Appendix AIRB-Approved Consent Form

John Jay College Principal Investigators: Haberfeld, Grant & King

Consent Form

This study will help us to better understand the relationship between terrorism andcommunity support. Please remember that you are not required to participate in thisresearch study. It is voluntary and you may choose to quit participating if you beginto feel upset or uncomfortable.

The information provided by you will help the research team gain a better under-standing of the problem but will not be disseminated in any way that will directlyidentify you as a respondent. Your answers will be always kept strictly anonymous.Your identity will be strictly confidential and kept as such by the research team.

Please read the attached information sheet before completing this form andconsenting to participate in our study.

________ I have read and understood the above information about the study.________ I have volunteered to participate in this project.________ I have been informed of the basic procedures of the study by the

researchers, and by reading the information sheet (of which I havebeen given a copy for my records).

________ I understand that by agreeing to participate in this study, I will beasked to complete some questionnaires and review my file.

________ I understand that I may choose to quit my participation at any timewith no penalty.

________ I understand that any information that I give out for the purpose ofthis study will be kept confidential.

Thank you for agreeing to participate in this study.

Printed Name of Participant: _____________________________________

Signature of Participant: _____________________________________

Date: _____________________________________

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Signature of researcher: _____________________________________

Date: _____________________________________

167M.R. Haberfeld et al., Terrorism Within Comparative International Context,DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-88861-3, C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

Appendix BIRB Review Form

IRB Review Form

1. Objectives of the study

The principal objective of this study is to set up a template for Counter terroristtraining by Police Departments in the United States. However, we believe that manyof the lessons learned may well be adapted to international police forces and couldbe adapted as a baseline for their training curriculums.

2. Methodology

The NIJ project was funded to examine counterterrorism training and practices inlaw enforcement agencies internationally. Initially identified were the countries ofSpain, Ireland, United Kingdom, Turkey, and Lebanon. As such, the research teamwill be visiting the respective countries to meet with law enforcement, security offi-cials and various members of the community to assess the current state of affairsand training needs. At each identified locations, each of the agencies and commu-nity groups will be asked to meet with the research team for discussions of the ques-tions at hand. A snowball method of identification will also be used, to the extentthat on-site meetings identify other relevant individuals with whom the team shouldmeet.

3. Explanation of the research plans for the upcoming year

Due the late release of funds by NIJ, January 2005, and the constraints of travelduring the Academic year, three sites were initially scheduled. We have traveled toIreland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The initial plan was to be in the UnitedKingdom during July 2005. However, due to the Tube bombings of July 7 and 21,these plans were cancelled and have recently, October 15, been completed. Addi-tionally, due to the arrest of several senior police officials, concerning the assigna-tion of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, that we were in contact with for our visitto Lebanon and the political situation in Lebanon and Syria, we have asked NIJ todrop Lebanon from the proposal and are in negotiations with NIJ for substitution ofthis country.

During the coming year, we plan to revise some of these sites for follow-up ques-tions and more in-depth analysis as well as the initial visit to NIJ-agreed country.

169

Index

AAdler, P.A., 25Algemene Inlichtingen-en Veiligheidsdienst

(AIVD), 65focus on Islamist terrorist networks/other

terrorist groups, 66–67Alonso, R., 73Al Qaeda

in London, 44in Netherlands, 64in Spain, 74–75in Turkey, 97and US, 126

Alvanou, M., 73Ambert, A.M., 25Andersson, J., 88An Garda Siochana, 53“Armenian Genocide,” 93Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of

Armenia (ASALA), 93Armstrong, G., 55Army Ranger Wing (ARW), see Sciathan

Fianoglach an AirmAtaturk, see Kemal, MustafaAvocational policing, 8

BBabbie, E., 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35Basque Fatherland and Liberty, 72–73Basque region, police agency for, see

ErtzaintzaBelfast Agreement (1998), 52Belonging Model of counterterrorism policing,

161Bernard, H.R., 24Bijzondre Bijstands Eenheid (BBE), 65Brayson, J., 56Broken Windows theory, 15Bruce, S., 42

Bundesgerichtshof, 102Bundespolizei, 102, 111–113

GSG 9, 112–113missions, 112

Bundesrat, 102Bundestag, 102Bundesverfassungsgericht, 102, 112Bundesverwaltungsgericht, 102Burrows, D., 30, 32

CCampbell, D.T., 24Capowich, G., 15Casey, M.A., 29, 31, 35Catalonia, police agency for, see Mossos

d’EsquadraCenter for Human Rights, Turkey, 98Central Communications Complex (CCC),

55–56Centro National de Inteligencia (CNI), 75Centro Superior de Informacion de la Defensa

(CESID), 74Cerrah, I., 12, 133Champion, D.J., 29Chantavanich, A., 28Chapman, 19, 140, 141Chief of Defense Staff (CDS), 65Clutterbuck, L., 48, 50Community Oriented Policing and Problem

Solving (COPPS) philosophy, 12Community-Oriented Policing (COP), 3

effectiveness to counter terrorism, 140vs. POP, 15

Community-Oriented Policing (COP)philosophy, 4

Community policing, 11effectiveness of, 16and terrorism, 17

Community problem-solving era, 13

171

172 Index

Confidential informant (CI), 30Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA),

43, 54Cothren, J., 132Counterterrorism, comparative approach to,

11–20Counter Terrorism Command (CTC), 48

responsibilities, 48–49“Counter-terrorism policies for Law

Enforcement” (Course), 162County Constabulary, see Dublin Metropolitan

PoliceCrank, J. P., 16Crenshaw, M., 128Cuerpo Nacional de Policia, 77

DDamphousse, K.R., 7, 104, 128Davis, L.E., 35Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 134Detzner, D.F., 25Dev Sol, 93Donnermeyer, J.F., 18, 141Dowler, E.A., 30Draper, A.K., 30Dublin Metropolitan Police, 52–53Dutch Armed Forces, 65Dutch National Police Agency, see Politie

EErtzaintza, 77European Union (EU), 61EUROPOL, 116Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA), see Basque

Fatherland and Liberty

FFarrington, D.P, 55Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 114,

134–136domestic and international terrorism, 131Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), 136organization chart, 135

Federal Criminal Police Office, Germany, 119Ferreira, B.R., 11Fiedler, M.L., 17Flaming, K.H, 17Focus groups, 29–36

advantages, 34applicability and relevancy, 30basic uses, 30disadvantages, 34–36homogenous, 30–31Institutional Review Board (IRB), 36

language, 32multiple means of recording data, 33number of participants, 31pre-existing relationships/strangers, 31–32researcher/interviewer, 32

Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 49goal, counterterrorism, 49–50

Forsvarsdepartementet, 85Forsvarsmakten, 85–86Frankpledge, see avocational policingFry, G., 28Fulbright-funded project, 2

goal of, 6methodology, 23–36

focus groups, 29–36qualitative vs. quantitative data, 24–29

objective, 23

GGarda, 58Gendarmerie, 95“German Autumn,” 104German Red Army Faction, see Rote Armee

Fraktion (RAF)Germany

Federal Assembly, see BundestagFederal Council, see BundesratFederal Republic of Germany, 101

three branches of, 102–103field research, 117–119

Federal Criminal Police Office, 119state police of North-Rhine Westphalia,

119–121history

Federal Republic of Germany, 101Schengen Agreement, 103three branches of Federal Republic of

Germany, 102–103law enforcement

Federal Administrative Court, seeBundesverwaltungsgericht

Federal Criminal Court, seeBundesgerichtshof

Federal Criminal Police Office(Bundeskriminalamt - BKA), 102,113–116

Federal German Police, 111–113Federal Police (Bundespolizei), 102Federal Supreme Court, see

BundesverfassungsgerichtSpecial Intervention Units (Spezialein-

satzkommandos), 113state police of North-Rhine Westphalia,

116–117

Index 173

terrorismcontemporary terrorism, 110–111continuous RAF terrorism, 107–108definition, 115“Landshut” kidnapping, 106–107Munich massacre, 108–110Red Army faction, 103–106

Goldstein, H., 14Good Friday Agreement, 42, 43–44GRAPO, 73–74Green, J.M., 30Grupo Antiterrorista de Liberacion (GAL), 74Grupo de Resistencia Anti-Fascista Primero de

Octubre, see GRAPOGSG 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe 9 or Border Guard

Group 9), 112–113Guardians of Peace, see An Garda Siochana

HHaahr, K., 74, 75, 76Haberfeld, M. R., 2, 3, 4, 12, 58, 69, 139, 162“Homegrown” terrorism, 6, 159Home Office (UK), 46, 47, 50Howell, D. R., 35Hussein, Saddam, 129

IIntelligence, 18Intelligence file, 149–150

creating back-up system, 154creating security access system, 154develop personal relationship, 155information included/to be gathered, 153paper and electronic intelligence files, 150security considerations, 150–155

access - portability, 151archiving, 152security, 150sharing capabilities: interoperability,

151tampering, 152technical problems, 151

International Courts of Justice (ICJ), 61International Criminal Court, 61, 62, 129“Interpol Wiesbaden,” 115Investigative techniques and intelligence

gathering, 155–158interviewing informants/potential

informants, 157–158interviewing suspects, 156through interviewing, 155

IRB-approved consent form, 167IRB review form, 169Ireland, see United Kingdom and Ireland

Ireland law enforcement, 52–54Department of Defence (DOD), 52Irish Constabulary, 52national police service, see An Garda

SiochanaSpecial Detective Unit (SDU), 53see also Sciathan Fianoglach an Airm

Irish Constabulary, 52

JJandarma, see gendarmerieJandarma Istihbarat ve Terorle Mucadele

(JITEM), 95Japanese Red Army (JRA), 83Jenkins, G., 95Jick, T. D., 28Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 51Joint Terrorism Analysis Center (JTAC), 52Justitiedepartemenet, 86

KKADEK, see Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK)Kelling, G. L., 13Kemal, Mustafa, 91Kennedy, L.W., 17King, J., 2, 3, 48Klockars, C. B., 138Kongra-Gel, see Kurdistan Workers’ Party

(PKK)Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, see NetherlandsKovandzic, T. V., 16Krueger, R. A., 29, 30, 31Kurbjuweit, D., 106Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress

(KADEK), 94Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 94

LLa Guardia Civil, 76Landeskriminalamt - LKA, 116

departments, 117“Landshut” kidnapping, 106–107LaTourrette, T., 35Law enforcement

GermanyFederal Criminal Police Office

(Bundeskriminalamt – BKA),113–116

Federal German Police, 111–113state police of North-Rhine Westphalia,

116–117Netherlands, 65–68Spain, 75–77Sweden, 85–88

174 Index

Law enforcement (cont.)Turkey, 95–96United Kingdom and Ireland, 46–52United States, 133–134

Department of Homeland Security(DHS), 134

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),134–136

Law enforcement practices, legitimacy, 1Lee, M., 39Lieberman, C. A., 3Local law enforcement, 160Lum, C., 17

MMarechaussee, 68McCullough, J., 161McGarry, J., 54Metropolitan Police Act, 13, 139, 142Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), 47

and counterterrorism (CT), 48MI5, see Security ServiceMI6, see Secret Intelligence Services (SIS)Militaire Inlichtinge-en Veiligheidsdienst

(MIVD), 65Militara underrattelse-och sakerhetstjansten

(MUST), 85Milli Istihbarat Teskilati, see National

Intelligence Organization (MIT)Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en

Koninkrijksrelaties (BZK), 66Ministerie van Defense, 65Ministero de Defensa de Espana (MDE), 75Ministero del Interior, 76Moore, M. H., 13Mosher, D. E., 35Mossos d’Esquadra, 77“Munich” (film), 110Munich massacre, 108–110Murray, J., 19

NNational Commission on Terrorism, 149National Criminal Investigation Department

(NCID), 87, 88National Intelligence Council (NIC), 127National Intelligence Organization (MIT), 95National Police (Turkey), 95National responsibility and international

commitment: A national strategy tomeet the threat of terrorism, 84

Navarra, police agency for, see Policıa ForalNetherlands

field research, 68–69

history, 61–63law enforcement, 65–68

Ministry of Defense, see Ministerie vanDefense

terrorism, 63–64Nine Principles of Policing, 13, 139–140Norell, M., 87Norris, C., 55North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Germany, 101Netherlands, 61

Northern Ireland, dissident groups in, 43Northern Ireland Act 1998, see Good Friday

AgreementNorthern Ireland Act 2006, 43–44North-Rhine Westphalia, state police of,

116–117Crime Investigation Authority, see

Landeskriminalamt - LKAand terrorism, 119

OOcalan, Abdullah, 94Office of Community Oriented Policing

Services (COPS), 15O’Leary, B., 54Omnibus Crime Bill (1994), 138

PPalmer, S., 48Peel, Sir Robert, 13Pickering, S., 161Plummer, L. C., 15Police, definition of, 138Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), 46Policıa Foral, 77Policing , change in, 1Polisen, 86–87Politie, 67–68Proactive policing, 14Problem-Oriented Policing (POP), 14

vs. COP, 15Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 43

terrorist acts, 45–46

QQualitative research, 24–25, 26

advantages/disadvantages, 26, 27

RReal Irish Republican Army (RIRA), 43, 54Reith, C., 162“Revolutionaere Zellen,” 105Riksdag, 81, 82Roberts, P., 7, 128, 132

Index 175

Rome Statute of International Criminal Court(ICC), 129

Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF), 83, 103–106continuous RAF terrorism, 107–108West German Embassy occupation in

Stockholm, 83, 104Routine Activities theory (RAT), 137Royal Irish Constabulary, see Irish

ConstabularyRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), see Police

Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)

SSakerhetpolisen (SAPO), 87, 88SARA model, 19Scenario for Peace, 42Schengen Agreement, 103Sciathan Fianoglach an Airm, 53Secret Intelligence Services (SIS), 50Secreto de sumario, 73Security Service, 50

goals of, 51Servicio de Desactivacion de Explosivos

(SEDEX), 76–77Servicio de Proteccion de la Naturaleza

(SEPRONA), 77Sherley, A. J., 17Sicarii, 128Sinn Fein, 42SIRENE (Supplementary Information Request

at the National Entry), 116Skogan, W. G., 16Sloan, S., 18Smith, B. L., 7, 128, 131, 132, 133, 141, 143,

145Smyth, J., 41SO15, see Counter Terrorism Command (CTC)Social CohesionModel of counterterrorism

policing, 161Spain

field research, 77–79history, 71–72law enforcement, 75–77

Civil Guard, see La Guardia Civildefense ministry of Spain, see Ministero

de Defensa de Espana (MDE)Explosive Artifacts Defuser Specialised

Technicians, 76–77Interior Ministry, see Ministero del

InteriorNational Intelligence Center, see Centro

National de Inteligencia (CNI)National Police Corps, see Cuerpo

Nacional de Policia

Rural Action Unit, see Unidad deAccion Rural (UAR)

Special Intervention Unit, see UnidadEspecial de Intervencion (UEI)

Nature Protection Service, 77terrorism, 72–75

Special Detective Unit (SDU), 53–54Special weapons and tactics (SWAT) units, 19St Andrews Agreement, see Northern Ireland

Act 2006State police of North-Rhine Westphalia,

Germany, 119–121State terrorism, 136Styrelsen for psykologiskt forsvar (SPF), 87Sweden

field research, 88–89history, 81–83law enforcement, 85–88

Armed Forces, see ForsvarsmaktenEmergency Service Units (ESU), 88Military Intelligence and Security

Service, 85Ministry for Foreign Affairs, see

UtrikesdepartementetMinistry of Defense, see

ForsvarsdepartementetMinistry of Justice, see

JustitiedepartemenetNational Board of Psychological

Defense, 87Police, see PolisenSecurity Police, see Sakerhetpolisen

(SAPO)terrorism, 83–85

citizens vs. noncitizens, treatment, 83“Total Defense” strategy, 83

Swedish Emergency Management Agency(SEMA), 87

Swedish National Council for CrimePrevention, 88

TTaylor, M., 46Tecnicos Especialistas en Desactivacion de

Artefactos Explosivos (TEDAX), 76Terrorism

ancillary and preparatory crimes precedingattack, 131

Germanycontemporary terrorism, 110–111continuous RAF terrorism, 107–108“Landshut” kidnapping, 106–107Munich massacre, 108–110

176 Index

Terrorism (cont.)Red Army faction, 103–106

Netherlands, 63–64Spain, 72–75Sweden, 83–85Turkey, 93–95United Kingdom and Ireland, 41–46United States, 126–133

Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism, andpolitical Violence Group (TREVI),73

Terrorism 2002–2005 (FBI report), 136Theo Van Gogh (filmmaker), murder, 64“The Troubles,” 40–41, 54Thurman, Q., 15Tonge, J., 54Triangulation, 24, 27–28Turkey

field research, 96–98bar association, 98center for Human Rights, 98factual and perceptional picture in

Istanbul, 97–98Media and Film Producer, 99minority leaders, 99–100Turkish National Police graduate

students, 99history, 91–93law enforcement, 95–96

police agencies, 95terrorist groups, 93–95

Turkish Hezbollah, 94–95Turkish National Police graduate students, 99Turkish Revenge Brigade (TIT), 94

UUK field research, 54–58

Ireland field research, 58–59UK law enforcement, 46–52

Counter Terrorism Command (CTC), 48Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 51Joint Terrorism Analysis Center (JTAC), 52Ministry of Defence (MOD), 47Security Service, 50see also Counter Terrorism Command

(CTC); Foreign and CommonwealthOffice (FCO); Home Office (UK);Metropolitan Police Service (MPS)

Ulster Defense Association (UDA), 41, 43Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 41–42, 43Unidad de Accion Rural (UAR), 77Unidad Especial de Intervencion (UEI), 76United Kingdom and Ireland

department of Homeland Securityorganization chart, 130

history, 39–41

Home Office, 47Ireland law enforcement, 52–54terrorism, 41–46

Al Qaeda/threats attacks, 44–45, 54July 7, 2005, attacks, 44

violence matrix: actor v. target, 129United States

amendments to constitution (Article V),125

“Bill of Rights,” 125–126“Constitution of United States of America,”

123–124field research, 136–146history, 123–125law enforcement, 133–136

Department of Homeland Security(DHS), 134

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),134–136

statistics, 133legislative powers of (Article I), 124–125powers of federal judiciary (Article III),

125Presidential powers (Article II), 125“supreme law of the land” (Article VI),

124terrorism, 126–133

UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus(UNFICYP), 92

US Government Accountability Office (GAO)report (May 2007), 126–127

Utrikesdepartementet, 85Uydess, A. M., 11

VViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement

Act (1994), 15Von Hassell, A., 162

WWelsh, B. C., 55Wilkinson, P., 64World War I (WWI)

and Germany, 101and Ireland, 42and Netherlands, 61and Sweden, 82and Turkey, 93

Worrall, J. L., 16Wright-Neville, D., 161

XXu, Y., 17

ZZhao, J. S., 16