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PSYCHOLOGY OF MOTOR PSYCHOLOGY OF MOTOR LEARNINGLEARNING

MOTOR CONTROLMOTOR CONTROL

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THE SENSORY SIDETHE SENSORY SIDE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSATION AND PERCEPTIONAND PERCEPTION

SENSORY RECEPTORSENSORY RECEPTOR SENSORY NEURONSENSORY NEURON SENSORY LIMITSSENSORY LIMITS SENSORY ADAPTATIONSENSORY ADAPTATION SPATIAL/TEMPORAL SUMMATIONSPATIAL/TEMPORAL SUMMATION

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SOURCES OF SENSORY SOURCES OF SENSORY INFORMATIONINFORMATION

PROPRIOCEPTIVEPROPRIOCEPTIVE VESTIBULARVESTIBULAR JOINT RECEPTORSJOINT RECEPTORS MUSCLE SPINDLESMUSCLE SPINDLES CUTANEOUS CUTANEOUS

RECEPTORSRECEPTORS GTOsGTOs

EXTEROCEPTIVEEXTEROCEPTIVE

VISIONVISION

AUDITIONAUDITION

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MOTOR UNITMOTOR UNIT

VARIATIONSVARIATIONS– INNERVATION INNERVATION

RATIORATIO

– TYPES OF FIBERS TYPES OF FIBERS INNERVATEDINNERVATED

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MOTOR UNITMOTOR UNIT

AMOUNT OF AMOUNT OF TENSION TENSION DETERMINED BY:DETERMINED BY:– NUMBER OF UNITS NUMBER OF UNITS

RECRUITEDRECRUITED

– FREQUENCYFREQUENCY

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SPINAL CORDSPINAL CORD

INTERNEURONSINTERNEURONS PATTERN GENERATORSPATTERN GENERATORS CENTRAL PROGRAMS IN CORDCENTRAL PROGRAMS IN CORD

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PROPRIOCEPTION AND PROPRIOCEPTION AND MOTOR CONTROLMOTOR CONTROL

MUSCLE SPINDLEMUSCLE SPINDLE GOLGI TENDON GOLGI TENDON

ORGANORGAN

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MUSCLE RECEPTORSMUSCLE RECEPTORS GTOGTO

– In series with muscle In series with muscle fibersfibers

– Sensitive to tensionSensitive to tension

– Firing sends inhibitory Firing sends inhibitory message to muscle in message to muscle in which located (so stretch which located (so stretch to active muscle would to active muscle would cause same muscle to cause same muscle to decrease tension) decrease tension)

MUSCLE SPINDLEMUSCLE SPINDLE– In parallel with In parallel with

extrafusal muscle fibersextrafusal muscle fibers

– Sensitive to length and Sensitive to length and rate of change of lengthrate of change of length

– Firing sends excitatory Firing sends excitatory message to muscle in message to muscle in which it is located (so which it is located (so stretch enhances stretch enhances contraction)contraction)

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GTOGTO

Each GTO connected to only small group (3 Each GTO connected to only small group (3 to 25) muscle fibers; thus, receptor to 25) muscle fibers; thus, receptor positioned to sense tensions in limited positioned to sense tensions in limited number of motor units rather than whole number of motor units rather than whole musclemuscle

Very LARGE stretch needed to cause firing.Sensor a protective device to prevent muscle from contracting too forcefully

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MUSCLE SPINDLESMUSCLE SPINDLES

COMPONENTS:COMPONENTS:– Sensory Receptors sensitive to length of Sensory Receptors sensitive to length of

equatorial regionequatorial region– Ia Afferent Neuron - output related to length of Ia Afferent Neuron - output related to length of

equatorial region (position) and rate change of equatorial region (position) and rate change of region (velocity) - basis of stretch reflexregion (velocity) - basis of stretch reflex

– Intrafusal fibers - small muscle fibers Intrafusal fibers - small muscle fibers innervated by gamma efferent (motor) neuronsinnervated by gamma efferent (motor) neurons

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You have now been exposed to all of the components of the stretch reflex. Get into your study groups and work on the following assignments. Draw the stretch reflex and include all of the components. Then, think about ways that the stretch reflex is used in order to enhance various movements. Come up with at least two examples.

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STRETCH REFLEXSTRETCH REFLEX

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SPINAL REFLEXESSPINAL REFLEXES

STRETCH STRETCH REFLEXREFLEX

FLEXION FLEXION REFLEXREFLEX

CROSSED CROSSED EXTENSOR EXTENSOR REFLEXREFLEX

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BRAIN STEM AND MOTOR BRAIN STEM AND MOTOR CONTROLCONTROL

RIGHTING RIGHTING REFLEXESREFLEXES– LABYRINTHINELABYRINTHINE

– NECK RIGHTINGNECK RIGHTING

– BODY RIGHTINGBODY RIGHTING

– OPTIC RIGHTINGOPTIC RIGHTING

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BRAIN STEMBRAIN STEM

TONIC TONIC REFLEXESREFLEXES– Tonic Tonic

Labyrinthine Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)Reflex (TLR)

– Tonic Neck Tonic Neck Reflex (TNR)Reflex (TNR)

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HIGHER CORTICAL LEVELS HIGHER CORTICAL LEVELS INVOLVED IN MOTOR INVOLVED IN MOTOR

CONTROLCONTROL RETICULAR RETICULAR

FORMATIONFORMATION CEREBELLUMCEREBELLUM BASAL GANGLIABASAL GANGLIA MOTOR CORTEXMOTOR CORTEX