APPENDIX A HARDWAREAPPENDIX B SOFTWARE

STUFF FOR CLASS

3

SIX MAJOR ROLES AND GOALS OF IT

1. Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using

2. Enhance decision making 3. Improve team collaboration 4. Create business partnerships and alliances 5. Enable global reach all over the world taking into

consideration the culture of each nation or society. 6. Facilitate organizational transformation as the

organization evolves and responds to the ever-changing marketplace.

A-4

COMPUTER HARDWARE

Output Device Monitor

Input Device Keyboard Processing Device

The System Unit

A-5

INPUT DEVICES – TEXT AND POINTING

A-6

INPUT NEEDS AND DEVICES

A-7

PROCESSINGProcessingThe role of ___________ in a computer system is to translate inputs into outputs. This is done through a combination of language and system components

LanguageComputers speak a language called ___________ or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s

System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic ___________ of the computer

A-8

PROCESSING – LANGUAGEBinary or Machine Language• The language that all computers use• IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below)• Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal characters to binary code (e.g.

A = 0100 0001 in binary)

A = 0100 0001

BitA single

0 or 1

Byte(8 bits)

Makes up one

character

Binary Example How a Computer Uses it

A-9

PROCESSING – THE SYSTEM UNIT

The System UnitThe physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer

Components• Support – electronic equipment to run the machine• Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer• Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to

operate• ___________ Storage – longer-term storage for data• Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors

A-10

PROCESSING – MOTHER BOARD

Motherboard• Central Processing Unit (CPU)• RAM and ROM• ___________ Storage Devices (e.g. hard drive)• Slots - connecting specialty ___________ • Ports - connecting input/output devices

A-11

PROCESSING – CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITCentral Processing Unit (CPU)

Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components:•Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components

•___________ ___________ ___________ – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

A-12

PROCESSING – CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Moore’s Law (1970s)___________ ___________ from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months

CPU ProcessingIntel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors

A-13

PROCESSING – PRIMARY STORAGEPrimary StorageThis storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in ___________ and ___________ types

___________ Access Memory (RAM)

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called ___________ ___________ )

A-14

PROCESSING – SECONDARY STORAGE

Hard Drives

Diskettes

___________ Tape

Optical Disk • Magneto-Optical (MO)• Compact Disk (CD)• Digital Video Disk (DVD

Secondary Storage This ___________ ___________ is used to permanently store information and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types:

A-15

PROCESSING – PORTS AND SLOTSThese are devices used to provide hardware ___________ – plugs and sockets - to ___________ devices to computers and ___________ to provide a fully functional computer

A-16

OUTPUT DEVICES Video A visual display of data that supports motion using a ___________ (monochrome or colour) coming in two types: • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD•___________ – A device that projects a picture onto a screen

CRT

LCD

A-17

OUTPUT DEVICES Printers and PlottersA visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper)• Dot Matrix – • Ink-jet – • ___________

Audio

A-18

TYPES OF COMPUTERS___________ ___________

___________ Computers___________ Workstations

Microcomputers

MidrangeComputers

A-19

TYPES OF COMPUTERS – MICROCOMPUTERSPersonal

Computers

Network___________

___________

Tablet PC http://pergatory.mit.edu/robotworld/multimedia/index.html___________ Computer http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windowsmobile/business/videocasestudies.mspx

1 laptop per child

B-20

CLASSES OF SOFTWARE___________ ___________ The collection of programs that control the basic functions of computer hardware

___________ SoftwarePrograms that let the user perform a specific task or operation by interacting with the system software

___________ Languages and EnvironmentsAutomated software tools used by system developers to design and implement information systems

B-21

SYSTEM SOFTWARE – A.K.A. OPERATING SYSTEMS

Common Functions• ___________ or (starting) the

computer• Reading programs into memory and

managing memory allocation• Managing where programs and files

are located in secondary storage• Maintaining the structure of

directories and subdirectories• ___________ disks• Controlling the computer monitor• ___________ documents to the

printer

B-22

OPERATING SYSTEM – INTERFACES ___________ After boot up, the computer provides an interface for the user or programmer to interact with it. Different ___________ systems use different types

Common Interface Type• Command-based interface– • Menu interface – • Graphical user interface (___________ )

B-23

COMMON OPERATING SYSTEMS

B-24

OPERATING SYSTEMS - UTILITIES Utilities:Programs that manage computer resources and files and may be included in the operating system or purchased separately as needed

B-25

APPLICATION SOFTWARE ___________ SoftwareThis software performs specific user functions (e.g. e-mail)

___________ Application SoftwareSoftware that is developed to meet the specification of an organization. This can be developed “___________ ” by IS staff or by an ___________ vendor. Advantages include:• Customizability – tailored to meet specific needs• Problem specificity – pay for only those functions that are

developed for and used by the organization

___________ ___________ SoftwarePackaged software developed by a vendor for a particular problem or industry but is not specific to an organization. This is a lower cost approach that may be combined with custom development to tailor it

B-26

TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARETypes of Application Software Application software come in two types for use by organizations: 1) large business systems and office automation; 2) ___________ productivity tools

___________ ___________ These large systems support enterprise-wide operations such as:• ___________ -A/P, A/R,

general ledger, payroll• ___________ - inventory

management, order processing, shipping, etc.

___________ ___________ Used by individuals or groups to support a variety of common tasks such as:• Communication – e-mail,

word processing• ___________ – group

calendars• Analysis - spreadsheets

B-27

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE___________ ___________ A special class of software that includes operating systems, application software, and programming languages in which the source code (the actual program code) is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification

Popular Open Source ApplicationsA number of mainstream open source applications can be found across many organizations. Here are just a few:

• Operating systems – Linux• ___________– Mozilla• Web servers – Apache• E-mail processing – Sendmail• Internet domain naming service – BIND• Secure connection standard - OpenSSL

B-28

COMPILERS, LANGUAGES, AND ENVIRONMENTS___________ ___________

Software designed to translate programming languages into machine code or binary in order to allow the computer to execute the program instructions

___________ ___________ Languages used to write program instructions that have evolved from early “machine language” to higher-level languages that are easier to write and understand

___________ ___________ ___________ Automated software tools used by systems developers to design and implement information systems and increase quality and productivity

B-29

COMPILERS AND INTERPRETERS___________ These highly-specialized software applications are used to convert program instructions (source code) into the machine code (object code) prior to being loaded into a computer’s secondary storage ( entire program )

Compiler Example

B-30

COMPILERS AND INTERPRETERS___________ These specialized software applications are similar to compilers but instead of translating the source code to machine language prior to loading, it reads, translates, and executes one line of source code at a time during operation ( one line at a time )

Interpreter Example

B-31

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES - GENERATIONSProgramming Languages

These languages are used to write program instructions and have evolved over time making them more powerful, easier to read and write, and more natural language-focused

1st

MachineBinary

2nd

SymbolicUse of

symbols

1940s3rd

High-LevelUse English

like words for procedures

4th

OutcomeOriented

Use outcome focused words

1950smid

1950s 1970s5th

Artificial Intelligence

Natural language(spoken English)

Generations of Programming Languages

1990s

B-32

POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

B-33

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES – MORE RECENT HIGH-LEVELObject-Oriented Programming (OOP)

These languages allow programmers to group data and program instructions together into modules (e.g Java or C++).

Visual LanguagesThese languages take advantage of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) allowing additions of visual objects (e.g. buttons) with a few clicks versus coding the object pixel by pixel

B-34

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES – WEB DEVELOPMENTWeb Development Languages

These languages are used to develop Web pages and operations using both static and dynamic content

___________ Markup Language (HTML)

___________ Markup Language (XML)

___________ ContentMarkup languages are used for laying out or formatting content, while dynamic languages are needed to provide animation or dynamic (changing) content

Dynamic LanguagesSeveral languages are available for creating dynamic content such as:• ___________ –• ___________ X – • Scripting Languages (JavaScript) –