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Approaches to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems Southern Illinois University 2015 IGGVA Annual Conference Springfield, IL

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Page 1: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Approaches to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines

Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems

Southern Illinois University

2015 IGGVA Annual Conference Springfield, IL

Page 2: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Importance of Weed Control

• Reduce competition with vines: – Water – Nutrients – Light

• Reduce vine canopy and fruit zone interference: – Light – Air flow – Pesticide spray – Increase difficulty of canopy management and harvest

• Reduce environment for pests: – Insects – Disease – Nematodes – Rodents

• Reduce injury/annoyance for workers: – Poison ivy skin irritant – Multiflora rose, horsenettle thorns

Page 3: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Poor or Lack of Weed Control Encourages:

• Competition with vines

– Small vine size – Reduced yield – Poor fruit quality

• Establishment of perennial weeds – Difficult to control

• Disease – Poor fungicide interception and coverage – Downy mildew – Late season fruit rot

Page 4: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Excessive Competition Problematic When:

• Vines are young, weak or over cropped – Small or shallow root system

– Short stature/small canopy size

• Droughty season – Less water and nutrient availability

• Low vigor site – Eroded, tight clay soil Limited rooting volume

– Excessively well drained with no irrigation

– Nutrient deficient soil

Page 5: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Grower Weed Control Goals

• Control perennial weeds during site prep

• Maintain weed free strip during vine establishment (years 1 through 3)

• Provide adequate weed control throughout growing season • Adjust weed control intensity in accordance with vine needs • Promote soil health

– Reduce erosion – Increase water/air infiltration – Increase biological activity

Page 6: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Considerations When Choosing Weed Control Approach

• Weed identification

• Problematic weed species

• Vine age

• Vine vigor

• Site vigor

• Training system

• Site susceptibility to erosion

• Soil type

• Precipitation

• Irrigation

Page 7: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Approaches to Weed Control

• Traditional: herbicide bare strip

• Chemical: herbicide bare strip as needed/weed mulch layer

• Mechanical: cultivation

• Cover Crop: annual or perennial

• Organic Mulch: compost or hardwood

• Other: permeable fabric or plastic, mowing, flame burning

Page 8: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

• Spring and late summer → apply pre-emerge residual herbicide under row

– Rotation of Princep, Karmex, Solicam

Traditional: Herbicide Bare Strip

Page 9: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Traditional: Herbicide Bare Strip

Advantages Disadvantages • Eliminates competition

• Herbicide resistance

• Difficult application mid/late season

• Vine injury

• Increased soil erosion

• Reduced soil water/air infiltration

• Reduced soil biological activity

• Eliminates competition

• Ease of application early in season

• Low cost

• Pre-emerge residual activity

• Systemic herbicide provides good control of perennial weeds

• Broad spectrum control

• Specific control

Page 10: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Herbicide Bare Dripline Leads to Soil Erosion

Page 11: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

• Spring →apply pre-emerge residual herbicide under row

– Rotation of Princep, Karmex, Solicam

– Use less than full rate

• Follow up (5-6 weeks later) apply mix of residual + burndown

Chemical: Herbicide Bare As Needed/ Weed Mulch Layer

Page 12: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Chemical: Herbicide Bare As Needed/ Weed Mulch Layer

Advantages • Reduces competition • Reduces damage to soil health • Increase soil air/water

infiltration • Increase soil water retention • Ease of application early in

season • Low cost • Pre-emerge residual activity • Systemic herbicide provides

good control of perennial weeds

• Broad spectrum control • Specific control

Disadvantages • Time sensitive

• Difficult application mid/late season

• Vine injury

• Herbicide resistance

• Rodent pressure

Page 13: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Choose and Apply Herbicides Wisely

• Pre-emerge with post-emerge activity can damage trunk renewals – Protect renewals with grow tubes, or use product with

no post-emerge activity

• Pre-emerge can damage vine roots on sandy, low organic matter, low clay soils

• Perennial weeds best controlled with systemic herbicide

• Grass weeds can be controlled with selective grass herbicide

• Always practice herbicide rotation to avoid resistance

• Always read herbicide label • Take the time to calibrate sprayer

Page 14: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

• Cultivate when average weed height is 4 to 6” • Repeat as necessary

– Frequency of cultivation increases with frequency of precipitation

• Implement Options:

– Weed badger – Grape hoe – Weed knife

Mechanical: Cultivation

Page 15: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Mechanical: Cultivation

Advantages • Reduces competition

• Applied as needed

• Broad spectrum control

Disadvantages • Encourage weed seed

germination

• Requires special equipment

• Injury to vines

• Root pruning

• Damage to soil structure – Breaks aggregate structure

and increase soil susceptibility to erosion and crusting

• Decreased soil organic matter

Page 16: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

• Light cultivation to prepare seedbed

• Annual, spring seeded: cereal rye, oats

• Annual, fall seeded: cereal rye, wheat

• Perennial, fall seeded: red fescue

• Grass cover crop species can be controlled with selective grass herbicide

• Fertilize and control weeds to encourage strong stand development

Cover Crops: Annual or Perennial

Page 17: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Cereal Rye

May June July

Page 18: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Red Fescue as Living Mulch

May July Aug. Nov.

Page 19: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Cover Crops: Annual or Perennial

Advantages • Reduced erosion

• Increased soil water/air infiltration

• Increased organic matter

• Increased soil biological activity

• Grass cover crops can reduce broadleaf weed pressure

Disadvantages • Competition with vine

• Time sensitive management

• Intensive management – Establishment

– Stand maintenance

• Escape weeds require spot treatment

Page 20: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

• Composted winery waste

• Hardwood bark mulch

• Shredded or composted corn stalks

• Straw

• Grow your own

• Carbon to nitrogen ratio and thickness of mulch layer influences mulch persistence

• Adjust fertility to reduce negative impact of nitrogen immobilization

Organic Mulch

Page 21: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Bark Mulch + Composted Winery Waste

June October

Page 22: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Organic Mulch

Advantages • Reduced competition with

vine for soil water

• Increased moisture retention

• Reduced erosion

• Increased organic matter

• Increased rooting volume

• Increased root zone cooling

• Utilization of winery waste

• Source and slow release of N,P,K,

Disadvantages • Weed seed in mulch source

• Nitrogen immobilization

• Increased rodent pressure

• Impact on fruit chemistry

Page 23: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Other Forms of Weed Control

• Inorganic Mulch: Permeable fabric or plastic

• Mowing

• Flame Burning

Page 24: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Weed Control as a Vine and Soil Health Tool

• Eliminate, reduce, or encourage competition to promote or reduce vine vegetative growth

– Eliminate competition: young or weak vines, drought

– Promote competition: extremely vigorous vines, wet seasons

– Reduce competition: balanced vine growth, adequate but not excessive rainfall

Page 25: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

What to Look For: The Visual Symptoms of Healthy, Balanced Vines

• Leaf color: Deep green

• Shoot length: 3 to 4 ft.

• Shoot Diameter: Pencil size

• Leaf number: 12 to 20 leaves/shoot

• Lateral length: Less than 1 ft.

• Tendril length: Extending just past growing tip

Page 26: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Weed Control as a Vine and Soil Health Tool

• Eliminate, reduce, or encourage competition to promote or reduce vine vegetative growth – Eliminate competition: young or weak vines, drought – Promote competition: extremely vigorous vines, wet – Reduce competition: balanced vine growth, adequate but not

excessive rainfall

• Allow moderate weed growth (8 to 10”) before burndown application to create mulch layer – Protect soil from erosion – Increase soil water/air infiltration – Maintain or increase soil organic matter

Page 27: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Grower Weed Control Goals

• Control perennial weeds during site prep

• Maintain weed free strip during vine establishment (years 1 through 3)

• Provide adequate weed control throughout growing season • Adjust weed control intensity in accordance with vine needs • Promote soil health

– Reduce erosion – Increase water/air infiltration – Increase soil biological activity

Page 28: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Summary

• Rigorous weed control is necessary for young or weak vines, or during drought conditions

• Avoid using herbicide bare culture just for aesthetics

• Remember to scout for symptoms of vine stress, balance, or excessive vigor and use weed control as a vine growth tool

• Use weed control practices that promote soil health – Reduce erosion

– Promote soil water/air infiltration

– Increase soil biological activity

Page 29: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control Sources:

• Midwest Grape Production Guide, Bulletin 919, OSU Extension

Authors: I. Dami, B. Bordelon, D.C. Ferree, M. Brown, M.A. Ellis, R.N. Williams, D. Doohan

• Wine Grape Production Guide for Eastern North America, NRAES-145, Virginia Tech

Editor: T.K. Wolf

• Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide, Bulletin 861, OSU Extension

Page 30: Approaches to Vineyard Weed Control - Illinois Wine to Weed Control in Vineyard Driplines Sarah Bowman Dept. of Plant, ... –Weed badger –Grape hoe –Weed knife Mechanical: Cultivation

Thank You For Your Attention!

Acknowledgements:

Illinois Grape Growers and Vintners Association

Conference Attendees