Appendicular Skeleton

• 126 bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet

Types of bones

• Long, short, flat and irregular

Long bones

• Femur

Short bones

• Wrist and ankles

• More than half of short bones are in hand and feet

Flat bones

• Ribs, skull

Irregular bones

• Vertebrae – shape that does not fit into any of the other three categories

Cartilage

• Strong, Flexible connective tissue

• Line surfaces of the joints and enable them to move smoothly, cushion adjoining vertebrae and support nose and ears

• Baby’s skeleton is mostly cartilage but through ossification the cartilage is replaced by bone

Cartilage

Joints

• Ball and socket

• Allows the widest range of movement; backward, forward, sideways, and in a circle

• Shoulder and Hip

Joints

• Pivot Joint – bony projection allows rotation

• First two vertebrae in neck

Joints

• Ellipsoidal Joint – Like the one in you wrist

• Overall part fits into a curved space

• Allows all types of movement except pivitol

Joints

• Hinge Joint – Allows bending and straightening as the fingers. The knee and elbow are hinge joints

Care of the skeletal system

• Nutrition and exercise affect eh health of skeletal system

• Milk (vitamin D) helps build bones

• Peas, beans, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli and whole grains

• Weight Bering exercises help bones stay strong

Problems of the Skeletal system

Fractures

Two categories

simple (closed)-the broken bone does not protrude, or stick out, through the skin

Compound- (open) – One or both bone ends project through the skin

Fractures

• Fractures also classified according to the shape or pattern of the break

3 classifications

• Hairline Fracture –

• Transverse -

• Comminuted Fracture -

Fractures

• Hairline – Fracture is incomplete and the ends of the bones do not separate

Fractures

• Transverse Fracture – The fracture is completely across the bone

• May result from a sharp blow or stress by prolonged running

Transverse Fracture

Fractures

• Comminuted Fracture – The bone shatters into more than two pieces, usually from severe force like auto accident

Osteoporosis

• Bone density decreases causing bones to become brittle and easily fractured

• Women especially vulnerable to this after menopause

• No longer producing estrogen to help maintain bone mass

Scoliosis

• Lateral side to side curvature of the spine

Injuries to the Joints

• Dislocation – bone slips from its normal position at a joint

• Usually accompanied by tearing of joint ligament

• Do not attempt to replace bone

Dislocation

Torn Cartilage

• Can result from sharp blow or sever twisting of a joint

• Arthroscopic surgery

Bunion

• Painful swelling of the bursa in the first jint of the big toe

• Caused by wearing tight shoes

Bursitis

• Bursa in a joint becomes inflamed

• Common in the shoulder and knee joints

• Usually the result of pressure, friction or slight injury to the membrane around the joint

Arthritis

• Inflammation of a joint with pain, swelling and stiffness and redness

• Most common type is Osteoarthritis – results from wear and tear on the joint and most commonly troubles older adults

Repetitive Motion Injuries

• Carpal Tunnel – Caused by prolonged repetitive motion