSS opens.

2.5 Updating / Upgrading APSS

If you have installed an upgraded version of APSS, please see page 30,Upgrading TheDatabase.


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First Steps 14

2.6 Main Window and Object Navigator Window

NOTE: If you are unfamiliar with APSS, it is recommended that you read the GettingStarted manual installed with APSS.When APSS opens, the Main window and the Object Navigator window are displayed.The Main menu bar includes the drop-down menus, which contain all the availablecommands. The Main window also displays projects that have been opened. To the leftof the Main window is the Object Navigator window. The Object Navigator window

displays the open projects and the contents of the project. The window at the bottom ofthe Object Navigatorwindow is used to show and add comments.Note: To close or open the Object Navigatorwindow, from the Viewmenu, select ObjectNavigator.

2.6.1 MainWindow Icons

Object

NavigatorMainwindo

Comments


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15 First Steps

New: Click to open a drop-down list to select which type of project to create.

Open: Click to open a project.

Save: Click to save the selected project.

Copy: Click to copy the selected item.

Cut: Click to remove the selected item.

Paste: Click to insert the copied or cut item into the selected project.

Run Simulation: Click to perform a simulation for the selected waveguide, device or

circuit project.

Run Application Near/Far Field: Click to calculate the near and far fields for theselected waveguide. Applications can be run when the simulation results are available.

Run Overlap Integral: Click to calculate the overlap integral for the selectedwaveguide.

View Simulation Results: Click to view the simulation results for the selected

waveguide, device or circuit project.

View Scanning Results: Click to view the scanning results for the selected device.

View Application Near/Far Field Results: Click to view the application results for

the selected waveguide.

View Application Overlap Integral: Click to view the overlap integral for the

selected waveguide.

Cascade: Click to arrange the open project windows overlapping on top of oneanother.

Tile Vertically: Click to arrange the open project windows on top of one another.

Tile Horizontally: Click to arrange the open project windows beside one another .


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2.6.2 Object NavigatorWindow Icons

Closed Project: Closed projects that contain objects display a plus sign on the leftside. Clicking the plus sign opens the project to display its contents.

Open Projects: Open projects display a minus sign on the left side and the content

of the project is listed below it. Clicking the minus sign closes the project.Saved:Indicates an object is saved.Not Saved: Indicates an object is NOT saved.Deleted: Indicates an object has been deleted.

Project Manager: Holds all open projects.

Main Project. All of the project's dependents are listed below.

Base Material: Represents the base material in a material project.

Composition Material: Represents the composition material in a material project.

Waveguide Project: Represents a waveguide project.

Material Domain: The material domain within a waveguide or device project.

Channel: Represents a channel within a waveguide project.

Device Project: Represents a device project.

Port: Represents a port within a device or circuit project.

Reflection Region: Represents a reflection region within a device.

Circuit Project: Represents a circuit project.Terminal: Represents a terminal within a circuit project.

Device Connector: Represents a connector within a circuit project

.


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17 Customization

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Open a Project 17Import a Project 18Save a Project 18Save a Project under a New Name 18Export a Project 18

Delete a Project 18Close a Project 19Refresh a Project 19Unlock a Project 20Copy and Paste an Object 20Copy and Paste an Object into a Different Database 20Move an Object 21Undo a Move 21

Cut an Object 21Delete an Object 21Undo an Object Deletion 22Add a comment 22Edit an Object 22Exit the Program 23Log Off of the Program 23

3.1 Open a ProjectNOTE: If you are unfamiliar with APSS, it is recommended that you read the GettingStarted manual installed with APSS.To open a project:

1. On the Mainwindow, from the Filemenu, select Open, or click . The Opendialog box opens.

2. Click the desired icon to only view specific projects.

3. Select the desired project.Note: Projects that are shaded in gray are already open by a user and cannot

be opened.

4. Click . The project appears in the Object Navigatorwindow.5. If the Close after Open/Deletecheckbox is selected, the window closes

automatically. If the Close after Open/Deletecheckbox is clear, click Closetoclose the Opendialog box.


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Customization 18

3.2 Import a Project

This procedure is used to import a material, waveguide or circuit project into the database

you are using.To import a project:

1. In the Object Navigatorwindow, select Projects.2. From the Filemenu, select Import. The Import Structure from Filedialog box

opens.

3. Click in the Look infield to select where to find the project you wish toimport.

4. Select the desired project (.apx file).5. Click Open. The project is opened in the Object Navigatorwindow.

6. Save the project.

3.3 Save a Project

This is a function that can be performed in the Object Navigator window. Use thisprocedure to save a project that has been created or modified.To save a project:

1. In the Object Navigatorwindow, select the project you wish to save.

2. Click or from the Filemenu, select Save. Only the selected project and its

components are saved.Note: Objects that are not saved have displayed beside the name. Objectsthat are saved have displayed beside the name.

3.4 Save a Project under a New Name

To save a project under a new name:1. In the Object Navigatorwindow, select the project you wish to save under a new

name.2. From the Filemenu, select Save As.3. Enter the new name.4. Click Save.5. ClickYes.

Important: The simulation and/or application results will not be saved with the

project under the new name.Note: The original copy of the project and simulation data are retained under the

original name.

3.5 Export a Project

This procedure is used to export a material, waveguide, device or circuit projectto anotherdestination.

To export a project:1. In the Object Navigatorwindow, select a project with the symbol .


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2. From the Filemenu, select Export. The Export Structure to Filedialog boxopens.

3. Click in the Save infield and select where you wish to export the file.4. Click Save. The project is saved as a .apx file.

3.6 Delete a Project

Warning: Once a project is deleted, it cannot be retrieved. Use caution when deleting a

project.To delete a project:

1. On the main window, from the Filemenu, select Open, or click . The Opendialog box opens.

2. Click the desired icon to view only specific projects.3. Select the project you wish to delete.

Note: A project that is currently open by a user cannot be deleted.

4. Click .5. Click the OKbutton if you are sure you wish to delete the selected project. The

project and all of its related dependents are deleted.6. If the Close after Open/Deletecheckbox is selected, the window closes

automatically. If the Close after Open/Deletecheckbox is clear, click Closetoclose the Opendialog box.

3.7 Close a Project

To close a project:1. In the Object Navigatorwindow, right-click the project you wish to close.

2. Select Closeto close only the selected project or select Close Allto close allopen projects.

3. ClickYesto save the changes or click Noto close the project without saving any

changes made since the last Save.

3.8 Refresh a Project

If changes were made to the objects within a project, you can refresh the project so that

the updated project is displayed.To refresh a project:1. On an Editordialog box, select the Auto Refreshcheckbox. When this

checkbox is selected, changes are automatically redrawn.-or-

1. On an Editordialog box, if the AutoRefreshcheckbox is cleared, then clickRefresh. The object will be redrawn with the new values.


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Customization 20

3.9 Unlock a Project

Note: Unlocking a project is required only under special circumstances in which a project

was closed without the opportunity to save changes (for example, after a power failure).To unlock a project:

1. On the Mainwindow, from the Filemenu, select Open, or click . The Open

dialog box opens.Note: Projects shaded in gray are locked. A project can only be unlocked by the

user who locked the project.2. Click the desired icon to only view specific projects.3. Select the locked project.

4. Click . The project is unlocked.5. If the Close after Open/Deletecheckbox is selected, the window closes

automatically. Otherwise, click Closeto close the Opendialog box.

3.10 Copy and Paste an Object

Use the procedure to copy an object and place it into another project.

To copy and paste objects:1. Select the object you wish to copy.

2. Click , or right-click the object and select Copyfrom the pop-up menu.3. Select the project in which you wish to place the copied object.

4. From the main tool bar, click beside the icon. The copied objects arelisted.

5. Select the objects you wish to copy, or select Paste Allto copy all of the objects.

Important: The simulation and/or application results will not be copied.

3.11 Copy and Paste an Object into a Different Database

Use the procedure to copy an object or project, and place it into another database.To copy and paste objects into a different database:

1. Select the object you wish to copy.

2. Click , or right-click the object and select Copy from the pop-up menu.3. From the Filemenu, select Logout... You will be prompted to save any open

projects.4. Select a new database from the scheme list and click OKto login to the program

again.5. In the Object Navigatorwindow, select Projects.

6. From the main tool bar, click beside the icon. The copied objects arelisted.

7. Select the objects you wish to copy, or select Paste Allto copy all of the objectsinto the database.


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Important: The simulation and/or application results will not be copied.

3.12 Move an ObjectThis procedure will change the order in which objects are listed.Note: You can only move objects that are on the same object-hierarchy level. Youcannot move objects form one project to another.To move an object:

1. Select the object you wish to move.2. Drag and drop the object to the desired location.3. From the pop-up menu, select Move.

3.13 Undo a Move

This function can be performed from one of the Editordialog boxes: Waveguide, Device,Circuit.To undo a move:

1. Click the object for which you wish to undo the move.2. Right-click and select Undo Move. The object moves back to its previous

position.

3.14 Cut an Object

When you cut an object from the Object Navigator window, you can either remove itcompletely from the project or paste into another project.To cut and paste an object:

1. Select the object you wish to cut.

2. Click , or right-click the object and select Cutfrom the pop-up menu.3. Select the project in which you wish to place the cut object.

4. Click , or right-click the project and select Pastefrom the pop-up menu.To cut and paste multiple objects:

1. Select the first object you wish to cut.

2. Click , or right-click the object and select Cutfrom the pop-up menu.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for as many objects that you wish to cut.

4. Select the project in which you wish to place the cut objects.

5. From the main tool bar, click beside the icon. The cut objects are listed.6. Select Paste All.

Note: If the listed objects are not the items you wish to paste, select Clear All,and start at step 1 again.

3.15 Delete an Object

This procedure deletes an object from a project.


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Customization 22

To delete an object:1. Right-click the object you wish to delete.2. From the pop-up menu, select Delete.

Note: If you cannot see the Delete option, you cannot delete the selectedobject.

3. Click OKto delete the object and all of its dependents. A icon appears beside

the deleted object.Tip: If you deleted something in error, BEFORE saving the project, undo the

deletion.

3.16 Undo an Object Deletion

To undo an object deletion:

1. Right-click the object for which you wish to undo the deletion. Deleted objectshave the icon beside them.

2. From the pop-up menu, select Undelete. The deletion is undone.

3.17 Add a Comment

This procedure is used to add a comment to a selected object in the Object Navigatorwindow.To add a comment:

1. In the Object Navigatorwindow, select the object to which you wish to add acomment.

2. Double-click the bottom window of the Object Navigatorand enter the desiredcomment.


3.18 Edit an ObjectThis procedure allows you to open the object in an Editor dialog box, and edit theinformation.To edit an object:

1. Right-click the object you wish to edit.2. Select Editfrom the pop-up menu. The object opens in an Editordialog box.3. You can now perform the following operations, depending on the type of object

opened:

Modify a material project (see page 32) Modify a pre-defined waveguide (see page 44) Modify a user-defined waveguide (see page 46) Modify a pre-defined device (see page 54)

Modify a user-defined device (see page 57) Modify a circuit (see page 64)



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23 Customization

3.19 Exit the Program

To exit the program:

1. From the Filemenu, select Exit. You will be prompted to save any openprojects.

2. ClickYesto save a project or click Noto exit without saving. The program

closes.

3.20 User Log Off

Use this procedure to log off the current user and log on with a new user.

To log off:1. From the Filemenu, select Logout... You will be prompted to save any open

projects.2. ClickYesto save a project or click Noto exit without saving.3. Enter the new user name and click OKto Log In again.

-and/or-Select a new database from the scheme list and click OKto Log In again.


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Administration 24

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Compact and Repair the Database 24Add a New User 24Modify a User 25Add a Group to a User 25Delete a Group from a User 25

Clear a Users Password 26Delete a User 26

Administration procedures can only be performed by users with administrative privileges.When initially running APSS (see page 13),an administrator should be designated.

4.1 Compact and Repair the Database

This procedure can only be performed by users with administrative privileges.This procedure compacts unused files, which reduces the overall size of the database.This procedure also repairs any errors in the database, which may have occurred due toexternal circumstances such as a power failure. The administrator should perform thisprocedure every week to ensure optimum performance.Important: All projects must be closed, and all users must be disconnected from the

database prior to compacting and repairing.To compact and repair the database:

1. From the Systemmenu, select Databaseand then Compact and Repair

Database. APSS checks to see if there is enough space on your system for thetemporary database that is used for the repair.

2. If there is enough space on your system, the compacting and repairingautomatically begins and the progress is shown on the Progress Bar.

If there is not enough space, select a drive with enough space and the desired folder,then click OK. The procedure automatically begins and the progress is shown on the

Progress Bar.

Note: If there is not enough drive space, you cannot perform this procedure.

4.2 Add a New User

The user is added to the database in which the administrator is working.

To add a new user:1. From the Systemmenu, select User, then UserAccounts. The Registered

Users of Schemedialog box opens.

2. Click . The Userdialog box opens.


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25 Administration

3. Enter the name the user will type when logging in to APSS.Note: The name is case sensitive and the user must type exactly what isentered in this field when logging on.

4. Enter the user's first and last name, and any comments about the user.5. Click OK The user is added to the database6. Click Close.

4.3 Modify a User

The user is modified in the database in which the administrator is working.To modify a user:

1. From the Systemmenu, select User, then UserAccounts. The RegisteredUsers of Schemedialog box opens.2. Under Registered Users, select the user you wish to modify.

3. Click or Double-click the selected user. The Userdialog box opens.4. Enter the name the user will type when logging in to APSS.

Note: The name is case sensitive and the user must type exactly what is

entered in this field when logging on.5. Enter the user's first and last name.

6. Enter any comments about the user.7. Click OK. The user is modified.8. Click Close.

4.4 Add a User to a Group

To add a user to a group:1. From the Systemmenu, select User, then UserAccounts. The Registered

Users of Schemedialog box opens.2. Under Registered Users, select the user.3. Under Available Groups, select the group to which you wish to add the user.

4. Click to move the selection up.5. Click Close.

4.5 Delete a User from a Group

To delete a user from a group:1. From the Systemmenu, select User, then UserAccounts. The Registered

Users of Schemedialog box opens.2. Under Registered Users, select the user.3. Under User's Groups, select the group from which you wish to delete the user.

4. Click to remove the group.5. Click Close.


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Administration 26

4.6 Clear a User's Password

Use this procedure to clear a user's password in instances where the user has forgotten

his/her password. Once a password is cleared, the user can log on and then add a newpassword.To delete a user:

1. From the Systemmenu, select User, then User Accounts. The RegisteredUsers of Schemedialog box opens.

2. Under Registered Users, select the user whose password you wish to clear.

3. Click .Warning: If the Confirmation checkbox is NOT selected, the password will

automatically be cleared.Note: If the selected user is the user currently logged on, the password can be

changed rather than cleared.4. If a confirmation dialog box opens, click OK. The password is cleared from the

user's profile.5. Click Close.

4.7 Delete a User

The user is deleted from the database in which the administrator is working.To delete a user:

1. From the Systemmenu, select User, then User Accounts. The RegisteredUsers of Schemedialog box opens.

2. Under Registered Users, select the user you wish to delete.

3. Click .Warning: If the Confirmation checkbox is NOT selected, the user willautomatically be deleted.

4. If a confirmation dialog box opens, click OK. The user is deleted from thedatabase.

5. Click Close.

4.8 Upgrade the Dictionaries

This procedure is used by designers who want to upgrade the dictionaries with the latest

dictionary provided by Apollo.To upgrade the dictionaries:

1. From the Systemmenu, select Database, then Upgrade Dictionaries. TheAPSS Database Upgradedialog box opens.

2. Click to select the location of the dictionary.3. Select the database (.mdb) and click Open.4. Click Upgrade. The upgrade begins.


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27 Customization

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Add a Scheme List Registry 27Delete a Scheme List Registry 27Modify the Password 27Modify Object Colors 28

You can customize APSS so that when you open the program, you have settings specificto your user name.

5.1 Add a Scheme List Registry

This procedure is used to map a path to another database within your system or networkso that when APSS is started, there is a choice of databases.To add a scheme list registry:

1. From the Systemmenu, select Schemes. The Scheme List Registrydialog boxopens.

2. Click .3. Find the file path.4. Select the APSSDatafolder.

Note: The folder APSSData must already be created. And in the APSSDatafolder, there must be a Databasefolder that contains the database.

5. Click OK.

6. Click Applyto save the changes.

5.2 Delete a Scheme List Registry

This procedure is used to delete the path to a database.To delete a scheme list registry:

1. From the Systemmenu, select Schemes. The Scheme List Registrydialog box

opens.

2. Select the scheme to be deleted.

3. Click .4. Click Applyto delete the scheme.

5.3 Modify the Password

This procedure is used to change the password that is entered when logging on to theprogram. If a password is forgotten, contact the system Administrator to have him or her

clear the old password, you may enter another password.To modify the password:


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Customization 28

1. From the Systemmenu, select User,thenChange Password. The ChangePassworddialog box opens.

2. Enter the old password or leave it blank if the Administrator cleared your old

password.3. Enter the new password.4. Re-enter the new password to confirm.5. Click OK.

5.4 Modify Object Colors

This procedure is used to change the colors of objects such as ports and channels.

To modify object colors:1. In the Object Inspectorwindow, click the Optionstab.Note: If the Object Inspectorwindow isn't open, select Object Inspector fromthe Viewmenu.

2. Under Drawing, click the right column of the object you wish to modify.

3. Click . The Draw Option Editorwindow opens.

4. To change the fill color, under Brush, click beside Colorand select the

desired color.

5. To change the fill style, under Brush, click beside Styleand select the

desired style.6. Click OKto apply the changes.


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29 Sessions

CChhaapptteerr66SSeessssiioonnss

6.1 View a Session

Use this procedure to view the users logged onto the database in which you are working.To view a session:

1. From the Systemmenu, select Sessions. TheAPSS Sessionsdialog boxopens.

The users who are logged onto the database are listed in the table. Click to refreshthe information in the table.

6.2 Send a Message

Use this procedure to send a message to an user who is logged onto the database inwhich you are working.To send a message:

1. From the Systemmenu, select Sessions. TheAPSS Sessionsdialog box

opens.2. Select the user to whom you wish to send a message.

3. Click .4. Type the message you wish to send.5. Click OK. The message is sent to the selected user.

6.3 Close a Session

This procedure is used to prompt a user to exit out of the database in which you areworking.To close a session:

1. From the Systemmenu, select Sessions. TheAPSS Sessionsdialog box

opens.2. Select the user whose session you wish to close.

3. Click . The Close APSS Sessiondialog box opens.

4. Enter the number of minutes the user has before the system will log out.5. If desired, enter a message in the bottom field. The message will appear to the

user whose system is being shut down.6. Click OK.

The selected user will be notified their session in APSS will be closed after the prescribedamount of time has passed. Any changes made will be saved prior to the shut down.


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Upgrading The Database 30

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7.1 Upgrading the Main Database

You will need to perform this procedure after installing an upgraded version of APSS, andyour previous database is no longer compatible with the upgraded version. Thisprocedure will make your database compatible with the updated version of APSS.Note: When an upgrade of APSS is installed, the location of the upgraded databaseshould be chosen so as to NOT overwrite the older database (this is the default). If you

DO choose a path to overwrite the old database, it should first be backed up, as all userdata will be lost.Also note that Un-installing APSS will delete ALL files, including the database.

To upgrade the main database:

1. Open APSS.2. Select the desired Scheme.3. Click OK. If you need to update the database, continue to step 4. If you do not

need to update the database, APSS will open.4. ClickYesto upgrade the database.

5. Select the database prototype (i.e., the location of the newly installed [reference]database)

6. Click Open. TheAPSS Database Upgradedialog box opens.

7. If the comparison is correct, click Upgrade.8. When the upgrade is complete, click OK.9. Click Close. APSS opens.


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31 Material Module

CChhaapptteerr88MMaatteerriiaallMMoodduullee

In this c hapter

Create a Material Project 31Create a New Silica Material 32Create a New User-defined Material 33Modify a Silica Material in the Material Dictionary 34Modify a User-defined Material in the Material Dictionary 39

Delete a Material from the Material Dictionary 42Preview a Material 42

The Material Module is a critical feature of APSS. This material design componentprovides device designers with extensive material models, from standard Sellmeierformulas to intricate models that incorporate the effects of temperature and pressure. Thiswide range of material models enables designers to develop new design ideas with littleextraneous input.The Material Module also allows designers to input their own models through table/datafiles or analytical expressions. Designers can calibrate standard models such asSellmeier formulas using their own data and can place their data into the neural-networkmodels provided by the software. The materials will be assigned to the different layers ofa waveguide structure.You can create a Material Project using existing materials, or using new materials that youcreate to your desired specifications.

8.1 Create a Material Project

To create a material project:1. From the Filemenu, select New Project, then Materials.

-or-

Click the Downarrow beside and select Materials. The Create MaterialProject - Generaldialog opens.

2. In the Namefield, enter the name of the material project.3. In the Descriptionfield, enter a description of the material project.4. Select the base material type from the drop-down list.5. Click Next. The Create Material Project - Materialsdialog opens.

6. Select the base material from the drop-down list.

7. Click beside the Base Materialfield to send the material to the project.

8. Select the composition material.

9. Click beside the Composition Materialsfield to send the selected material

to the project.


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Material Module 32

10. If desired, add more composition materials to the project by repeating steps 8and 9.Tip: To remove a material from the project, select the material, right-click and

select Delete.11. To view the parameters and values, and preview the material, select the material

and click Show Index.12. Click Finish. The project opens in the Material Editordialog box.

8.2 Modify a Material Project

To modify the objects in a material project:

1. Open a material project. The material project appears in the Material Editordialog box.

2. In the Object Navigatorwindow, click the material that you wish to modify.3. To modify the Model Parameterstable, click the row that you wish to modify and

enter the desired values.Note: You cannot modify the table for a user-defined material project.


8.3 Create a New MaterialTo create a new material:

1. From the Filemenu, select New Project, then Materials.-or-


2. Select Silicaor Indium Phosphide from the Select Base Material Typedrop-

down list.3. Click Next. The Create Material Project - Materialsdialog opens.

4. Click Create New Material. The Material Dictionarydialog box opens at the

Base Materialstab.

5. Click New.Tip: To base the new material on an existing material, select the material in the

SelectMaterialfield and then click .6. In the Namefield, enter the name of the new material.7. Under the Namefield, enter a description.

8. Click .9. Select the desired model.10. Enter the waveguide parameters. To fix the waveguide parameters at the default

value, select the Fixedcheckbox.

11. Enter the temperature default.

Note: The temperature parameter is fixed. You can change the value (byclearing the Fixedcheckbox) for the purpose of previewing the material but once


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33 Material Module

the material is saved, the temperature returns to the value entered in the Defaultfield.Important: The default value must be one of the values in the Predefined

Function Values table. If the value in the Default column is not in the table, entera value that is in the table. An error will occur when performing a simulation if thedefault value is not in the table.

12. Press to see the updated Predefined Function Values. The material

indices are calculated based on the defined model and parameters.

13. Click .14. Click the Composition Materialstab.

15. Click .16. In the Namefield, enter the name of the new material.17. Under the Namefield, enter a description.

18. Click .19. Select the method.20. If Dopingwas selected as the method,

a. Select the doping type.

b. Enter the temperature and doping defaults.Note: The temperature and doping parameters are fixed. You can change the

values (by clearing the Fixed checkbox) for the purpose of previewing thematerial, but once the material is saved, the temperature and doping return to thevalues entered in the Default field.

21. If RelativeDatawas selected as the method,a. Enter the delta value.

Note: The wavelength and temperature parameters are set at pre-defined

values. You can change the values for the purpose of previewing the material,but once the material is saved, the wavelength and temperature return to the pre-defined values.

22. Click .23. To add more composition materials, repeat steps 15 to 22.24. Click Close.

8.4 Create a New User-defined MaterialTo create a new user-defined material:

1. From the Filemenu, select NewProject, then Materials.

-or-


2. Select User Defined Substrate from the Select Base Material Typedrop-down

list.3. Click Next. The Create Material Project - Materialsdialog opens.


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Material Module 34


Base Materialstab.

5. Click New.Tip: To base the new material on an existing material, select the material in the

SelectMaterialfield and then click .6. In the Namefield, enter the name of the new material.7. Under the Namefield, enter a description.

8. Click .

9. Select the desired model.10. If Table was selected as the model,

a. Under Model Parameters, enter the waveguide parameters. To fix thewaveguide parameters at the default value, select the Fixedcheckbox.

b. Press to update the Table Values.

c. Under Table Values, enter the desired waveguide and index values.

Important: The default value must be one of the values in the Predefined

Function Values table. If the value in the Default column is not in the table, enter

a value that is in the table. An error will occur when performing a simulation if thedefault value is not in the table.

11. If Expressionwas selected as the model,a. Under Index Expressions, enter the desired index values.

12. Click .13. Click the Composition Materialstab.

14. Click .15. In the Namefield, enter the name of the new material.16. Under the Namefield, enter a description.

17. Click .18. Select the desired model.19. If Tablewas selected as the model, under Table Values, enter the desired

waveguide and index values.20. If Expressionwas selected as the model, under Index Expressions, enter the

desired index values.

21. Click .22. To add more composition materials, repeat steps 14 to 21.23. Click Close.

8.5 Modify a Material in the Material Dictionary

To modify a silica material in the material dictionary:


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35 Material Module

1. From the Filemenu, select New Project, then Materials.-or-

Click the Downarrow beside and select Materials. The Create MaterialProject - Generaldialog opens.2. Select Silicaor Indium Phosphidefrom the Select Base Material Typedrop-

down list.3. Click Next. The Create Material Project - Materialsdialog opens.

4. Click Create New Material. The Material Dictionarydialog box opens at theBase Materialstab.

5. Perform a procedure listed below:

Add composition materials to a base materiala. Under Select Material, select the material to which you wish to

add a composition material.

b. Click the Composition Materials tab.

c. Click .

d. In the Name field, enter the name of the new compositionmaterial.

e. Under the Name field, enter a description.

f. Click .

g. Select the method.

h. If Doping was selected as the method, then select the dopingand enter the temperature and doping defaults.

Note:The temperature and doping parameters are fixed. You

can change the values (by clearing the Fixedcheckbox) for thepurpose of previewing the material but once the material issaved, the temperature and doping return to the valuesentered in the Defaultfield.

i. If Relative Datawas selected as the method, enter the deltavalue.

Note:The wavelength and temperature parameters are set at

pre-defined values. You can change the values for the

purpose of previewing the material but once the material issaved, the wavelength and temperature return to the pre-defined values.

j. Click .

Delete composition materials from a base materialk. Under Select Material, select the material from which you wish

to delete a composition material.

l. Click the Composition Materialstab.


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Material Module 36

m. Select the material you wish to delete.

n. Click .

o. Click OK.

p. Click .

Modify the description of the base materiala. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wish

to change the description.

b. Enter the new description in the field under the Namefield.

c. Click .

Modify the description of the composition materiala. Under SelectMaterial, select the material that has the

composition material you wish to modify.

b. Click the Composition Materialstab.

c. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wish


d. Enter the new description in the field under the Namefield.

e. Click .

Modify the method of the composition materiala. Under Select Material, select the material that has the



c. Under SelectMaterial, select the material for which you wishto change the method.

d. Click in the Methodand select the new method.

e. If Dopingwas selected as the method, then select the doping,and enter the temperature and doping defaults.

Note: The temperature and doping parameters are fixed. Youcan change the values (by clearing the Fixedcheckbox) for the

purpose of previewing the material but once the material issaved, the temperature and doping return to the valuesentered in the Defaultfield.

f. If RelativeDatawas selected as the method, then enter the

delta value.

Note:The wavelength and temperature parameters are set atpre-defined values. You can change the values for thepurpose of previewing the material but once the material is

saved, the wavelength and temperature return to the pre-defined values.


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37 Material Module

g. Click .

Modify the model of the base material

a. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wishto change the description.

b. Click in the Modelfield and select the new model.

Warning: If you change the model of an existing material, allof the composition materials will be deleted.

c. If composition materials do exist, click OKto allow thematerials to be deleted, or click Cancelto stop the change of

model.

d. Click .

Modify the model parameters of the base materiala. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wish

to change the parameters.

b. To fix the waveguide parameter, select the checkbox in theWaveguiderow.

c. To change the wavelength values, enter the desired values inthe Waveguiderow, and press to see the updatedPredefined Function Values.

Important:The default value must be one of the values in the

Predefined Function Values table. If the value in the Defaultcolumn is not in the table, enter a value that is in the table. Anerror will occur when performing a simulation if the defaultvalue is not in the index.

d. To change the temperature values, enter the desired values inthe Temperaturerow, and press to see the updatedPredefined Function Values.

Note: The temperature will always revert back to the valueentered in the Defaultcolumn.

e. Click .

Modify the model parameters of the composition material

a. Under Select Material, select the material that has thecomposition material you wish to modify.




d. If Dopingwas selected as the method,

i. To fix the waveguide parameter, select the checkbox

in the Waveguiderow.


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39 Material Module

7. Click Close.

8.6 Modify a User-defined Material in the MaterialDictionary

To modify a user-defined material in the material dictionary:1. From the Filemenu, select New Project, then Materials.

-or-

Click the Downarrow beside and select Materials. The Create Material

Project - Generaldialog opens.

2. Select User Defined Substratefrom the Select Base Material Typedrop-downlist.3. Click Next. The Create Material Project - Materials dialog opens.

4. Click Create New Material. The Material Dictionarydialog box opens at theBase Materialstab.

5. Perform a procedure listed below:

Add composition materials to a base materiala. Under Select Material, select the material to which you wish to

add a composition material.


c. Click .

d. In the Namefield, enter the name of the new compositionmaterial.

e. Under the Namefield, enter a description.

f. In the Modelfield, click to select the model.

g. Click .

Delete composition materials from a base materiala. Under Select Material, select the material from which you wish

to delete a composition material.


c. Select the material you wish to delete.

d. Click .

e. Click OK.

f. Click .

Modify the description of the base material

a. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wishto change the description.


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Material Module 40

b. Enter the new description in the field under the Namefield.

c. Click .

Modify the description of the composition materiala. Under Select Material, select the material that has the





d. Enter the new description in the field under the Namefield.

e. Click .

Modify the model of the base materiala. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wish


b. Click in the Modelfield and select the new model.

Warning: If you change the model from Expressionto Table,

all of the composition materials will be deleted.c. If composition materials do exist, click OKto allow thematerials to be deleted, or click Cancelto stop the change of

model.

d. Click .

Modify the model of the composition materiala. Under Select Material, select the material that has the

composition material you wish to modify.b. Click the Composition Materialstab.


to change the method.

d. Click in the Methodfield and select the new method.

e. Click .

Modify the model parameters, table values or index expressions of thebase material

a. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wish


b. If Tablewas selected as the model,

i. To fix the waveguide parameter, under ModelParameters, select the checkbox in the Waveguide

row.

ii T h th l th l d M d l


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41 Material Module

ii. To change the wavelength values, under ModelParameters, enter the desired values in theWaveguide row, and press to see the

updated Predefined Function Values.iii. Under Table Values, enter the desired waveguide

and index values.Important: The default value must be one of the

values in the Predefined Function Values table. If thevalue in the Default column is not in the table, enter avalue that is in the table. An error will occur whenperforming a simulation if the default value is not inthe index.

Warning: If you change a wavelength value, all ofthe composition materials will be deleted.

c. If Expressionwas selected as the model, under IndexExpressions, enter the desired index values.

d. Click .

Modify the name of the base materiala. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wish

to change the name.

b. Enter the new name in the Namefield.

c. Click .

Modify the name of a composition materiala. Under Select Material, select the material that has the


b. Click the Composition Materialstab.c. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wish

to change the name.

d. Enter the new name in the Namefield.

e. Click .

Modify the table values or index expressions of the composition materiala. Under Select Material, select the material that has the



c. Under Select Material, select the material for which you wishto change the parameters.

d. If Tablewas selected as the model, under Table Values, enter

the desired wavelength and index values.

Important: The default value must be one of the values in the

Predefined Function Values table. If the value in the Defaultcolumn is not in the table, enter the default value into the table.

An error will occur when performing a simulation if the default


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Material Module 42

An error will occur when performing a simulation if the defaultvalue is not in the index.

e. Click .

6. Click .7. Click Close.

8.7 Delete a Material from the Material Dictionary

To delete a material from the material dictionary:1. From the Filemenu, select New Project, then Materials.

-or-

Click the Downarrow beside and select Materials. The Create Material

Project - Generaldialog opens.2. Select the material type from the Select Base Material Typedrop-down list.3. Click Next. The Create Material Project - Materialsdialog opens.


Base Materialstab.5. Under Select Material, select the material you wish to delete.

6. Click .Warning: The material and all of its composition materials will be permanently

deleted.7. Click OKto delete the material.

8.8 Preview a MaterialThis procedure is used to view the characteristics of the selected material.Note: If a parameter has a fixed variable, then the preview will be one-dimensional,

otherwise one-, two- and three-dimensional views are available.To preview a material:

1. From the Refractive Index Model Editordialog box, the Material Dictionary dialogbox or the Material Editordialog box, enter the desired values in the availabletables.

Note: Some dialog boxes do not allow the values to be changed.2. Press to update the tables.

3. Click to open the Material Previewdialog. See Viewing Options on page87 to see the options available when previewing the material.

Note: If is not active, then it is not possible to preview the material.


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43 Waveguide Module

CChhaapptteerr99WWaavveegguuiiddeeMMoodduullee

In this c hapter

Pre-defined Waveguide 43User-defined Waveguide 45

This chapter provides a good overview of the Waveguide module. For an in-depthdescription of this module, please see the Waveguide Module Manual.

The Waveguide Module deals with the cross section of a structure, and represents state-of the art simulation software technology for optical waveguide mode solvers. Devicedesigners can quickly process arbitrary waveguide geometry and arbitrary refractive indexprofiles. The waveguide design software also allows users to accurately compute basicand higher-order modes, guided and leaky modes, and semi- and full-vector modes. Thismodule includes its own pre-defined waveguide library. See page 102 for a list of pre-defined waveguides.One of the important steps in the simulation of photonic devices and circuits is designingthe waveguide (cross section). APSS has two methods available for analyzing

waveguides: finite difference, and effective index.1The finite difference method is moreaccurate but slower. Higher order modes with full/semi vectorial analyses can beperformed in APSS. Complex modes, such as leaky and bending modes, can also becalculated. In a waveguide simulation, a perfect matched layer (PML) with transparentboundary conditions (TBC) is considered, therefore the simulation is very accurate. APSShas default values for all parameters; however users can change any parameter based ontheir needs. For example, the mesh setting is done for the user, and the user can modifythe mesh using a powerful mesh editor.

9.1 Pre-defined Waveguide

In pre-defined waveguide

Create a Pre-defined Waveguide Project 43Modify a Pre-defined Waveguide Project 44Import a Material Project into a Waveguide 45

9.1.1 Create a Pre-defined Wavegu ide Projec t

Note: Before a waveguide project can be created, a material project must have been

created.To create a pre-defined waveguide project:

1

Guided wave Optoelectronics, T.Tamir, 2

nd

edition 1990, Springer-Verlag, pp69-74

1 From the File menu select New Project then Waveguide


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Waveguide Module 44

1. From the Filemenu, select New Project, then Waveguide.-or-

Click the Downarrow beside and select Waveguide. The Waveguide -

Create Waveguide Projectdialog opens.2. Enter the name of the waveguide project in the Namefield.3. Enter a description in the Descriptionfield.4. Select the Pre-definedoption if not already selected.5. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Select Material Systemdialog opens.6. Select the material type.7. Select a saved material project. The components of the selected material are

displayed in the right-hand field.

8. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Select Pre-defined Waveguide Typedialog opens.

9. Select the waveguide type from the drop-down list.10. Select the number of layers.11. Select the structure type.12. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Waveguide Editordialog opens.

13. If desired, on the Geometrytab, modify the variables. Click to edit the

expression.

14. Click the Materialtab, and click to select a material for each domain.

15. Click to open the Refractive Index Model Editordialog box and preview thematerial, then click Closeto close the dialog box.

16. Click the Finishbutton. The project opens in the Waveguide Editordialog box.


9.1.2 Mod ify a Pre-defined Wavegu ide

The procedure for modifying a pre-defined waveguide project is different than that of auser-defined waveguide. To tell if a project is pre-defined, the Waveguide Editor dialog

box has the following icon: .To modify a pre-defined waveguide:

1. Open a waveguide project.-or-

In the Object Navigatorwindow, right-click the Waveguide Project and select

Editfrom the pop-up menu. The Waveguide Editordialog box opens.2. To modify the variable values:a. Click the Geometrytab.

b. Under the Expression heading, click the row of the variable that you

wish to modify.

c. Enter the new value.

d. Press the key.

e. If desired, edit the expression.

3. To modify the materials:

a. Click the Materialstab.


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45 Waveguide Module

b. Click to open the Refractive Index Model Editor dialog box andpreview the material, then click Closeto close the dialog box.

c. Select the domain row you wish to modify.

d. In the selected row, under the Index (R) heading, enter the desired

value for the real index.

e. In the selected row, under the Index (I)heading, enter the desired valuefor the imaginary index.

4. If desired, import a new material project (see below).5. Save the project.

9.1.3 Impo rt a Material Projec t into a Wavegu ide

Use this procedure if you wish to change the material of the domains within thewaveguide.To import a material project into a waveguide:

1. From the Waveguide Editordialog box, click to open the Open WaveguideMaterial Projectdialog box.

2. From the Select Material Type field, click and select the material type.3. Under Saved Projects, select the project you wish to import.

4. To view the parameters of the materials in the project,a. Under Project Material, double-click a project to open the Refractive

Index Model Editordialog box.

b. Preview the material (see page 42).

c. Click Close.

5. Click OK.6. On the Waveguide Editordialog box, click the Materialstab.

7. On the row of the domain that you wish to change the material, click andselect the desired material.

8. Repeat step 7 for the remaining domains.9. Save the project.

9.2 User-defined Waveguide

In this sect io n

Create a User-defined Waveguide Project 46Create a User-defined Waveguide using Pre-defined Structures46Modify a User-defined Waveguide 46

9.2.1 Create a User-defined Waveguid e Projec t


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9.2.1 Create a User defined Waveguid e Projec t

Note: Before a waveguide project can be created, a material project must have beencreated.To create a user-defined waveguide project:


Click the Downarrow beside and select Waveguide. The Waveguide -

Create Waveguide Projectdialog opens.2. Enter the name of the waveguide project in the Namefield.3. Enter a description in the Descriptionfield.

4. Select the User-definedoption.5. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Select Material Systemdialog opens.

6. Select the material type.7. Select a saved material project. The components of the selected material are

displayed in the right-hand field.8. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Select Waveguide Typedialog opens.9. Select the structure type.10. Enter the computation window size.11. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Waveguide Editordialog opens.

12. Modify the waveguide (see page 47).13. Click the Finishbutton. The project opens in the Waveguide Editordialog box.


9.2.2 Create a User-defined Waveguide using Pre-defined

Structures

This procedure allows you to create a user-defined waveguide using the pre-defined

structures, and then within the waveguide, you can modify or add objects.Note: Before a waveguide project can be created, a material project must have been

created.To create a user-defined waveguide project using pre-defined structures:


Click the Downarrow beside and select Waveguide. The Waveguide -Create Waveguide Projectdialog opens.

2. Enter the name of the waveguide project in the Namefield.3. Enter a description in the Descriptionfield.4. Select the User-defined using pre-definedoption if not already selected.5. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Select Material Systemdialog opens.

6. Select the material type.7. Select a saved material project. The components of the selected material are

displayed in the right-hand field.8. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Select Pre-defined Waveguide Type

dialog opens.

9. Select the waveguide type from the drop-down list.


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10. Select the number of layers.11. Select the structure type.

12. Click the Nextbutton. The Waveguide - Waveguide Editordialog opens.13. Modify the waveguide (see page 47).14. Click the Finishbutton. The project opens in the Waveguide Editordialog box.


9.2.3 Mod ify a User-defined Wavegu ide

The procedure for modifying a user-defined waveguide project is different than that of pre-defined. To tell if a project is user-defined, the Geometry tab will have additional tabs

within it.To modify a waveguide project:

1. On the Waveguide - Waveguide Editordialog or the Waveguide Editordialogbox, perform any of the following:

Add a channel (see page 47) Add a material domain (see page 48)

Add a variable (see page 48) Align objects (Waveguide Editordialog box only) (see page 48)

Create an array of shapes (Waveguide Editordialog box only) (seepage 48)

Delete a material domain or channel (Waveguide Editordialog box only)(see page 21)

Delete a variable (see page 49) Import a new material project (Waveguide Editordialog box only) (see

page 45)

Modify the material domain or channel (see page 49)

Modify the main domain (Waveguide Editordialog box only) (see page51) Undo a move (see page 21)

2. If in the Waveguide Editordialog box, save the project. If in the Waveguide -Waveguide Editordialog, click Finish.

9.2.4 Add a Chann el

To add a channel:

1. Click and select .2. Click the icon that represents the shape you want the channel to be.3. Position the cursor on the work area.4. Click and hold down the mouse button, and drag the cursor until the desired size

is reached.5. Release the mouse button. A channel is added.

9.2.5 Add a Material Domain


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To add a material domain:

1. Click and select .2. Click the icon that represents the shape you want the material domain to be.3. Position the cursor on the work area.4. Click and hold down the mouse button, and drag the cursor until the desired size

is reached.5. Release the mouse button. A material domain is added.

9.2.6 Ad d a Variabl e

To add a variable:1. From the Object Navigatorwindow, select the main object in the project.2. On the Geometrytab, click the User Definedtab.

3. Click .4. Under Variable, enter the variable name.5. Under Expression, enter the value for the variable.6. Press to save the variable.

The name entered under Variable, can now be entered into the Expressioncolumn onthe Positionand Sizetabs.

9.2.7 Alig n Objec ts in a Wavegu ide

To align two objects:

7. In the Waveguide Editordialog box, click .8. Click and hold down the mouse button, and drag the cursor so the two objects

are selected.9. Right-click the first object.10. Select Adjustmentfrom the pop-up menu, then select the point location that you

wish to align with the other object. The selected point turns yellow.11. Right-click the second object.12. Select Adjustmentfrom the pop-up menu, then select the point location that you

wish to align with the first object. The selected point turns yellow.13. Right-click the object that you wish to move so that it's aligned with the other

object.14. Select Move to Adjustment Point from the pop-up menu. The two points arealigned.

Note: While both objects are selected, they can be moved together. Once the objects

are no longer both selected, each object can be moved independently of the other.

9.2.8 Create an Ar ray of Shapes

To create an array of shapes:

1. Select the shape for which you wish to create an array.

2 Click The Create Shapes Array dialog box opens


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2. Click . The Create Shapes Arraydialog box opens.

3. Enter the number of rows and columns to include in the array.4. Under Distance, in the Horizontalfield, enter the distance that will be between

the center of each shape in a row.5. Under Distance, in the Verticalfield, enter the distance that will be between the

center of each shape in a column.6. Under Start Position, in the Horizontalfield, enter the horizontal start position of

the first shape in the array.7. Under Start Position, in the Verticalfield, enter the vertical start position of the

first shape in the array.8. Click OK.

9.2.9 Delete a Variab le

To delete a variable:1. From the Object Navigatorwindow, select the main object in the project.2. On the Geometrytab, click the User Definedtab.3. Select the variable you wish to delete.

4. Click . The variable is deleted.

9.2.10 Mod ify a Material Domain o r Channel on a Waveguid e

To modify a material domain or channel on a waveguide:1. Select the material domain or channel.2. Perform one of the procedures listed below:

Flip a channel

a. Click to flip the channel horizontally or click to flip theobject vertically.

Mirror the objectb. Right-click the object and from the pop-up menu, select Mirror.

c. To move the object to its mirror image, select Move(if the pop-

up menu closes, repeat step a), then select the side to be thebase of the mirror image. The object is moved to the mirrorimage position.

d. To copy the object so it's a mirror image of the original, selectCopy(if the pop-up menu closes, repeat step a), then selectwhich side is the base for the mirror image copy. The object iscopied into the mirror image position and the original objectremains in the same position.

Modify the material(Waveguide-Waveguide Editordialog only)

a. Click the Materialtab.

b. Select the domain for which you wish to change the material.

c. Enter a value under an Index heading.


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-or-a. Click the Materialtab.


c. Click on the selected domain row and select the desiredmaterial.

d. Click to open the Refractive Index Model Editordialog boxand preview the material, then click Closeto close the dialogbox.

(Waveguide Editordialog box only)a. Click the Materialtab.


c. Enter a value under an Indexheading.

-or-a. Import a material. See page 45.

b. Click the Materialtab.

c. Select the domain for which you wish to change the material.

d. Click on the selected domain row and select the desiredmaterial.

e. Click to open the Refractive Index Model Editordialog boxand preview the material, then click Closeto close the dialogbox.

Modify the positiona. Click and hold down the left mouse button over the object and

drag it to the desired position.-or-Enter the specific position into the fields on the Positiontab.

Modify the sizea. Click and hold down the left mouse button over a square!and

drag the cursor until the desired size is reached.

-or-Enter the specific size into the fields on the Size tab.

Rotate the object

a. Click .

b. Select the desired angle.-or-Select the Customoption and enter the desired rotation angle.

c. Click OK.

Set the anchors


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a. Click to anchor the object to the bottom.

b. Click to anchor the object to the top.

c. Click to anchor the object to the left.

d. Click to anchor the object to the right.

Split a channel

a. Click to split the object horizontally or click to splitthe object vertically.

b. Enter the number of layers into which you want the object split.

c. Click OK.

3. If in the Waveguide Editordialog box, save the project. If in the Waveguide -Waveguide Editordialog, click Finish.

9.2.11 Mod ify t he Main Domain

To modify the main domain:

1. Click .2. Click the Geometrytab.3. To change the size, enter the desired values on the Sizetab.

apss manual

Documents

upgrading apss

key features of apss

object navigator window

main window

document revision

general functions

hardlock key

consequential damages