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Appendices

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Table of Contents Appendix A : Wordlists ........................................................................................................ 57

A.1 International Phonetic Alphabet Chart .................................................................. 57 A.2 Lexical Similarity Comparison Procedures ............................................................ 58 A.3 Wordlist Informed Consent Script .......................................................................... 60 A.4 Wordlist Biodata .................................................................................................... 61 A.5 Wordlist Data and Similarity Grouping ................................................................. 63

Appendix B : Recorded Text Testing (RTT) ......................................................................... 79 B.1 Standard Procedure for Recorded Text Testing (RTT) ........................................... 79 B.2 Practice Story ......................................................................................................... 83 B.3 Doti Story with Comprehension Questions ............................................................ 85 B.4 Post Story Questions and Informed Consent ........................................................ 101 B.5 HTT Results .......................................................................................................... 103 B.6 RTT Results .......................................................................................................... 105

Appendix C : Questionnaires .............................................................................................. 109 C.1 Questionnaire Informed Consent ......................................................................... 109 C.2 Questionnaire Schedule ....................................................................................... 110 C.3 Questionnaire Data .............................................................................................. 112

Appendix D : Knowledgeable Insider Interview ................................................................. 145 D.1 KII Informed Consent ........................................................................................... 145 D.2 KII Schedule ......................................................................................................... 146 D.3 KII Data ................................................................................................................ 148

Appendix E : Dialect Mapping ........................................................................................... 153 Appendix F : Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale .................................. 159

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Appendix A: Wordlists

A.1 International Phonetic Alphabet Chart

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A.2 Lexical Similarity Comparison Procedures

For a lexical similarity count, the wordlists are compared, in order to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1) and of the remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two are rather similar. The criteria applied are:

Category 1 Consonants (consonant-like) segments which match exactly Vowels (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory

feature Phonetically similar consonant segments (of the sort which frequently are found as

allophones, such as difference in only one articulatory feature) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words

Category 2 All other phonetically similar pairs of segments which are not, however, supported by

at least three pairs of words Category 3

Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item

Other criteria used specifically for the analysis of this survey are:

Aspirated and unaspirated sounds are considered as category one Nasalised vowels considere / and /n/) Double consonants were considered one segment (i.e. /p/ and /pp/) Retroflex and alveolar sounds that were otherwise the same, were considered similar

(i.e. ɖ ) Dipthongs were counted as one segment /ɹ/, /ɾ/, and /r/ were all counted as similar due to transcription difficulties with these

sounds Palatalized stops (/kʲ ) were disregarded during comparison

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I ə g An increase in the number of segments in category 3 is permitted if it is compensated by

an increase in the number of segments in category 1 (Figure 1). Figure 1: Word length and lexical similarity

Word Length Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 2 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 4 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 6 3 2 1 7 4 2 1 8 4 2 2 9 5 2 2 10 5 3 2 11 6 3 2 12 6 3 3

After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar, according to this criteria, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. The procedure was repeated for each pair of language varieties.

When eliciting verbs, two different forms were asked: the simple past for 3rd person singular and the imperative for 2nd person singular. This was done to identify a common root morpheme, rather than comparing the words as a whole. The common root morpheme was used for the comparison.

During the process of wordlist elicitation, the researcher transcribes the words phonetically by using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Wordlists for this survey were collected by multiple researchers.

Some elicited words were excluded from the lexicostatistic count. A few items were disqualified because of doubts to whether people had really given a word with the same meaning. Those entries were disqualified in order to eliminate potential skewing. The final word count of the comparisons between the Dotyali varieties and Nepali in this report are between 299 and 306 lexical items. The final word count of the Kumaoni comparisons in this report are between 176-179 lexical items.

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A.3 Wordlist Informed Consent Script

Two informed consent scripts were read in Nepali to each participant prior to wordlist elicitation in order to obtain informed consent. This Nepali script and the participant’s response were also recorded. The two informed consent scripts are shown in English and Nepali.

My … W f T b uv U v y, D p f L gu W study your v g ’ gu g . We will ask you a few questions about you yourself and about your language. After that, we will ask you to pronounce some words in your own language. We will write your words in our copybook using a special script. We will also record the words that you will speak. We will also give the information you give us and the recordings to other people. Can you help us? मरेो नाम ..... ह ो। ह ाम ी त्रिभवुन त्रवश्वत्रवद्या लय भाषत्रवज्ञान के न्द्रीय त्रवभागबाट आए क ा ह ौं। ह ाम ी य स गाउँक ा भाषाह रु को अध् य य न अनसुन्द्ध ान गनन आएक ा ह ौं। हाम ील े त पाईं र त पाईं क ो भाषाक ो बारे म ा थ ोरै प्रश् नहरु सोध् ् ौं। त्यसपछ् ह ामील ेतपाईंलाई त्रनश्श् आ त शब्दहरु तपा ईंक ो आफ्नो भाषामा उच् आा र ण गनन अनरु ोध गन े् ौं। त पाईंल े बोलके ा शब्दहरू लाई हामी ल ेएउटा त्रकताबमा त्रबशसेखालको अक्षर बनाएर लखे् न े् ौं। अत्रन तपाईंल ेबो ल्न भुएक ो ह रे क शब्दलाई हामील े रेकर्न ग न े् ौं। त पाईं ल ेभनके ो कु र ा हाम ी अरु म ात्रनसलाई त्रदन्द्् ौं। तपाईंल ेहाम ीलाई सह योग त्रदनसक्नहु नु्द््? Question 33 in wordlist helper biodata for permission to use their name:

W k g f g y u f , bu f y u ’ y u b , ’ S u y u ?

ह ाम ील े त पाईंसगँ छलन े य ो ज ानक ा र ीम ा ज पाईं क ो नाम र ाख् न े त्रवआ ार गरे क ा ् ौं। तर त पाईं ल े आफ्नो नाम र ाख् न आ ाह नहु नु्द् न भन,े ह ाम ील े र ाख्दनै ौं। त पाईं क ो नाम र ाख ौं त्रक नर ाख ौं?

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A.4 Wordlist Biodata

Wordlist biodata for the Nepali and Kumaoni wordlists are not provided here. The Kumaoni wordlist was take f v R z ’ “S gu E u Su v y f Ku u ” (1999) and the Nepali wordlist is from the South Asian 210-item wordlist.

Baitadi District Bajhang District Darchula District Doti District

1. Informed consent Given Given Given Given 2. Subject number SB03 CK02 PS01 DS01 3. Date 20-Mar-2014 27-Mar-2014 24-Mar-2014 18-Feb-2014 4. Village name Dhole Chainpur Dethala Gholtada 5. Interviewer name Stephanie Stephanie Stephanie Stephanie 6. Language of

elicitation Nepali Nepali Nepali Nepali

7. Language of response

Nepali Nepali Nepali Nepali

8. Interpreter name Not needed Not needed Not needed Not needed 9. Sex Male Male Male Male 10. Name Pathan Singh

Bohara Hark Prasad Regmi

Narendra Bahadur Pal

Thakkar Saud

11. Age 49 30 49 37 12. Caste Bohara Brahaman Thakudi Chettri 13. Religion Hindu Hindu Hindu Christian 14. Occupation Teacher Teacher Store owner Teacher 15. Educational

background Completed year 12 Masters level Completed year 7 Completed year 12

16. Mother-tongue Dotyali Dotyali Dotyali Dotyali 17. Which Dotyali

variety? Baitadeli Bajhangi Doteli Dotyali

18. Which Nepali variety?

Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable

19. Local name for language

Baitadeli Bajhangi Doteli Dotyali

20. Birthplace Dhole Byasi VDC Dethala Sarswoti VDC 21. Current residence

Dhole Byasi VDC Dethala Dipayal Silghadi Municipality 7 Rajpur

22. How long at current residence

49 years 25 years 46 years 37 years

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Baitadi District Bajhang District Darchula District Doti District

23. Past residencies (for more than one year) None

Kathmandu (for 2 years; 3 years ago) Kanchanpur (for 3 years; 5 or 6 years ago)

Malaysia (for 3 years; 6 years ago)

None

24. F ’ b p Dhole Byasi VDC Dethala Sarswoti VDC 25. F ’ -

tongue Baitadeli Bajhangi Doteli Dotyali

26. Language father spoke with them while growing up

D ’ k question

D ’ k question

The language of the village

Dotyali

27. M ’ birthplace Bajhang District

Kardel VDC, Bajhang

Doti district Near Sarswoti VDC (30 minutes away)

28. M ’ -tongue

Bajhangi Bajhangi Doteli Dotyali

29. Language mother spoke with them while growing up

D ’ ask this question

D ’ k question

D ’ k question

Dotyali

30. Languages they speak Nepali, Baitadeli

Nepali, Hindi, English, Bajhangi

Doteli, Nepali, Hindi, Kumauni, English

Dotyali, Nepali, Hindi, English

31. Language they speak best

Baitadeli Bajhangi Doteli Dotyali

Language they speak second best

Nepali Nepali Nepali Nepali

32. (If MT is not their best language) How well do they think they speak Dotyali?

Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable

33. Permission to use name

Given Given Given Given

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A.5 Wordlist Data and Similarity Grouping

The wordlist data is presented in the order of elicitation. Lexical item numbers 197 to 210 have been excluded from this data because they are numerical items not used in the comparison. The English gloss is presented in roman script and the Nepali gloss is presented in Devanagri script. All elicited words are presented in IPA. The similarity grouping is listed to the right of the elicited I x x u f p , ‘x’ u p f y g up g u ber.

When eliciting pronouns, the formal use of the pronoun was elicited.

English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni 1 body जीउ dʒiu 2 həɾ 1 səril 3 səriʒ / həɾ 1,3 həɾ 1 ɑŋ 4 2 head ट ाउ को ʈɑuko 2 munto 1 munto 1 mundo 1 munʈo 1 kʰ 3 3 hair कपाल kəpɑ 2 1 roɑ 1 rɑ 1 rumɑ 1 bɑʋ 3 4 face अनहुा र ənuhɑ 1 ənɑ 1 ɑ ɑ 1 ɑ ɑ 1 ɑ u ɑ 1 mʊkʰ 2 5 eye आखँा ɑ k ɑ 1 ɑ kɑ 1 ɑ k ɑ 1 ɑ k ɑ 1 ɑ k ɑ 1 ɑ kʰ 2 6 ear कान kɑ 1 kɑ 1 kɑ 1 kɑ 1 kɑ 1 kɑ 1 7 nose नाक nɑk 1 nɑk 1 nɑk 1 nɑk 1 nɑk 1 nɑk 1 8 mouth मखु ukʰ 1 muk 1 muk 1 ukʰ 1 ukʰ 1 toʊ 2 9 lips ओठ oʈʰ 1 ʰ 2 ʰ 2 ʰ 2 ʰ ʈʰ 1,2 - x 10 tooth द ा तँ dɑ 1 dɑ 1 dɑ ɑ 1 dɑ 1 dɑɖɑ / dɑ 1 1 11 tongue छजब्रो dʒibɾo 1 dʒibəɾo 1 dʒibəro 1 dʒibəro 1 dʒibəro 1 dʒɪbəɽɪ 1 12 chest ्ात ी tʃʰɑ 1 tʃʰɑ 1 tʃʰɑ 1 tʃʰɑ 1 tʃʰɑ 1 tʃʰɑ 1 13 belly पटे peʈ 1 pet 1 pet 1 ɖʰɑɖ 2 lɑ ʰ 3 peʈ 1 14 waist कम् मर kəmər 1 kəɳɳə 1 kənnu 1 kəmər 1 kəmmər 1 - x

15 whole arm

हात hɑ 1 pəkʰuɾɑ 2 hɑ 1 hɑ 1 hɑ 1 hɑ ʰ 1

16 elbow कुत्र हनो kuⁱ 1 kum 1 kum 1 kum 1 k u 1 kʊhəni 1

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English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni

17 palm हत्केला hɑ k ɑ 1 hətkelɑ 1 hətolɑ 1 hɑ kə ɑ 1 hətəlo / hətkelɑ

1 - x

18 finger औ ौंला əᵘlɑ 1 ɑ ɑ 1 ɑŋg 1 əᵘnlɑ 1 əᵘnlɑ 1 əŋgu 2 19 fingernail नङ nəŋ 1 nəŋ 1 nəŋ 1 nəŋ 1 nəŋ 1 nəŋ 1 20 leg खटु्टा khuʈʈɑ 1 kuʈɑ 1 kʰu ɑ 1 kʰu ɑ 1 dʒəŋɳo 2 kʊt 1 21 knee घ ुरँ्ा gʰ ɖɑ 1 g ɳɑ 1 gʰuɳɑ 1 gʰ ɳɑ 1 gʰu ɑ 1 - x 22 skin ्ाला tʃʰɑ ɑ 1 tʃʰɑ ɑ 1 tʃʰɑ ɑ 1 tʃʰɑ ɑ 1 tʃʰɑ ɑ 1 kʰɑ 2 23 bone हार् hɑɖ 1 hɑɖ 1 hɑ 1 hɑ 1 hɑ 1 həɖək 1 24 heart मटु ु muʈu 1 muʈu 1 muʈu 1 mutu 1 mutu 1 dɪl 2 25 blood र ग त ɾəgət 1 rəgə kʰu 1 rəgət 1 rəgət 1 rəgət 1 kʰu ʲu 2 26 urine त्रपसाब pisɑb 1 muʈ 2 u 2 u ʰ 2 - x mut 2 27 feces त्रद सा disɑ 1 gu 2 gu 2 g 2 gu 2 ʈəʈː gu 2 28 village ग ा उँ gɑ 1 gɑ 1 gɑ 1 gɑ 1 gɑ 1 g 1 29 house घर gʰər 1 gʰɑ 1 gʰɑ 1 gʰər 1 gʰɑ 1 kuɽɪ 2 30 roof ्ाना tʃɑnɑ 1 pɑk 2 pɑk 2 pɑk 2 pɑk 2 pɑx 2 31 door ढोका ɖʰokɑ 1 dwər 3,4 delo 2 2 delo / dwɑ 2,3 doʋɑɾ 1,4 32 firewood दा उरा dɑuɾɑ 1 dərwə 1 də uŋ 1 dəruwɑ 1 dourɑ 1 lɑkəɽ 2 33 broom कुआो kutso 1 kutʃo 1 kutʃo 1 kutso 1 kutʃo 1 kʊtʃ / tʃʊl 1 34 stick लट्ठी ləʈʈʰi 1 lɑu 1 lɑu 1 lə ʰ 1 louɖi 1 - x 35 pestle लोहोर ो lohoɾo 1 loro 1 loro 1 loro 1 loɾo 1 muʃoʋ 2

36 spices mortar

छसल ट ो siləᵘʈo 2 silɑuʈ 2 silo /

silɑu 1,2 ʃilo 1 silo 1 ʊkəʋ 3

37 hammer घन gʰən 1 gʰən 1 gʰən 1 gʰən 1 gʰən 1 ʰ ɽ 2

38 large

Nepali knife

खकुुर ी kʰukuɾi 1 kʰuku 1 kʰuku 1 kʰuku 1 kʰukuɾi 1 - x

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English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni 39 sickle हछँ सय ा həsijɑ 1 ɑ ʃ 2 ɑ ʃ 2 ɑ ʃ 2 ɑ 2 - x 40 axe बन्द् आर ो bəntsəɾo 1 bəntʃəro 1 bəntʃəro 1 bəntʃəro 1 bəntʃəro 1 rəməʈi 2 41 rope र्ोरी ɖoɾi 1 rəsi 2 dʒəᵘro 3 dʒəᵘro 3 ɖor 1 dʒɔɽ 1 42 thread धाग ो ʰɑg 1 ʰɑg 1 ʰɑg 1 ʰɑg 1 ʰɑg 1 ʰɑg 1 43 needle छसयो sijo 1 ʃujo 1 ʃuⁱj 1 ʃuijo 1 sijo 1 ʲuɾ 2 44 cloth कपर्ा kəpəɖɑ 1 kəpəɾɑ 1 kəpərɑ 1 lə ɑ 2 nɑ ɑ 2 tikɑʋ 3 45 hat ट ोपी ʈopi 1 tɑkʰ 1 kulo 2 topi 1 topi 1 - x 46 ring औ ौंठी əᵘʈʰi 1 ɑ ʈʰ 1 munɑɖ 2 ɑ ʰ 1 mundəɾo 2 mʊnəɽi 2 47 gold सनु sun 1 sun 1 sun 1 sun 1 sun 1 ʃʊn 1 48 sun सजु े surdʒe 1 surʒʲæ 1 bel 2 surdʒʰə 1 bel 2 gʰɑ 3 49 moon जून dʒun 1 dʒun 1 dʒun 1 dʒun 1 dʒun 1 ʒuɳi 1 50 sky आकाश ɑkɑ 1 sərgə 2 sərku 2 ʃərəgɑ 2 sərək 2 əgɑ 1 51 star ता रा tɑɾɑ 1 tɑ ɑ 1 tɑ ɑ 1 tɑ ɑ 1 tɑɾɑ 1 tɑɾ 1 52 rain पानी (प न् ) pɑ 1 meg 2 pɑ 1 mek / pɑ 1,2 bərʃə 3 ʲu 4 53 water पानी pɑ 1 pɑ 1 pɑ 1 pɑ 1 pɑ 1 paɳɪ 1

54 small river

खोला kʰ ɑ 1 kʰ ɑ 1 kʰ ɑ 1 kʰ 1 kʰ ɑ 1 gɑɽ x

55 cloud बादल bɑ ə 1 bɑ ə 1 bɑ ə 1 bɑ ə 1 bɑ 1 bɑ əʋ 1

56 bolt of

lightning आट या ङ tʃəʈjæŋ 1 tʃilko 2 tʃirəko 2 tʃiɾəko 2 tʃirəko 2 tʃɑl 3

57 rainbow इन्द् र णेी indɾeɳi 1 indrəini 1 ʃinərɑ 1 ʃinɑ ɑ 1 indrɑ 1 ɪneɳi 1 58 wind हावा hɑ ɑ 1 bətɑ 2 bətɑ 2 bətɑ 2 bɑ ɑ 3 hɑu bəjɑʋ 1

59 small stone

ढङु्गा ɖʰuŋgɑ 1 uŋɑ 1 ɖʰ ŋɑ 1 ɖuŋɑ 1 ɖʰuŋɑ 1 ʰʊŋ gʰəntəɾ

1

60 unirrigated

field बारी bɑɾ 1 bɑ 1 swɑ ɖ 2 swɑ ɖ 2 ʷɑ 2 - x

66


61 irrigated

field खते kʰ 1 kʰ 1 gɑɖɑ 2 kʰ 1 kʰ 1 - x

62 road बाटो bɑʈ 1 bɑʈ 1 bɑʈ 1 bɑʈ 1 bɑʈ 1 bɑʈ 1 63 fire आग ो ɑg 1 ɑg 1 ɑg 1 ɑg 1 ɑg 1 ɑg bʰɪ ɛɾ 2 64 smoke धवुा ँ ʰu ɑ 2 ʰukəl 1 ʰukɑ 1 ʰ kɑ 1,2 ʰukɑ 1 ʰ 3 65 ash खर ानी kʰərɑ 3 tʃɑɾ 2 ʃɑdʒi 1 ʃɑdʒi 1 ʃɑdʒi 1 tʃɑɾ 2 66 soil/clay माट ो mɑʈ 1 mɑʈ 1 məʈi / mɑ 1 mɑ 1 mɑ 1 mɑʈ 1 67 dust धलुो ʰu 1 ʰu 1 ʰu 1 ʰu 1 ʰu 1 ʰu 1 68 tree रूख ukʰ 1 ukʰ 1 ukʰ 1 ukʰ 1 ukʰ 1 boʈ / ɖɑʋ 2 69 leaf पात pɑ 1 pɑ 1 pɑ 1 pɑ 1 pɑ 1 pɑ 1

70 root जरा dʒəɾɑ 1 dʒəɖɑ 1 dʒəɖɑ 1 dʒəɖɑ 1 dʒəɖɑ 1 dʒoɽɑ / pʰɑŋ

1

71 seed बीउ biu 1 bi 2 biu 1 bi 2 biu 1 - x 72 bark बोक्रो bokɾo 1 bokəɖɑ 1 bokoɖo 1 bokoɖo 1 bokəɖɑ 1 - x 73 thorn का रँ्ो kɑ ɖ 1 kɑ ɖɑ 1 kɑ ɖ 1 kɑ ɖ 1 kɑ 1 kɑɳ 1 74 flower फुल pʰu 1 pʰu 1 pʰu 1 pʰu 1 pʰu 1 pʰu 1

75 bamboo

tree बा सँ bɑ 1 bɑ 1 bɑ 1 bɑ 1 bɑ 1 - x

76 bamboo shoot

ता मा tɑ ɑ 1 kəllɑ 2 tuʃo 3 bʰu 4 tɑ ɑ 1 - x

77 fruit फल फूल pʰə pʰu 1 pʰə pʰu 1 pʰə pʰu 1 pʰə pʰu 1 pʰə pʰu 1 pʰəl 2 78 mango आपँ ɑ p 2 ɑ 1 ɑ 1 ɑ 1 ɑ 1 ɑ 1 79 banana केरा keɾɑ 1 kelɑ 1 kelɑ 1 kelɑ 1 kelɑ 1 kʲɑʋ 2 80 wheat ग हू ँ gə 1 g u 1 g u 1 g 1 g 1 gj 1

81 uncooked

rice आामल tsɑ ə 1 tʃɑməl 1 tʃɑŋəl 1 tʃʰɑ ɑ 1 tʃɑməl 1 tʃəŋg 2

67


82 unhusked

rice धान ʰɑ 1 ʰɑ 1 ʰɑ 1 ʰɑ 1 ʰɑ 1 - x

83 cooked

rice भ ा त bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 - x

84 vegetable तर कारी təɾkɑɾ 1 tərkɑ ɑg 1,2 sɑg 2 sɑg 2 sɑg 2 - x 85 potato आल ु ɑ u 1 ɑ u 1 ɑ u 1 ɑ u 1 ɑ u 1 ɑ ʊ 1 86 egg plant भन्द्ट ा bʰənʈɑ 2 bɑ gu 1 bʰɑ kə 1 bʰɑ gə 1 bʰ ɖo 2 pəʈ 3

87 ground

nut बदाम bədɑ 1 mə pʰəli 2 ukʰpəli 2 u pʰəli 2 mə pʰəli 2 mofəl 3

88 chili खोसाननी kʰ ɹsɑ 1 ɖɑ 2 ɖɑ 2 korsɑ 1 kursɑ 1 kʰʊ ʲɑg 1 89 tumeric बसेार besɑ 1 həldo 2,3 həlɖu 2,3 hə 2,3 həɖʲəlo 2 həld 3 90 garlic लसनु ləsun 1 lɑʃu 1 ləʃon 1 ləsun 1 ləsun 1 lɑ əɳ 1 91 onion प्य ाज pʲɑ ʒ 1 pjædʒ 1 pjædʒ 1 pjædʒ 1 pʲæ ʒ 1 pʲɑ ʒ 1

92 cauli- flower

काउ ली kɑu 1 gopi 2 pʰu gʰ b 3 pʰu gʰ b 3 g p p 2 gobi 2

93 ginger अद वुा əduwɑ 1 ɑɖ 2 ɑ 2 ɑɖ 2 ɑ 2 - x 94 tomato ग ो लभ े ौंर्ा g bʰ ɖɑ 1 g b ɾɑ 1 tæmmiʈər 2 g bʰ ɳɑ 1 g bʰ ɖɑ 1 tɪmɑʈə 2 95 ɑbb g बन्द्दको बी bəndəkobi 1 bəndɑg p 1 bəndɑg b 1 bəndɑk p 1 bəndə 2 bə g bʰ 1 96 cucumber का कँ्रो kɑ kɾ 1 kɑ k ɖ 1 kɑ k ɖ 1 kɑ k 1 kɑ k 1 - x 97 oil त ले tel 1 tel 1 Tel 1 tel 1 tel 1 tel 1 98 salt नून nun 1 nun 1 Nun 1 nun 1 nun 1 nuɳ 1 99 meat मा स ु mɑ u 1 sikɑ 2 sikɑ 2 sikɑ 2 sikɑ 2 mɑ ʃ / ʃɪkɑ 1,2

100 fat part of

flesh बोसो boso 1 boso 1 Boso 1 boso 1 boso 1 bəs 1

101 fish मा्ा mɑ ʃʰɑ 1 mɑ ʃʰɑ 1 mɑ ʃʰɑ 1 mɑ ʃʰɑ 1 mɑ ʃʰɑ 1 matʃ 1 102 chicken कुखरु ा kukʰu ɑ 1 kukurɑ 1 kukʰu ɑ 1 kukʰu ɑ 1 kukʰu ɑ 1 kʊkʊɽ 1

68

English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni 103 egg फुल pʰu əɳɖɑ 1,2 əndɑ pʰu 1,2 əndɑ 2 ɑ ɳɑ 2 pʰu 1 əɳɖ 2 104 cow ग ा इ gɑ 1 gɑ 1 gɑ 1 goru / gɑ 1 gɑ 1 guɽ 2 105 buffalo भ ै ौंसी bʰəisi 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɛ s 1 106 milk दू ध u ʰ 1 dud 1 u 1 dud 1 u ʰ 1 dəʋ u ʰ 1 107 horn छसङ ŋ 1 ʃ ŋ 1 ʃ ŋ 1 ŋ 1 ŋ 1 ŋ 1 108 tail पचु् ् र puttʃʰər 1 putʃəɾi 1 putʃɑr 1 putʃɑr 1 putʃʰɑ 1 pitʃoɾi 1 109 goat बाख्रा bɑkʰɾɑ 1 bəkɑ ɑ 1 bɑkʰ 1 bɑkʰə ɑ 1 bɑkʰ 1 bəkor 1 110 pig स ुौं ग रु uŋguɾ 1 sumər 1 ŋə r 1 uŋər 1 uŋgɑ 1 - x 111 dog कुकुर kukur 1 kukur 1 kukur 1 kukur 1 kukur 1 kʊkʊɾ 1 112 cat त्रबरा लो biɾɑlo 1 billo 1 billu 1 billo 1 billo 1 - x 113 snake सा पँ sɑ p 1 ʃjæp 1 ʃjæp 1 ʃʲæp 1 ʲæp 1 ʲɑp 1 114 monkey बा दँ र bɑ ə 1 bɑ ə 1 bɑ ə 1 bɑ ɑ 1 bɑ ɑ 1 bɑ ə 1 115 bird आरा tsəɾɑ 1 tʃərɑ 1 tʃəɳo 1 tʃərɑ 1 tʃəɖo 1 - x 116 wings पखटे ा pəkʰ ʈɑ 1 pəkʰ ɑ 1 pɑkʰ ɑ 1 pɑ k 2 pəkʰ ɑ 1 - x 117 feather प् वा खँ pwɑ kʰ 1 pəkʰjɑ 2 pɑk 1 pɑ k 1 pɑ k 1 - x 118 rat/mouse मसुा musɑ 1 musɑ 1 musɑ 1 muso 1 muso 1 - x 119 mosquito ला मखटेु्ट lɑ kʰuʈ 1 mətʃəɾ 2 mətʃʰəɾ 2 mətʃʰɑ 2 mətʃʰɑɾ 2 mɑ ːʃəɾ 2 120 fly छ ौं गा dʒʰ ŋgɑ 1 mɑkʰɑ 2 ækʰɑ 2 mɑkʰɑ 2 mɑkʰ 2 - x 121 honey bee माउर ी mɑuɾ 1 mourɑ 1 mɑu ɑ 1 mourɑ 1 mourɑ 1 - x 122 ant कत्रमला kəmilɑ 1 kirmilo 1 kirmulo 1 kirməlɑ 1 kirəmulo 1 kɪrmɑʋ 1 123 spider मा कुर ा mɑku ɑ 1 bəɖuwɑ 2 bəɖuwɑ 2 bəɖuwɑ 2 b ɖ ⁱ 3 bəɖːu 2,3 124 louse जमु्रा dʒumrɑ 1 dʒoɽɑ 2 dʒoɽo 2 dʒorɑ 2 dʒ ɑ 1,2 - x 125 bed bug उ रु्स uɖus 1 uɖus 1 kətməl 2 uɖus / ʃələʃ 1,3 kʰətməl 2 - x 126 flea उ त्र पय ा ँ upijɑ 1 upəjæ 1 upɑ j 1 upʲɑ 1 upɑ j 1 - x 127 leech पा नी जकुा pɑ ʒʰukɑ 1 dʒugɑ 1 dʒukɑ 1 dʒugɑ 1 dʒukɑ 1 - x 128 person मान्द् ् े mɑ ʃʰ 1 mɑ ʒʰ 1 mɑ 2 mɑ 1,2 mɑⁱʃə 1,2 - x

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129 man परुुष purus 1 bəikɑ 2 bɑ kɑ

bɑu 2,3 bɑ 3 logənɑⁱ 4 mɛ ʃ 5

130 woman/ female

मत्रहला mɑ ɑ 1 swɑ 2 swɑ 2 putɑ 3 swɑ 2 ʲɛɳi 4

131 baby बच् आा bətsɑ x dʒɑtku x bɑ ək x gedɑ x tʃərɑ ʃə X - x 132 boy केट ा keʈɑ 1 ketɑ 1 tʃelo 2 ketɑ 1 tʃ 3 tʃəl 2 133 girl केट ी keʈi 1 keti 1 tʃeli 2 keti 1 tʃ 3 tʃʲeli 2 134 father बा / बबुा bɑ bu ɑ 1,2 bɑ 1 buɑ 2 bɑbɑ 3 bɑ 1 bɑbu 3 135 mother आमा ɑ ɑ 1 iʒɑ 2 idʒɑ 2 idʒɑ 2 ɑ ɑ 1 ɪdʒ 3

136 older

brother द ा ई dɑ 1 dɑ 1 dɑ ɑ 2 dɑ ɑ 2 dɑ ʒu 2 ɑ 1,2

137 younger brother

भ ा ई bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ 1 bʰɑ ʒɑ 2 bʰɛ / nən

dɑ 3

138 older sister

त्र द द ी didi 1 didi 1 didi 1 didi 1 di 2 dɪdɪ 1

139 younger

sister बत्रहनी bəhini 1 bəhini 1 bəhini 1 bəhini 1 bɑ ʒ 2 bɛɳi 1,2

140 son ्ोर ो tʃʰoɾo 1 tʃelo 1,2 tʃelo 1,2 tʃelo 1,2 tʃelo 1,2 tʃəl 2 141 daughter ्ोर ी tʃʰoɾi 1 tʃeli 1 tʃeli 1 tʃeli 1 tʃeli 1 tʃeli 1 142 husband श्रीमा न sɾimɑ x bɑ kɑ x poi x bɑᵘse x logə ʲ x gʰəɾʋɑʋ x

143 wife श्रीमत ी sɾiməti 3 swɑⁱ 1,4 dʒoi / swɑ

1, 2,4

ʃwɑ 1 swɑ 1,4 ʲ ɳɪ / gʰəɾʋɑi

4

144 grand- father

हजरु बा hədʒuɾ bɑ 1 bədʒe 2 bɑ ʒ 2 bədʒe 2 bɑ ʒʲɑ 2 - x

145 grand- mother

हजरु आमा hədʒuɾ ɑ ɑ 1 bədʒ ⁱ 2 ɑ ɑ 3 ɑ ɑ 3 bədʒʲe 2 - x

70

English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni 146 grandson नात ी nɑ 1 nɑ 1 nɑ 1 nɑ 1 nɑ 1 - x

147 grand-

daughter नात्रत नी nɑ 1 nɑ 1 nɑ 1 nɑ 1 nɑ 1 - x

148 father's older

brother ठूलो बा ब ु ʈʰulo bɑbu 1 dʒetɑ bɑ 2 dʒetɑ buɑ 2 dʒetɑ bɑbɑ 2 dʒetɑ bɑ 2 - x

149 father's younger brother

सा ना बा ब ु sɑ ɑ bɑbu 1 kɑ ʃɑ bɑ 2 kɑkɑ 3 kɑkɑ 3 kɑkɑ 3 - x

150 father's older sister

फुपू pʰupu 1 p upʰu 1 phuidʒu 1 pʰu ʒu /

phupu 1 puidʒu 1 - x

151 mother's

older brother

मामा mɑ ɑ 1 mɑ ɑ 1 mɑ ɑ 1 mɑ ɑ 1 mɑ ɑ 1 - x

152 mother's

older sister

ठूलो आमा ʈʰulo ɑ ɑ 1 dʒeti ɑ ɑ 2 dʒeidʒɑ 3 dʒedʒɑ 3 dʒetɑ ɑ ɑ 2 - x

153 mother's younger

sister साना आमा sɑ ɑ ɑ ɑ x kɑ ʃ ɑ ɑ x k ʃi x kɑⁱ ʒɑ x nɑ x - x

154 friend साथी sɑ ʰ 1 sɑ ʰ 1 sɑ ʰ 1 səŋʲ 1 soᵘɖi 1 - x 155 name ना उँ nɑ 1 nɑu 1 nɑu 1 1 nɑ 1 nɑ / nɔ 1 156 language भा षा bʰɑ ɑ 1 bʰɑ ɑ 1 bhɑ ɑ 1 bhɑ ɑ 1 bhɑ ɑ 1 - x 157 day त्र द न din 1 din 1 din 1 din 1 Din 1 dɪn 1 158 night र ा त ɾɑt 1 rɑ 1 rɑ 1 rɑ 1 rɑ 1 ɾɑt 1

71

English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni 159 morning त्रबहान bihɑ ə 1 bihɑ ə 1 pɑ b ɑ 2 pɑ ə ɑ 2 tʃəkɑ ɑ 3 ɾɑ bʲɑɳ 4

160 afternoon त्र द उँ सो x dinə x dopɑ (noon)

1 tʃɑkəlɑ 12-

2pm) x ʲ pəri 1 ɑ u ɪ 2

161 evening बलेकुा belukɑ x bəsɑ kə x bɑʃɑ 1 bɑ ɑ 1 bɑ ɑ 1 bjɑʋ 2 162 today आज ɑ ʒə 1 ɑ ʒə 1 ɑ ʒ 1 ɑ ʒ 1 ɑ ʒ 1 ɑ ʒ 1 163 yesterday त्रहजो hidʒo 1 beli 2 beli 2 beli 2 beli 2 bʰ j 3 164 tomorrow भ ो छ ल bʰ 1 bʰ ɑ 1 bʰ ə 1 bʰ ə 1 bʰ ə 1 bʰ ʋ 2 165 week हप्ता həptɑ 1 həptɑ 1 həptɑ 1 həptɑ 1 həptɑ 1 həptɐ 1 166 month मत्रहना məhinɑ 1 mɑ ɑ 1 mɑ ɑ 1 mɑⁱ ɑ 1 uⁱ ɑ 1 məhinɑ 1 167 year बषन bərsə 1 bərsɑ ɑ 1,2 bərsɑ ɑ 1,2 bərsɑ 1 bərʃɑ 1 sɑ bəɾʃ 1,2 168 big ठूलो ʈʰulo 1 bəɖo 2 ʈʰulo 1 ʰu 1 ʰu 1 ʈʊl 1 169 small सानो sɑ 1 nɑ 1,2 nɑ 1,2 nɑ 1,2 nɑ 1,2 nɑ 2 170 heavy ग ह्रङु्गो gəɾuŋg 1 bʰɑ 2 gəruɳ 1 gəruwɑ 1 gəro 3 bʰɑɾɪ 2 171 light हलङु्गो hə uŋg 1 həluko 1,2 həlko 1,2 həluko 1,2 həllo 1,2 həlk / həu k 2 172 old परु ा नो puɾɑno 1 purɑ 1 purɑ 1 purɑ 1 purɑ u 1 pʊrɑɳ 1 173 new नय ा ँ nəjɑ 1,2 nəjɑ u 1,2 nɔ je 1,2 nəjɑ 1,2 nolu 1 nəi 2

174 good रा म्रो ɾɑmɾo 1 rɑ ə 1 niko / rɑ ə

1,2 niko 2 niko 2 bʰəl / nɔko 2

175 bad नरा म्रो nəɾɑmɾo 1 nərɑ ə

nəniko 1

nərɑ ə gətto

1,2 gə 2 kətʃʰəko 3 nək 4

176 wet त्रभ जकेो bhidʒeko 1,2 ruʒeko 1 bhidʒeko 1,2 rudʒ ⁱk 1 rudʒʲæko 1 bʰɪdʒi 2 177 dry सकु्ख ukkʰə 1,3 sukeko 1 sukeko 1 əkʰəreɑ 2 ukʲæk 1 ʃuk 3 178 long लामो lɑ 1 lɑ 1 lɑ 1 lɑ 1 lɑ 1 ʰu 2 179 short ्ोट ो tʃʰoʈo 1 tʃʰoto 1 tʃʰoto 1 tʃʰoto 1 tʃoto 1 nɑ 2 180 thin द बु् लो dublo 1 dubəlo 1 dubəlo 1 dubəlo 1 dublo 1 - x

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181 hot

(weather) ग मी gəɾmi 1

gərəm / ghɑ

1 gərəm 1 gərəm / ghɑ

1 gərəm 1 gəɾəm / tɑ 1

182 cold

(weather) जार्ो dʒɑɖo 1

dʒɑɖi / ʈənni

1,2 ʈʰənni 2 ʰənni 2 dʒɑɖi 1 - x

183 hot

(water) ता तो tɑ 1 tɑ 1 tɑ 1 tɑ 1 tɑ 1 - x

184 cold

(water) छआसो tsiso 1 ʰənni 2 ʰənno 2 ʰə 2 ʰənnə 2 ʈʰəɳɖ / ʃɑɾdɪ 3

185 cracked/

burst फुट केो pʰuʈeko 1 pʰu jæ 2 pʰu k 1 pʰu k 1 pʰu ⁱk 1 - x

186 broken/ damaged

त्रबत्रि एको bigɾieko 1 bigərjæ 1 bigəreko 1 bigəreko 1 b g ⁱk 1 - x

187 broken भ ा आँकेो bʰɑ ʃ k 1 tutjæ 2,3 bhɑ ʃ k 1 tuteko 2 bʰɑ ʃ k 1 ʈʊʈi 3 188 empty खाछ ल kʰɑ 1 kʰɑ 1 kʰɑ 1,2 kʰɑ 1 kʰɑ 1 - x 189 full भर ीभराउ bʰəɾ bʰərɑu 1 bʰəri 2 bʰəri 2 bʰəri 2 bʰəri 2 - x 190 few थो रै ʰ əi 1 tokɑ 1 təkɑ 1 ʰ kɑⁱ 1 nəmɑ 2 mʊɳi 3

191 many धरैे ʰ ɾəi 1 dʒikəi 2 dherɑ dʒikhɑ

1,2 dʒikɑ 2 məstə 3 zʲɑ ɑ ʃɪ ːu 4

192 all सब ै səbəi 1 səbɑ 1 p pɑ 1 səbɑ 1 səbwi 1 səb 2 193 equal बराबार bərɑbɑ 1 bərɑbə 1 bɑ ɑbə 1 bɑ ɑbə 1 səri 2 ɪkːə 3

194 similar/

same उस् त ै ustəi 1 usɑ 1 uʃwɑ 1 uʃwɑ 1 ustɑ 1 - x

195 different फ़रक pʰərək 1 njænjærɑ x bʰ ɑ x dʒudui x pʰərək 1 fəɾək 1 196 various त्रबत्रभ न्द् न b bʰ ə 1 njænjærɑ x ɑ ɑkɑ ɑk 2 b bʰ ə 1 ɑ ɑgɑ ɑg 2 - x

211 white सतेो seto 1 dɑu 2 doulo 2 ʃukilo / doulo

2,3 sukilo 3 səfed / səped

4

73

English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni 212 black कालो kɑ 1 kɑ 1 kɑ 1 kɑ 1 kɑ 1 kɑʋ 2 213 red रा तो ɾɑto 1 rɑ 1 rɑ 1 rɑ 1 rɑ 1 lɑ 2 214 right द ा य ा ँ dɑjɑ 1 dɑjɑ 1 dɑjɑ 1 dɑⁱ 1 dɑⁱ u 1 dɛɳ 1 215 left बा य ा ँ bɑjɑ 1 bɑjɑ 1 bɑjɑ 1 b 1 bɑ 1 bɑjɑ 1 216 near नछजक nədʒik 1 ləgə 2 nəg kʰ 1 nədʒik 1 ləgə 2 nəzdik 1 217 far ट ाढा ʈɑɖʰɑ 1 durə 2 ʈɑɳɑ 1 tɑ ɑ 1 tɑɾɑ 1 duɾ / tɑɽ 1,2 218 here य हा ँ yɑ ɑ 1 jɑ 2 ɳɑ 3 jehikɑ 4 jiɑ 2 - x 219 there त् य हा ँ tyɑ ɑ 1 tjɑ 2 tjɑ 2 wɑkʰɑ 3 tjiɑ 2 - x 220 at -मा -mɑ 1 mɑ 1 mɑ 1 mɑ 1 2 - x 221 beside ्ेउमा tʃomɑ x jɛllɑ x nədʒ kʰ x tʃɑlmɑ x ləg gɑ x - x 222 inside त्र भ ि bʰ ɑ 1 bitəɾə 1 bʰ ərɑ 1 bʰ ərɑ 1 bʰ ə 1 - x 223 outside बात्रहर bɑ ə 1 bɑ ɾə 1 bɑ ə 1 bʰɑ ə 1 bɑⁱ ə 1 - x 224 above माछ थ mɑ ʰ 1 mə ʰ 1 mɑ ʰ 1 mə ʰ 1 u ʰ 1 mə / məli 1 225 below तल /मतु्र न tələ / muni 1,2 təltiɾə 1 təlɑ 1 təli 1 muni 2 tɛli 1 226 around वरर परर wɑ pɑ 1 jeheɾə wietə 2 wɑ pə 1 ʰə u ʰə 3 wərɑpə ɑ 1 - x 227 who को ko 1 ko 1 ko 1 ko 1 ko 1 ko 1 228 whose कसको kəsko 1 kɑ k 1 kɑ k 1 kɑ k 1 kɑ k 1 - x 229 what के ke 1 ke 1 ke 1 ke 1 kʲɑ 1 kɪ 1 230 why त्रकन kinə 1 kelɑ 1 kʲɑk 1 kʲɑⁱk 1 kʲ 1 - x 231 where कहा ँ kəhɑ 1 kɑ 2 kɑ 2 kɑ 2 kɑ 2 kɑ 2 232 when कत्रहल े kəile 1 kɑ 1 kəbə 1 kəbə 1 kɑ ɑ 1 kəsət 2 233 which कुन kun 1 ko 2 ko 2 ko 2 ko 2 - x

234 how many

कत्रत kəti 1 kəti 1 kəti 1 kəti 1 kəti 1 koduk 2

235 how (what is it like)

कस् तो kəsto 1 kəso 1 kəso 1 kəso 1 kəsto 1 - x

74


236 how (to do something)

कसरी kəsəɾi 1 kəsəri 1 kəsəri 1 kɑ ɾ 1 kəsəri 1 - x

237 this य ो jo 1 jo 1 jo 1 jo 1 jo 1 jə 1 238 that त् यो tjo 1 tjo 1 tjo 1 tjo 1 tjo 1 u / jəs 2 239 go ग यो tələ gɑj 1 gəjo 1 gəjo 1 gəjo 1 gɑⁱj 1 gəjɑ 1 240 ’ g नजाऊ tələ nəgɑu 1 dʒən dʒɑ 2 dʒin dʒɑi 1 dʒən dʒɑi 1 dʒən dʒɑu 1 - x 241 come आयो ɑj 1 ɑj 1 ɑj 1 ɑj 1 ɑj 1 ɑ g 1

242 ’ come

नआऊ nəɑu 1 dʒən ɑ 2 dʒin ɑ 3 dʒən ɑ 3 dʒən ɑu 1 - x

243 come down य ो dʒʰəɾjo 1 dʒərjo 1 dʒəɾjo 1 dʒərjo 1 dʒərjo 1 - x

244 ’

down न र nədʒʰəɾɑ 1 dʒən dʒərə 1 dʒin dʒərɑ 1 dʒən dʒərɑⁱ 1 dʒən dʒəɾ 1 - x

245 climb up आढ य ो tʃəɖjo 1 tʃərdjo 1 tʃoɽjo 1 tʃorijo 1 tʃorjo 1 - x

246 ’

climb up नआढ nətʃəɖə 1 dʒən tʃərɖɑ 1 dʒin tʃoɾɑi 1 dʒən tʃorɑⁱ 1 dʒən tʃəɾə 1 - x

247 climb down

ओल् य यो oɾljo 1 oljo 1 orijo 1 orəljo 1 uljo 1 - x

248 ’ b

down नओलन nəoɾljɑ 1 dʒən ol 2 dʒin orɑ 1 dʒən orəlɑ 1 dʒən uljo 1 - x

249 bring ल् या यो ljɑj 1 lejo 1 ləʃjo 1 lejo 1 ɑ j 2 - x

250 ’ bring

नल् या ऊ nəljɑu 1 dʒən ljæ 1,3 dʒin ləʃɑi 2 dʒən le 3 dʒən ɑ ə 4 - x

251 take लग् यो ləgjo 1 lɑ gj 1 ləigjo 1 ləⁱgjo 1 ləgjo 1 - x

252 ’ k नलग nələgə 1 dʒən ləgə 1 dʒin ləgɑ 1 dʒən

ləⁱdʒʰɑⁱ 1 dʒə ⁱ 2 - x

253 take out छ क् यो dʒʰikjo 1 nikɑ j 2 nikɑ j 2 gɑ j 3 dʒʰikjo 1 - x

75


254 ’ k

out नछ क nədʒʰikɑ 1 dʒən nikɑ ə 2

dʒin nikɑ ɑ

2 dʒən gɑ ɑ 3 dʒən dʒʰikə 1 - x

255 put in रा ख् यो rɑkʰj 1 rɑkj 1 rɑkʰj 1 rɑkʰj 1 rɑkʰj 1 - x

256 ’ pu

in नरा ख nərɑkʰɑ 1 dʒən rɑkə 1 dʒin rɑkʰɑ 1 dʒən rɑkɑⁱ 1 dʒən rɑk ə 1 - x

257 die मय यो məɾjo 1 mərjo 1 mərjo 1 mərjo 1 mərjo 1 ni məɾɪn 1 258 ’ नमर nəməɾə 1 dʒən mərə 1 dʒin mərɑ 1 dʒən mərɑⁱ 1 dʒən mərə 1 - x 259 be hungry भो क लाग् यो bʰ k ɑgʲ 1 bok lɑgj 1 bʰ k ɑgj 1 bʰ k ɑgj 1 bʰ k ɑgj 1 bʰukʰɛ 1 260 be thirsty त्रत कान लाग्य ो tiɾkɑ ɑgʲ 1 tis lɑgj 2 tis lɑgj 2 tis lɑgj 2 tis lɑgj 2 tis 2 261 sleep सतु् य ो sutjo 1 sijo 1 ʃejo 1 ʃijo 1 sutjo 1 poɾidʒɨ 1

262 ’ sleep

नसतु nəsutə 1 dʒən sijə 1,2 dʒin ʃei 2 dʒən ʃei 2 dʒən sutə 1 - x

263 lie down पल् ट य ो pəlʈjo 1 tertʃjo 2 pɑ j 1,3 pɑ j 1,3 pəltjo 1 poridʒi 3

264 ’

down नपल् ट nəpəlʈə 1 dʒən tertʃje 2 dʒin pɑ ɑ 3 dʒən pɑ ɑⁱ 3 dʒən pəltɑ 1 x

265 sit down बस् यो bəsjo 1 bəsjo 1 bəsjo 1 bəsjo 1 bəsjo 1 bʰɛʈ bʰɛʈʋə 2

266 ’ down

नबस nəbəsə 1 dʒən bəsə 1 dʒin bəsɑ 1 dʒən bəsɑⁱ 1 dʒən bəsə 1 - x

267 get up उठ य ो uʈʰjo 1 uʈʰjo 1 uʈʰjo 1 uʈʰjo 1 u ʰj 1 - x

268 ’ get

up नउठ nəuʈʰə 1 dʒən uʈʰə 1 dʒin uʈʰɑ 1 dʒən uʈᵗɑⁱ 1 dʒə u ʰə 1 - x

269 stand उ त्र भ य ो ubʰ j 1 kəlijo 2 kəljo 2 kəlijo 2 ubhjo 1 - x 270 ’ नउत्रभ ऊ nəubʰ u 1 dʒən kəliɑ 2 dʒin kəle 2 dʒən kəlie 2 dʒən ubhjo 3 - x 271 walk त्र हौं ड य ो ɖjo 1 ɖj 1 ʈjo 1 hitjo 1 j 1 hɪʈ ʰɔ go 1 272 ’ k नत्र हौं र् nə ɖə 1 dʒə ɖə 1 dʒ ɑ 1 dʒən hitɑⁱ 1 dʒən hidə 1 - x 273 fly (verb) उड य ो uɖjo 1 uɖjo 1 uɖjo 1 uɖjo 1 uɖjo 1 uɖo / uɖ go 1

76

English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni 274 ’ f y नउर्ा nəuɖə 1 dʒən uɖə 1 dʒin uɖɑi 1 dʒən udɑⁱ 1 dʒən uɖə 1 - x 275 run द ग यु य ो dəguɾjo 1 dourjo 1,4 bisəljo 2 dəgurjo 1 pʰɑ j 3 dɔɽ / dɔɽɪ go 4

276 ’ u नद ग रु nədəguɾə 1 dʒən dourə 1 dʒin bisɑ ɑ 2 dʒən

dəgurɑⁱ 1 dʒə pʰɑ j 3 - x

277 laugh हा सँ् य ो hɑ j 1 hɑ j 1 hɑ j 1 hɑ j 1 hɑ j 1 - x 278 ’ ug नहा सँ nəhɑ ɑ 1 dʒən hɑ ə 1 dʒin hɑ ɑ 1 dʒən hɑ ɑⁱ 1 dʒən hɑ ɑ 1 - x 279 cry रो यो rojo 1 rojo 1 rojo 1 rojo 1 rojo 1 - x 280 ’ y नरो ऊ nərou 1 dʒən ro 2 dʒin roje 1 dʒə ⁱ 2 dʒən rou 1 - x

281 vomit बान्द् ता ग य यो bɑ ɑ gə j 1 ulti gɑ j 2 ulti gɑ j kʰɑ j

2,3 ukɑ j 3 kʰɑ j 3 - x

282 ’ v बान्द् ता नगर bɑ ɑ nəgərɑ

1 ulti dʒən

gərə 2

ulti dʒin gɑ ɑ ʒ

kʰɑ ɑ 2,3 dʒən okɑ ɑⁱ 3 dʒə kʰɑ ə 3 - x

283 spit थ कु् य ो ʰukj 1 ʰukj 1 ʰukj 1 ʰukj 1 ʰukj 1 - x 284 ’ p नथ कु nə ʰukɑ 1 dʒə ʰəkə 1 dʒ ʰukɑ 1 dʒə ʰukɑⁱ 1 dʒə ʰukə 1 - x 285 eat खाय ो kʰɑj 1 kʰɑj 1 kʰɑⁱj 1 kʰɑj 1 kʰɑⁱj 1 kʰɑ 1 286 ’ नखाऊ nəkʰɑu 1 dʒə kʰɑ 2 dʒ kʰɑ 1 dʒə kʰɑⁱ 1 dʒə kʰɑᵘ 1 - x 287 bite ट ोक् यो ʈokjo 1 kɑʈj 2 kɑʈj 2 kɑ j 2 kɑ j 2 kɑʈ kɑʈɑ 2 288 ’ b नटो क nəʈokə 1 dʒən kɑʈə 2 dʒin kɑʈɑ 2 dʒən kɑ ɑⁱ 2 dʒən tokə 1 - x 289 drink त्रपयो pijo 1 pijo 1 pijo 1 kʰɑj 2 kʰɑj 2 piʋɑ 1 290 ’ k नत्रपऊ nəpiu 1 dʒən pe 2 dʒin pie 1 dʒə kʰɑⁱ 3 dʒə kʰɑu 3 - x 291 give त्रद यो dijo 1 dijo 1 dijo 1 dijoᵘ 1 dijo 1 dɪjo / de 1 292 ’ g v नदऊे nədeu 1 dʒən de 2 dʒin die 3 dʒə ⁱ 1,2 dʒən deu 1 - x

293 burn दा उरा

बाल्य ो dɑu ɑ bɑ j 1 səlkɑj 2 bɑ j 1 bɑ j 1 bɑ j 1 dʒəgɑ 3

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294 ’ bu दा उरा नबाल dɑu ɑ nəbɑ ɑ

1 dʒən səlkɑ 2 dʒin bɑ ɑ 1 dʒən bɑ ɑⁱ 1 dʒən bɑ ə 1 - x

295 bury ग ाड य ो gɑɖj 1 dəbɑ j 2 kədejo 1 dərejo 2 kədejo 1 - x 296 ’ bu y नगा र् nəgɑɖɑ 1 dʒən dəbɑ ə 2 dʒin kədei 3 dʒən də ⁱ 4 dʒən kədejo 3 - x

297 kill माय यो mɑɾj 1 mɑ j 1 mɑ j 1 mɑ j 1 mɑ j 1 ni maɾo /

mɑɾ 1

298 ’ k नमार nəmɑɾə 1 dʒən mɑ ə 1 dʒin mɑ ɑ 1 dʒən mɑ ɑⁱ 1 dʒən mɑ ə 1 - x 299 cut काट य ो kɑʈj 1 kɑʈj 1 kɑ j 1 kɑ j 1 kɑ j 1 - x 300 ’ u नकाट nəkɑʈɑ 1 dʒən kɑʈə 1 dʒin kɑ ɑ 1 dʒən kɑ ⁱ 1 dʒən kɑ ə 1 - x 301 throw फाल् यो pʰɑ j 1 hɑpʰɑ j 2 hɑpɑ j 2 kitjo 3 hɑpə j 2 - x

302 ’ नफाल nəpʰɑ ɑ 1 dʒən

hɑpʰə ə 2

dʒin hɑpɑ ɑ

2 dʒən kitɑⁱ 3 dʒən hɑpə ə 2 - x

303 talk/chat ्लफल

ग य यो tʃə pʰəl gəɾjo

1 tʃəl pəl ɑ j 2 kureri gɑ j 3 kurəri kɑ ɑ

gɑ j 4

kurɑ kɑ gɑ j ʃə pʰəl gɑ j

1,4 - x

304 ’

talk/chat ्लफल

नगर tʃə pʰəl nəgəɾɑ

1 tʃəl pəl dʒən

ɑ ɑ 2

kureri dʒin gɑ ɑ

3 kurəri kɑ ɑ dʒən gɑ

4

kurɑ kɑ dʒən gɑ ə

tʃə pʰəl dʒən gɑ ə

3,4 - x

305 say भन्द् यो bʰənjo 1 bɑ ɳj 1 bʰənjo 1 bəɳjo 1 bʰənjo 1 bol / bulɑ 2 306 ’ y नभन nəbʰənə 1 dʒən bə nə 1 dʒ bʰəne 1 dʒən bəɳɑⁱ 1 dʒən bənə 1 - x 307 listen सनु्द् य ो sunjo 1 sunjo 1 sunjo 1 suɳjo 1 sunjo 1 ʲuɳ 1 308 ’ नसनु्द् न nəsunə 1 dʒən sunə 1 dʒin sunɑ 1 dʒən suɳɑⁱ 1 dʒən sunə 1 - x

309 watch/see द खे् यो kʰj 1 ʰ kj 1 ʰ kj 1 ʰ kj 1 ʰ kj 1 kʰ / kʰ

1

310 look हये ो heɾjo 1 herjo 1 herjo 1 herjo 1 herjo 1 - x

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English Nepɑli Nepɑli IPA Doti Bɑitɑdi Dɑrchulɑ Bɑjhɑng Kumaoni 311 ’ k नहरे nəheɾə 1 dʒən herə 1,2 dʒin herɑ 1 dʒən herɑⁱ 1 dʒən hərə 1 - x 312 wash धोयो ʰ j 1 pəkʰɑ j 2 ʰ j 1 ʰ j 1 ʰ j 1 - x

313 ’ नधो nə ʰ 1 dʒən

pəkʰɑ ə 2 dʒ ʰ 1 dʒə ʰ ⁱ 1 dʒə ʰ 1 - x

314 my मरेो ो ला mero 1 mero 1 mero 1 mero 1 mero 1 - x 315 our हाम्रो ो ला həmro 1 həməro 1 həməro 1 həməro 1 hə u ŋ 1 - x

316 your

(singular) तपाईंक ो təpɑ k 1 təməro 2 təməro 2 təməro 2 tə u ro 2 - x

317 your

(plural) तपाईंहरुको təpɑ ə uk 1 - x

(sɑ ɑ 316)

x təmə k 1 tə u musəbuⁱk

o 2 - x

318 his

(singular) उ हा कँो uwɑ ɑk 1 unəro 2 unəro 2 unəro 2 tə u nuko 3 - x

319 their

(plural) उ हा हँरुको

uwɑ ɑ ə uko

1 - x - x unə k 2 unuko 3 - x

320 I म mə 1 mə 1 1 mui 2 1 mɪ / mɛ 1

321 you

(singular) तपाईं təpɑ 1 təm 2 təm 2 təm 2 tə u mu 2 tʊm 2

322 he/she उ हा ँ uhɑ 1 un 2 un 2 un 2 / uwɑ 3 ʊ 4 323 we हामी hɑ 1 həm 1 həm 1 həmun 1 hə 1 həm 1

324 you

(plural) तपाईंहरु təpɑ əɾu 1 təmihəru 1 - x təmun 2 təmihəru 1 - x

325 they उ हा हँरु wɑ ɑ əɾu 1 - x - x unun 2 ɑ ɑ u 1 - x

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Appendix B: Recorded Text Testing (RTT)

B.1 Standard Procedure for Recorded Text Testing (RTT)1

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an indicator of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad (1974) and Blair (1990).

Short, personal-experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material that is widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. A set of fifteen to twenty questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable because the answer is not clear in the text or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT T u u f p b ubj ’ u g f the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT for each test location.

In the RTTs, test subjects hear the complete story once, after which the story is repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the

1 T p f x p u p f f u App x A f O’L y 1992) by C O’L y

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recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question. Thus the RTT aims to be a close reflection of a ubj ’ p f gu g f, f y, g , g The average or mean of the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialect represented.

In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test (HTT). The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition, hometown testing insures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the comprehension questions. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated.

It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly because they do not understand what is expected. This is especially true with uneducated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore, a short pre-test story with ten questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of the pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that they would serve as a suitable subject. Occasionally, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing the test results. Generally, subjects performing at levels of less than 70% on the pre-test are eliminated from further testing.

When some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean -- the Standard Deviation. On a RTT with 100 possible points (100 percent), standard deviations of

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more than 12 to 15 are considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively low (10 or below) and the mean score for the subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well. This might occur either because the language being tested has high inherent intelligibility with the p k ’ gu g , b u v y b quired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency, which results from learning through contact. The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Relationship between test averages and standard deviation

High Low

Average Score

High Situation 1 Many people understand the story on the test tape well, but some have difficulty

Situation 2 Most people understand the story on the test tape.

Low Situation 3 Many people cannot understand the story, but a few are able to answer correctly.

Situation 4 Few people are able to understand the story on the test tape.

High standard deviations can result from many causes, such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring or differences in attentiveness of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration.

Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact that facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur.

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In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

Responses to questions asked after the administration of an RTT can reflect attitudes held toward the test dialect. These opinions, then, can also help the researcher interpret the scores obtained on the tests.

All storytellers and participants involved in the Recorded Text Testing gave oral and recorded informed consent before assisting with this research.

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B.2 Practice Story

Story part 1 म सा नो ह ुदँ ा मरे ो बबुा ल ेग ा ई त्र कन्द् नभुय ो।

When I was a child, my father bought a cow.

Question 1 उ सको बबुा ल ेके त्र कन्द् नभुय ो ? ग ा ई

What did the father buy? A cow

Story part 2 हा मी ला ई द धु आा त्रहएको ल ेग ा ई त्र कन्द् नभुय ो।

He bought a cow because we needed milk.

Question 2 त्र कन ग ा ई त्र कन्द् नभुयो ? द धु आा त्र हय ो

Why did he buy a cow? They needed milk

Story part 3 य सला ई द ईु हजा र पय य ो ।

He paid Rs 2000 for it.

Question 3 ग ाई लाई कत्रत पय यो ? द ईु हजा र पय यो

How much did the cow cost? Rs 2000

Story part 4 एक त्र द न मलै ेग ा ईको द धु द तु्र हर हदँ ा एउ ट ा म री ल ेग ा ईला ई ट ो क्य ो ।

One day as I was milking the cow a bee bit the cow.

Question 4 ग ाई लाई के ल ेटोक्यो ? म र ी

What bit the cow? Bee

Story part 5 ग ा ई ल ेद धुको बा ल्ट ी नला ई ला त्त ी ल ेहा न्द्य ो ।

The cow kicked the milk pail.

Question 5 ग ाई ल ेके गय यो ? लात्ती ल ेहान्द्यो

What did the cow do? Kicked the milk pail

Story part 6 सब ैद धु पो छ खय ो ।

All the milk was spilled.

Question 6 द धु के भ य ो ? पोछ खयो

What happened to the milk? It spilled

Story part 7 आमा र र सा उ नहुनु्द्् भ नरे मला ई र्र ला ग् य ो ।

Because my mother would be angry, I was afraid.

Question 7 बोल्न ेमान्द््ेलाई कस्त ो लाग्यो ? र्र लाग्य ो

How did the speaker feel? Afraid

Story part 8 मलै ेछ ्मकेी बा ट प ै ौंआो छ लन ेको छ श ष गरे ौं त र उ नी हरूसग ँद धु छ थ एन।

I tried to borrow milk from the neighbors, but they had none to spare.

Question 8 छ ्मकेी ल ेकत्र त दधु प ै ौंआो त्र द य ो ? कत्रत्त पत्रन त्र दएन

How much milk did the neighbors give? None

Story part 9 जब आमा ल ेद धु प ो छ खएको कुरा था हा पा उ नभु य ो मला ई ग ा ली ग न ुन भय ो ।

When my mother found out about the spilled milk, she scolded me.

Question 9 आमा ल ेके ग न ुन भ यो ? ग ा ली ग न ुन भय ो

What did the mother do? Scolded

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Story part 10 सजा य कँो रूपमा मलै ेएक हप् ता सम् म द धु खा न पा इ न।ँ

As a punishment, I had to go without milk for one week.

Question 10 बो ल् न ेमा न्द््ेल ेकत्र त समय सम् म द धु खा न पा एन? एक हप् ता

How long did the speaker have to go without milk? One week

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B.3 Doti Story with Comprehension Questions

The Doti story and comprehension questions are listed in this section. The comprehension questions have been inserted into the story in the place they were asked during test administration. The word-for-word translation of Dotyali and Nepali is listed, with Nepali highlighted in grey. A free translation (not word-for-word) is provided in English following each segment. Segments are broken at intervals which a mother-tongue Dotyali speaker reported to be natural breaks in the story.

The HTT had a total of 20 questions. Only the 11 questions that passed the HTT, which were used during RTT administration are included here.

Dotyali दइ जना भहो त त्रमल् न े साथी थ्यो Nepali द इु जना धरैे त्रमल् न े साथी छ थ ए

Free Eng There were two good friends. Dotyali त्र त न सङै्ग एक ग ाउ मा बसन्द्थ्यो

Nepali त्रत नी सङै्ग एक ग ाउ मा बस्दथ े

Free Eng They lived in one village together. Dotyali त्यो ग ाउ मा द इु जना साथी बीआमाई एक जना धरैे

Nepali त्यो ग ाउ मा द इु जना साथी बीआमा एक जना धरैे

Dotyali धनी मान्द््े थ्यो

Nepali धनी मात्र नस छथ यो

Free Eng The two people lived together and one of the friends was rich. Dotyali एक जना ग र र ब साथी थ्यो

Nepali एक जना ग र र ब साथी छथ यो

Free Eng One of them was poor. Dotyali र त ी द इु जना साथी सङ्ग सङै्ग आफना छजन्द् द जी भ र र

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Nepali र त ी द इु जना साथी सौं ग ैसौं ग ै आफ्ना छजन्द्दग ी भ र र

Dotyali काम अरे Nepali काम ग रे

Free Eng And they were together throughout their life and they did their work. Dotyali अनी काम अद् द े बलेा स कार मान्द््े सङ्ग भहो त पशैा

Nepali अनी काम ग न े बलेा धनी मात्र नस सङै्ग धरैे पशैा

Dotyali थ्यो उ भ त सोकार थ्यो

Nepali छथ यो उ धरैे धनी छथ यो

Free Eng And at the time of work, the rich man became very rich. Dotyali अत्रन ग र र ब मान्द््े सङ्ग केही पत्रन थ इेन

Nepali अत्रन ग र र ब मात्र नस सङ्ग केही पत्रन छथ एन

Free Eng And the poor man had nothing. Dotyali अत्रन त्यो ग र र ब मान्द््े सङ्ग एक छ सप थ्यो

Nepali अत्रन त्यो ग र र ब मात्र नस सङ्ग एउटा छ सप छथ यो

Free Eng The poor man was an expert in one thing. Dotyali अत्रन त्यो छ सप उ सङ्ग के थ्यो भण े उइल े

Nepali अत्रन त्यो छ सप उ सङ्ग के छथ यो भन े उसल े

Dotyali खबु त्रनका त्रनका घर बनाउ न्द्थ्यो

Nepali धरैे रा म्रो राम्रो घर बनाउ न्द्थ्यो

Free Eng And with this expertise, he built many homes of very good quality. Dotyali उ इ क ा जत्रत त्रनका घर कोइ पत्रन बनाउ न सक्द नै थ्यो

Nepali उसका जत्रत रा म्रो घर कोही पत्रन बनाउ न सक्द नै छथ यो

Free Eng No other person could build homes like he could.

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Dotyali त र त्यो स कार मान्द््े उ इ क ो साथी जो थ्यो साथी ल े

Nepali त र त्यो धनी मात्र नस उसको साथी जो छथ यो साथी ल े

Dotyali उइल े घर बनाय ा पशैा आया जत्रत पत्रन हनु्द्थ ो उइल े

Nepali उसल े घर बनाएको पसैा आएको जत्रत पत्रन हनु्द्थ्य ो उसल े

Dotyali सब्ब ै लजैान्द्थ्यो Nepali सब ै लजैान्द्थ्यो

Free Eng The rich man took the money from the houses the poor man built. RTT1 रा म्रो घर बनाउन ेमात्र नसको पसैा कस्ल ेलजैान्द्थ्यो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

धनी मा त्रनसल े The rich man स कार मान्द््ेल े

Dotyali अत्रन त्यो लगै्य े पछ् उइल े आफना छजन्द्दग ी भ र र भहो त

Nepali अत्रन त्यो ल्य ाए पछ् उसल े आफ्ना छजन्द्दग ी भ र र धरैे

Dotyali घर बनाय ो

Nepali घर बनाय ो

Free Eng And after he took it, for his whole life he built many houses. RTT2 उस्ल ेआफनो छ जन्द्दगी भर र कती घर बनाय ो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

How many houses had he built during his lifetime? धरैे घरहरू Many houses भ त घर

Dotyali अत्रन त्यो भहो त घर बनाई सके प्ा त ी द इु

Nepali अत्रन त्यो धरैे घर बनाई सके पछ् त ी द ईु

Dotyali जना बढुा-बढुा हनुला ग े Nepali जना बढुा-बढुा हनुला ग े

Free Eng After finishing building all those houses, the two friends became older. Dotyali अत्रन बढुा-बढुा भ ई सके प्यार ी ्ाड्डीबार एक त्र द न द यु ईै

Nepali अत्रन बढुा-बढुा भ ई सके पछ् अश्न्द्तममा एक त्र द न द ईु

Dotyali जना साथी बस े

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Nepali जना साथी बस े

Free Eng And after becoming old, one day, they sat together. Dotyali अत्रन बछसबर द यु लै े कुर ा अरे कुर ा आरे के भण् यो

Nepali अत्रन बसरे द बुलै े कुर ा ग रे कुर ा ग रे र के भन्द्यो

Dotyali भण े

Nepali भन े

Free Eng As they sat, they chatted. And as they chatted, here is what they said. RTT3 द बु ैजना सा थ ी ल ेबसरे के ग रे? Nepali English Exact answer in story

What did the two friends do while sitting? कुर ा गरे Chatted कुश्णी अय यो

Dotyali ल साथी अब त लै े मरेो लात्रग आफना छजन्द्दग ी भ र र

Nepali ल साथी अब त लै े मरेो लात्रग आफना छजन्द्दग ी भ र र

Dotyali खबु त्रनका त्रनका घर बनाइ

Nepali धरैे रा म्रो राम्रो घर बना इत्र दय उ

Free Eng “O , f , y f , y u have build many good quality houses for me ” Dotyali हनै त्यो आया घर बाथइ आया पशैा पत्रन सब

Nepali - त्यसबाट आएको घर बाट आऐको पसैा पत्रन सब ै

Dotyali मलैाई त्र द Nepali मलाई त्रद य

Free Eng “F u , you have given me all the money ” Dotyali ओल् ल सम्म सब पशैा म ै सङ्ग ्

Nepali अत्र हल े सम्म सब ै पसैा म सङै्ग ्

Free Eng “U , I v all the y ” Dotyali म भ त्त े स कार भ ए

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Nepali म धरैे धनी भ ए

Free Eng “I v b v y ” RTT4 धरैे पसैा भएर उ के भय ो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

After getting much money, what happened to him? उ धरैे धनी भ यो He became rich उ भ त स कार भयो

Dotyali म जत्रत स कार मान्द््े काई आछथ न

Nepali म जत्रत धनी मात्र नस कत्रह ्ैन

Free Eng “N b y y I ” Dotyali अव त अश्न्द्तम बलेा बढेुश का लको बलेामा मरेो लात्रग एक

Nepali अव त अश्न्द्तम समयमा बढेुसका लको सामयमा मरेो लात्रग एक

Dotyali खबु रा म्रो घर बना इद े

Nepali खबु रा म्रो घर बानाईद उे

Free Eng “At last, please build one very good house for me ” Dotyali यत्र त कुर ो म त सुङ्ग माग् दो भण े प्ा उ ई ग र र ब

Nepali यत्र त कुर ा म त्रत मीलाई मा ग् ्ु भन े पछ् उ स ग र र ब

Dotyali साथी ल े त्र क भण् यो भण् यो हनु्द्् त्रठकै् म त रेो लात्रग

Nepali साथी ल े के भन्द्यो भन े हनु्द्् त्रठकै् म त्र त म्रो लात्रग

Dotyali खबु त्रनको घर बनइ त्र द न्द््ु भ णरे भण् यो Nepali खबु रा म्रो घर बनाई त्र द न्द््ु भ नरे भन्द्यो

Free Eng “F , I b g f y u ” Af y g , p , “Ok y, k y, I will build you a very good hous ” Dotyali सब ै कुरणी कानी अरे पछ् स कार साथी ल े उइलाई य ो

Nepali सब ै कुर ा कानी ग रे पछ् धनी साथी ल े उसलाई य ो

Dotyali घर बनाउ नको लात्रग जत्रत पशैा लाग्द हेो सब्ब ै पशैा त्रहसाब

Nepali घर बनाउ नको लात्रग जत्रत पसैा लाग्न े सब ै पसैा त्रहसाब

Dotyali त्रकत ाब अय यो

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Nepali त्रकत ाब ग य यो

Free Eng

After saying all of this, the rich friend made an account of the money that would be required for building the house, so that he could pay him for it.

Dotyali त्यो त्रहसाब त्रकत ाब अरे प्ा अत्रन पछ् के-के छआज

Nepali त्यो त्रहसाब त्रकत ाब ग रे पछ् अत्रन पछ् के-के छआज

Dotyali आात्र हन्द्् त्यो पत्रन सब ै लखेा जोखा अय यो Nepali आात्र हन्द्् त्यो पत्रन सब ै त्रहसाव ग य यो

Free Eng After making this account, he also made an account of what materials would be necessary. Dotyali त्यो लखेा जोखा अरे पछ् उइल े के भण् यो भण े अब

Nepali त्य सको लखेा जोखा ग रे पछ् उसल े के भन्द्यो भन े अब

Dotyali त मरेो त्रनउत ी खबु रा मणो घर बनाइ द े अत्रन त्यो

Nepali त मरेो लात्रग खबु रा म्रो घर बनाइ अत्रन त्यो

Dotyali घर बनाए प्ा मलाई बोलाय ै Nepali घर बनाए पछ् मलाई बो ला उ न ु

Free Eng After making the accounts, he , “Bu v y g u , f bu , k ” Dotyali र औल े य ो सप्प ै रुप् प े ौं पशैा जत्रत पत्रन ्न

Nepali र अत्रहल े य ो सब ै रुत्रपया पसैा जत्रत पत्रन ्

Dotyali य ो सप त ै आफु सङ्ग र ा ख

Nepali य ो सब ै त्रत मी आफु सङै्ग र ा ख

Free Eng “N , v y u ” Dotyali म र मरेा आलेा आलेी अत्रन स्वाइनी सब ै ौं हम

Nepali म र मरेा ्ोर ा ्ोर ी अत्रन श्र ी मती सब ै हामी

Dotyali अको ठा उँ मा घमु् द जा ना उँ Nepali अको ठा उँ मा घमु् नजा न्द््

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Free Eng “My , ug , f , I b v g p ” Dotyali अत्रन हामी घमु् द ग ए प्ा जब घर तय ार हनु्द््

Nepali अत्रन हामी घमु् न ग ए पछ् जब घर तय ार हनु्द््

Dotyali सब ै घर रा मणो सङ्ग बनाउ ् त सै पछ् हामलाई बोलाय ै

Nepali सब ै घर रा म्रो सौं ग बनाउ ् त्यस पछ् हामी लाई बो ला उ न ु

Dotyali भणी बर भण् यो Nepali भनरे भन्द्यो

Free Eng “And after we travel, when the hous y bu , k ” Dotyali त्य सप्ी उइल े हनु्द्् म त्यसार ी घर बनाइ बर बीलाउला भणी बर

Nepali त्यसपछ् उसल े हनु्द्् म त्यसपछ् घर बनाएपछ् बो ला उ ्ु भनरे

Dotyali भण् यो

Nepali भन्द्यो

Free Eng Then the poor man s , “Ok y, I bu u y u k ” Dotyali अत्रन साथी ग ए पछ् उइल े एक त्रबआार अय यो यलै े

Nepali अत्रन साथी ग ए पछ् उसल े एक त्रबआार ग य यो यसल े

Dotyali मलाई छजन्द्द णी भ र र क्य ै पशैा पत्रन त्रद एन यसैङ्ग भ त

Nepali मलाई छजन्द्दग ी भ र र केही पसैा पत्रन त्रद एन य ससौं ग धरैे

Dotyali काम अरे भ त काम अरे पछ् सब ै पशैा लगै्य ो

Nepali काम ग रे धरैे काम ग रे पछ् सब ै पसैा लग्यो

Dotyali म सङ्ग क्य ै पत्रन आछथ न भणी बर मन मनमाई आफु

Nepali म सौं ग केही पत्रन ्ैन भनी मन मन ै आफुल े

Dotyali सोच्यो Nepali साच्यो

Free Eng

Af , g H ug f, “I v b p y f v b g v y money even though I v f k A y f I v v y ”

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Dotyali सोआ े प्ा उ इ क ा मनमा एक नरा मणो त्रबआार आयो

Nepali सोआ े पछ् उसको मनमा एक नरा म्रो त्रबआार आयो

Free Eng After thinking this, a bad idea came into his heart. Dotyali त्यो खर ाब त्रबआार आय ा प्ा उइल े के सोच्यो भण े

Nepali त्यो नरा म्रो त्रबआार आए पछ् उसल े के सोच्यो भन े

Dotyali यइेल े मलाई क्य ै पत्रन त्रद या ्ैन ओल सम्म

Nepali यसल े मलाई केही पत्रन त्रद एको ्ैन अत्रहल े सम्म

Free Eng After he thought about this bad idea, he also thought about how his friend has also not given him any money. RTT5 आत्रहल ेसम्म त्यो धनी मा न्द््ेल ेके त्रद एको ्? Nepali English Exact answer in story

Until now, how much had the rich man given him? केही पत्रन त्रद एको ्ैन Nothing केइल ैत्रद या आथीन

Dotyali नत्र द य ा हनुा ल े य इ लाई म घर त बना इ त्र द न्द््ु त र य इ लाई म

Nepali नत्र द एको ह ुदँ ा यसकोलात्र ग म घर त बना इ त्र द न्द््ु त र त्य सको लात्रग म

Dotyali एकदम मरा मणो घर बजा ई त्र द न्द््ु Nepali एकदम नरा म्रो घर बना ई त्र द न्ु

Free Eng Because of not receiving any money, he thought he will build the house, but he will not build it well. Dotyali बाहरबाट धके्दबेलेा त्रनकै घर बना उ ्ु अत्रन त्र भ ि त्र भ ि एकदम

Nepali बत्रहरबाट हदेा नबलेा रा म्रो घर बना उ ्ु अत्रन त्र भ ि त्रभ ि ै एकदम

Dotyali नरा मणो बना उ ्ु भण रे उ इ ल े त्रबआार ग य यो Nepali नरा म्रो बना उ ्ु भनरे उसल े त्रबआार ग य यो

Free Eng “I k u v y Bu I k f p qu y ” Dotyali अत्रन त्यो त्रबआार ग र र सक्यो प्ा उइल े घर बनाउ न सरुु

Nepali अत्रन त्यो त्रबआार ग र ी सको पछ् उसल े घर बनाउ न सरुु

Dotyali ग य यो

93

Nepali ग य यो

Free Eng And after this bad idea was thought about, he began to build the house. Dotyali सरुु ग रे पछ् घरकी साइ खण्यो

Nepali सरुु ग रे पछ् घरको जग खन्द्यो

Free Eng After beginning to build the house, he first build the foundation. RTT6 घर बना उ न सरुू ग रे पछ ् के ग य य ो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

After beginning the build the house, what did he build? जग खन्द्यो The foundation साई खण्यो

Dotyali अत्रन साई खण े पछ् उइल े घरमा हाल् न्द्यो जत्रत पत्रन

Nepali अत्रन जग खन े पछ् उसल े घरमा हाल् न े जत्रत पत्रन

Dotyali सरसामान हरु जत्रत पत्रन ्न त ी सब ै सरमानहरु उइल े

Nepali सरसामान हरु जत्रत पत्रन ्न त ी सब ै सामाि ीहरु उसल े

Dotyali नक् क ली त्रकछ समका छ लय ो

Nepali नक् क ली त्रकछ समका ल्य ायो

Free Eng After the foundation was built, he used all bad materials of poor quality. Dotyali खास मखु्य मखु्य त हेा त्रनका त्रनका नइलईेबर नरा मणा नरा मणा सामान हरु खर ीद बर

Nepali खा स मखु्य त्यस्मा रा म्रो राम्रो नल्या एर नरा म्रा नरा म्रा सामान हरु त्रकनरे

Dotyali ल्य ये ो Nepali ल्य ायो

Free Eng For important things of the house, he bought poor quality materials. Dotyali खर ीद बर लयेरे त्यो साई खण्यो

Nepali त्रकनरे ल्य ा एर त्यो जग खन्द्यो

Free Eng He brought those things and started the foundation. Dotyali साई खण े प्ा साइलाई मछथ उठायो

94

Nepali जग खन े पछ् जगलाई माछ थ उठायो

Free Eng After building the foundation, he built upward. Dotyali मछथ उठ या पछ् आारै त्रत रका बानन उठायो त्रद वाल उठाय

Nepali मछथ उठा ए पछ् आारै त्रत रका त्रभ त्ता उठायो त्रभ त्ता उठा ए

Dotyali पछ् घर बन्द्यो

Nepali पछ् घर बन्द्यो

Free Eng After building up, he built four side walls and then the house was built. Dotyali त्रनका त्रनका झ्या ल ढोका हाल् यो झ्या ल ढोका हाल े प्ा त पै्ा

Nepali रा म्रा राम्रा झ्या ल ढोका हाल् यो झ्या ल ढोका हाल े पछ् त्यसपछ्

Dotyali उइल े घरमाई पाखो बनाय ो घरको Nepali उसल े घरमा ्ानो बनाय ो घरको

Free Eng After building good windows and doors, he built the roof. RTT7 रा म्रो राम्रो भ न्द्याल-ढोका हालपेछ् उस्ल ेके बनाय ो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

After building good windows and door, what did he build? ्ाना Roof पाखी (पाखो )

Dotyali अत्रन घरको पाखो बनाए पछ् त्य ै घरलाई खबु त्रनके र ी

Nepali अत्रन घरको ्ा नो बनाए पछ् त्यस घरलाई खबु रा म्रा सौं ग

Dotyali र ङ पाछ लसलाऐर रा मणो सङ्ग बनाय ो

Nepali र ङ पने्द्टलगा एर रा म्रो सौं ग बनाय ो

Free Eng After building the roof, he used good quality paint and painted very well. Dotyali र बनाय पछ् उइल े त्रबआार अय यो मरेो साथी ल े बनाए

Nepali र बनाए पछ् उसल े त्रबआार ग य यो मरेो साथी ल े बनाए

Dotyali पछ् बोलाय ै भण् या ् भछ णबर त्रबआार अय यो

Nepali पछ् बोलाउ न ु भनकेो् भनरे त्रबआार ग य यो

Free Eng Af bu g, ug , “I y f I f ”

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Dotyali त्रबआार अरे पछ् उइल े एक त्र द न उ ई आफना साथी लाई

Nepali त्रबआार ग रे पछ् उसल े एक त्र द न त्यस आफ्ना साथी लाई

Dotyali खबर पठायो Nepali खबर पठायो

Free Eng After thinking this, he called for his friend one day to tell him the news. Dotyali ल मलै े त रेो लात्रग खबु त्रनको घर बना य ा ्ु त

Nepali ल मलै े त्रत म्रो लात्रग खबु रा म्रो घर बना एको ्ु त्रत मी

Dotyali अब आइजा भणत्र बर उइल े खबर पठायो

Nepali अब आउ न ु भनरे उसल े खबर पठायो

Free Eng “I v bu g f y u,” f Dotyali खबर पठाय े पछ् उ स कार साथी पत्रन खशु ी भय र

Nepali खबर पठाए पछ् उ धनी साथी पत्रन खशु ी भ एर

Dotyali आयो Nepali आयो

Free Eng After receiving the news, the rich friend became happy and came back. RTT8 खबर पा एपछ ् कु न सा थ ी खसुी भ यो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

After receiving the news, which friend was happy? धनी साथ ी The rich man स कार साथी

Dotyali आऐर उइल े आफनो बनाएको घर तक्यो

Nepali आएर उसल े आफ्नो बनाएको घर हये यो

Free Eng He came and saw his house. Dotyali य ैहण उई हण सब ै ठाउ तक्यो

Nepali यत ा उत ा सब ै ठाउ हये य ो

Free Eng He looked this way and that way and at the whole house.

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Dotyali तल् तीर मल्त ीर सब हरेे प्ा उ भ त ै खशु ी भय ो

Nepali त ल माछ थ सब ै हरेे पछ् उ धरैे खशु ी भय ो

Free Eng After looking up and down and all around, he became very happy.

RTT9 कहा ँहरेे पछ ् धरैे खसुी भ य ो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

After looking where did he become happy? त ल-मा थ ी हरेे पछ ् Up and down तल् तीर मल्तीर (तके)

Dotyali ल साथी अब त लै े जीन्द् नकी भ र र म सङ्ग लाग रे

Nepali ल सा थ ी अब त्र त मील े जी वन भ र र म सौं ग लाग रे

Dotyali रा मणा रामणा घर बनाई Nepali रा म्रा राम्रा घर बनाय

Free Eng H , “O , f , y f y u v v y g u ” Dotyali त्यो घर बना य ा प्ा त मे्ट ा आया रुप्प े पत्रन सब

Nepali त्यो घर बनाए पछ् त्य सबाट आएको पसैा पत्रन सब ै

Dotyali मलैाई त्र द ई

Nepali मलाई त्रद य

Free Eng “Af bu g u , y u g v y f u ”

Dotyali अत्रन त्यो मलैाई त्रद या रुप्प े त लै े क्य ै पत्रन न ै

Nepali अत्रन त्यो मलाई त्रद एको पसैा त्र त मी ल े केही पत्रन

Dotyali माग ी Nepali माग ने

Free Eng “F , y u ’ k y y ” Dotyali औल े म बढुा स्का ल मद् द े बलेा खबु त्रनको घर बनाइ द े

Nepali अत्रहल े म बढुो भ इ मन े बलेा खबु रा म्रो घर बना उ त्र द न ु

Dotyali भछ णबर भणी

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Nepali भ त्र न भन े

Free Eng “N , I , bu y u bu u b u I k y u ” Dotyali त्यो घर बनाए प्ा पत्रन त्यो घर बनाउ न मलै े

Nepali त्यो घर बनाए पछ् पत्रन त्यो घर बनाउ न मलै े

Dotyali भण े पछ् पत्रन त लै े क्य ै त्रद क् क नमणीबर म बनाई

Nepali भन े पछ् पत्रन त्र त मील े केही त्रद क् क नमानी म बनाई

Dotyali त्र द न्ु हनु्द्् भछ णबर भ छ ण Nepali त्र द न्द््ु हनु्द्् भनरे भन्द्य

Free Eng “Ev f I k y u bu u f , y u f y g y u u k u ” Dotyali औल े यत्र त त्रनको घर बनाई त्र द त लै े

Nepali अत्रहल े यत्र त रा म्रो घर बनाई त्रद य त्रत मील े

Free Eng “A p , y u v bu v y g u ” Dotyali म भ त खशु ी भ ए

Nepali म धरैे खशु ी भ ए

Free Eng “I v y ppy ” Dotyali मलाई भ त ै खशु ी लाग्य ो

Nepali मलाई धरैे खशु ी लाग्य ो

Free Eng “I v y ppy ” RTT10 उ सला ई घर बना ए को द खेरे कत्ती खशु ी ला ग् यो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

After looking at the built house, how happy was he? धरैे (खशु ी ला ग् य ो) Very (happy) भ त (खशु ी लाग् य ो)

Dotyali अब य ो घर त लै े बनाइ त्र द भछ णबर भण े प्ा

Nepali अब य ो घर त्रत मील े बना इ त्रद य भनरे भन े पछ्

Dotyali त्यस पछ् उइल े के भण् यो उ इ क ा स कार साथी ल े भण े

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Nepali त्यस पछ् उसल े के भन्द्यो उसका धनी साथी ल े भन े

Dotyali पछ् Nepali पछ्

Free Eng “Y u bu u ” T Dotyali आछ ज फेरी प्ा भण् यो भण् यो ल ै छजन्द् नत्र क भ र र मरेो

Nepali आ फेरी पछ् भन्द्यो भन े ल ै जीवन भ र र मरेो

Dotyali लात्रग भहो त त्रनका घर बनाई र मलाई भहो त स कार

Nepali लात्रग धरैे रा म्रा घर बना य र मलाई धरैे धनी

Dotyali बनाई Nepali बनाय

Free Eng “I y f , you have built many good hous v y ” Dotyali मलै े क्य ै पत्रन त्रद या आछथ न त लुाई अब यबैलेा म

Nepali मलै े केही पत्रन त्रद एको ्ैन त्रत मी लाई अब य सबलेा म

Dotyali के त्र द न सकन्द््ु र

Nepali के त्र द न सक््ु र

Free Eng “I v ’ g v y u y g A ug , I ff f y u?” Dotyali मलै े अन्द्तीम बलेा मन्द्द े बलेा पत्रन रा मणो घर बनाइ ऐ

Nepali मलै े अश्न्द्तम बलेा मन े बलेामा पत्रन रा म्रो घर बना उ न ु

Dotyali भछ णबर बनाई त्रद Nepali भन्द्दा बनाइ त्र द य

Free Eng “A , I asked you to build me a good hous ” Dotyali मलै े तलाई क्य ै पत्रन त्र द एन

Nepali मलै े त्रत मीलाई केही पत्रन त्रद एन

Free Eng “I v ’ g v y u y g ”

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Dotyali र औल े सम्म त लुाई मलै े क्य ै पत्रन त्रनत्रद या हनुा ल े

Nepali र अत्रहल े सम्म त्रत मीलाई मलै े केही पत्रन नत्रदएको ह ुदँ ा

Dotyali आज य ो जो घर त लै े बनाई य ो घर आज

Nepali आज य ो जो घर त्रत मील े बना य य ो घर आज

Dotyali त लुाई त्र द न्द््ु भछ णबर उइल े आफना साथी लाई त्रद यो Nepali त्रत मीलाई त्र द न्द््ु भ त्र न उसल े आफ्नो साथी लाई त्रद यो

Free Eng “A u , I v g v y u g A y u v bu u A y I g v y u ” A g v f Dotyali अब तसरी त्र द य प्ा उ साथी लाई एकदम मनमा नरा मणो

Nepali अब त्यसपछ् त्र द ए पछ् उसको साथी लाई एकदम मनमा नरा म्रो

Dotyali लाग्य ो Nepali लाग्य ो

Free Eng But, after it was given, the friend felt very bad. Dotyali त्रकनभ ण े उइल े घर बनाउ दा खरेी नक् क ली नक् क ली आीजहरु हालीबर घर

Nepali त्रकनभ न े उसल े घर बना उँ द ा खरेी नक् क ली नक् क ली आीजहरु हालरे घर

Dotyali बनाय ाथ्यो

Nepali बना एकोछ थय ो

Free Eng Because he had used fake materials to build the house. RTT11 त्रकन उस ला ई मनमा नरा म्रो लाग्य ो? Nepali English Exact answer in story

Why did he feel unhappy? नक् क ली छआजहरू हालरे Used fake materials नक् क ली आी ज हा ल्य ा हनुा ल े

Dotyali त्यो घर जब उ इ क ा धनी स कार साथी ल े उसलैाई त्र द ए

Nepali त्यो घर जब उसका धनी सा हकुार साथी ल े उसलाई त्र द ए

Dotyali प्ा त्यस पछ् उ आफै ठगीय ो Nepali पछ् त्यस पछ् उ आफै ठगीय ो

Free Eng After the rich man gave the house, he felt he had cheated himself.

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Dotyali केलाई भण े मान्द््ेल े यसरी त्रबआार ग रे र काम अद् दो पर्न्द््

Nepali त्रकन भन े मात्र नसल े यसरी त्रबआार ग रे र काम ग न ुन प न्

Free Eng People should think positive, then do work. Dotyali छ जन्द्द की भ र र सङै्ग काम ग रे पत्रन आफ् ना साथी सङ्गङी

Nepali जी वन भ र र सगँ ै काम ग रे पत्रन आफ्ना साथी सगँ ी

Dotyali इ स् ट त्रभि सब्बलेा ई सध ै काम ग रे पत्रन लोपमा पड रु् हनुनै

Nepali आफन्द्त सबलैाई सध ै काम ग रे र पत्रन लोभमा पन ुन हदु नै

Free Eng Best friends who live together should not cheat one another. Dotyali त्यसरी नरा मणो त्रबआार र ा खद ु हनुनै

Nepali त्यसरी नरा म्रो त्रबआार र ा ख्न ु हदु नै

Free Eng Therefore, we should not have bad ideas like this. Dotyali भणी बर य ै कथ ाबाट य ै छशक्ष ा पाइ न्द््

Nepali भनरे य ी कथ ाबाट य ी छशक्ष ा पाइ न्द््

Free Eng That is the lesson to learn from this story.

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B.4 Post Story Questions and Informed Consent

The first 32 screening criteria questions for RTT administration are the same as the questionnaire screening questions in Appendix C and not included separately here.

HTT and RTT informed consent script

My name is _________. We are from Tribhuvan University. We are here to learn about how your language is used for speaking and writing. We will ask you questions about yourself and your language. Then we will listen to a story and ask you a few questions about the story. The information that you give us about your language, we will give to others. Can you give us help?

मरेो नाम _____ हो। ह ाम ी त्रिभवुन त्रवश् वत्रवद्यालय बाट आएक ा ह ौं। हाम ी त पाँह ह रुक ो भाषा क सर ी बोछलन ेरह े् कसरी लछेखन ेरह े् भन्द् न े कु र ा ज ान्द् नक ा लात्रग आएक ा ह ौं। त पाईं र त पाईंक ो भाषाक ा बारे म ा ह ाम ी के ह ी प्रश् नह रु सोध् ् ौं। त् य सपछ् क थ ा सनु्द् ् ौं र त् यो कथ ाको बारेमा के ही प्रश् न हरु सो ध् ् ौं। त पाईं ल े त्रदन ु भएक ो भाषासम् ब न्द् धी ज ानक ार ी अरू म ात्रनसलाई पत्रन दखे ाउन सक्् ौं। त पाईंल े ह ाम ीलाई सह ाय त ा गनन सक्नहु नु्द््?

HTT post-story questions HTT1 What language did the storyteller use? कथ ा भन्न ेमा न्द््ेल ेकुन भ ा षा प्रय ो ग गन ुन भ य ो ?

HTT2a Did the speaker use only _______________? Or did you hear other languages?

________ भ ा षा माि ा बो ल् नभु यो ? त्र क अरु भ ा षा पत्र न सनु्द् नभुय ो ?

HTT2b Which other languages did you hear? त पा ईं अरु कुन कुन भ ा षा मा हरु सनु्द् न भुय ो ?

HTT3 Did they speak ____________ purely? उ हा लँ े श दु्ध _ __ __ __ _ भा षा मा बो ल् नभुय ो ?

HTT4 Where do you think the storyteller is from? यो कथ ा भन्न ेमान्द््ेको घर कहा ँहोला?

HTT5 How much of the story did you understand? यो कथ ा कत्रत को बझु्नभु य ो? परु ा / एउ ट ा दईु टा कुर ा बझु्न भ एन / आधी / आधीको कम

HTT6 Is their way of speaking the same, a little different, or very different than the language spoken here?

य हा ँबो छ लएको भ ाषा को बो ल् न ेत री का कथ ा मा उ स्त ै् त्रक अछलअछल फरक ् , त्रक धरैे फरक ् ?

HTT7 Are the words that they speak the same, a little different, or very different than the words used here?

य हा ँउ सल ेकथ ा मा प्रय ो ग गरे को श ब्दहरू उ स्त ै् त्र क अछ लअछ ल फरक ् , त्रक धरैे फरक ् ?

HTT8 How did you like their speech? उ सल ेबोलकेो भा षा कस् तो लाग्यो ?

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RTT post-story questions RTT1 How much of the story did you understand? य ो कथ ा कत्रत को बझु्नभु य ो?

परु ा / एउ ट ा दईु टा कुर ा बझु्न भ एन / आधी / आधीको कम

RTT2 What language did the storyteller use? कथ ा भन्न ेमा न्द््ेल ेकुन भ ा षा प्रय ो ग गन ुन भ य ो ?

RTT3 Where do you think the storyteller is from? यो कथ ा भन्न ेमान्द््ेको घर कहा ँहोला?

RTT4 Is their way of speaking the same, a little different, or very different than the language spoken here?

य हा ँबो छ लएको भ ाषा को बो ल् न ेत री का कथ ा मा उ स्त ै् त्रक अछलअछल फरक ् , त्रक धरैे फरक ् ?

RTT5 Are the words that they speak the same, a little different, or very different than the words used here?

य हा ँउ सल ेकथ ा मा प्रय ो ग गरे को श ब्दहरू उ स्त ै् त्र क अछ लअछ ल फरक ् , त्रक धरैे फरक ् ?

RTT6 How did you like their speech? उ सल ेबोलकेो भा षा कस् तो लाग्यो ?

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B.5 HTT Results

During data analysis, question seven was determined unreliable and was eliminated from the analysis. Question seven is not included in the response data in this section, although it was displayed in the RTT story in section B.3. You will notice that that question number is missing: The question number has been skipped while all other question numbers remain the same.

Abbreviations used in HTT and RTT answer charts:

Abbreviation Full Text MT Mother-tongue Nep Nepali Eng English Lang Language L1 Language one n/a Not applicable d/k D ’ k Diff Different

104

Doti HTT results Subject number

Practice test score

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11

DB06 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DB07 80 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DB08 70 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No DB09 100 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DS11a 80 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes DS12 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DS13 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DS14 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes DS15 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DS16 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Doti post-HTT questions

Subject number

1 Lang used

2a Only L1?

2b Which ones?

3 Pure?

4 Storyteller home?

5 How much understood?

6 Way of speaking

7 Words used

8 Feeling

DB06 Dotyali No Nep No Dadeldhura All A little

diff A little diff

Okay

DB07 Dotyali No Nep, Eng Yes Dadeldhura All A little

diff A little diff

Good

DB08 Dotyali No Dadeldura Yes Dadeldhura All A little

diff A little diff

Good

DB09 Dotyali Yes n/a Yes Dadeldhura All A little

diff A little diff

Good

DS11a Local lang

Yes n/a Yes Doti Most A little diff

A little diff

Okay

DS12 Dotyali Yes n/a No Baitadi All Very diff Very

diff Good

DS13 Dotyali Yes n/a Yes Baitadi All A little

diff A little diff

Good

DS14 Dotyali Yes n/a Yes Dadeldhura All A little

diff A little diff

Good

DS15 Dotyali Yes n/a Yes Dadeldhura All Same Same Good

DS16 MT Yes n/a Yes d/k All Very diff Very

diff Good

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B.6 RTT Results

Baitadi RTT results and post-RTT questions Subject number

Practice test score

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11

KB01 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes KB02 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes KB03 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes KB05 70 Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No SB03 90 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SB04 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes SB05 80 Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes SB06 90 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes SB07 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes SB10 100 No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Subject number


2 Lang used 3 Storyteller from where?

4 Way of speaking

5 Words used

6 Feeling

KB01 Less than half Nep Baitadi Same Very diff Good KB02 Most Baitadeli d/k A little diff A little diff Okay KB03 Most Baitadi Baitadi Same Same Very good KB05 Half Baitadeli Toward Kailali A little diff A little diff Good

SB03 All Baitadeli Baitadi, toward

Darchula A little diff A little diff Good

SB04 Most Dotyali Doti Very diff Very diff Okay

SB05 Half Nep Baitadi, toward

Darchula Very diff Very diff Good

SB06 Half Dadeldhura Dadeldhura A little diff A little diff Good SB07 All Dotyali Doti or Baitadi A little diff A little diff Okay SB10 Half Nep d/k A little diff A little diff Good

106

Bajhang RTT results and post-RTT questions Subject number

Practice test score

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11

CK05 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes CS03 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CS04 80 No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CS05 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CS07 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CS08 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CS09 90 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes CS12a 80 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes CS12b 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes CS14 80 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Subject number



4 Way of speaking

5 Words used

6 Feeling

CK05 Less than half Bajhangi Baitadi/Darchula Very diff A little diff Good

CS03 Most Dotyali Bajhang A little to

very diff A little diff Very good

CS04 Most Baitadi Baitadi A little diff A little diff Good CS05 Most Dotyali Baitadi Very diff Very diff Okay CS07 Most Bajhangi Bajhang Same Same Good CS08 Most Dotyali Doti Very diff Very diff Okay CS09 All Dotyali Darchula/Bairadi A little diff A little diff Very good CS12a All Bajhangi/Baitadi Bajhang/Baitadi A little diff A little diff Good CS12b Half Baitadi Baitadi Very diff A little diff Okay CS14 Less than half Baitadi Baitadi Very diff Very diff Okay

107

Darchula RTT results and post-RTT questions Subject number

Practice test score

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11

PK02 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PK03 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PK04 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PS02 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PS03 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PS04 90 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PS05 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PS06 100 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No PS07 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes PS08 100 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes PS09 70 Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Subject number



4 Way of speaking

5 Words used

6 Feeling

PK02 Most Dotyali Doti A little diff A little diff Good PK03 Most Dotyali Darchula Same Same Good PK04 All Dotyali Doti A little diff A little diff Good PS02 All Dotyali Dadeldhura Same Same Good PS03 Most Dotyali Bajhang A little diff Same Good

PS04 All Dotyali

mixed with Nep

Dadeldhura A little diff A little diff Okay

PS05 All Dotyali Dadeldhura A little diff A little diff Good

PS06 All Dotyali

mixed with Nep

d/k A little diff A little diff Good

PS07 All Dotyali Dadeldhura A little diff Very diff Okay PS08 Most Dotyali Doti A little diff Same Good PS09 All Dotyali Dadeldhura A little diff A little diff Good

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Appendix C: Questionnaires

C.1 Questionnaire Informed Consent

An informed consent script was read in Nepali to each participant prior to administration of the questionnaire in order to obtain informed consent. This Nepali script along with the participant’s response was recorded.

My name is ____. We are from Tribhuvan University. We are here to learn about how your language is used for speaking and writing. We will ask you questions about yourself and your language. The information that you give us about your language, we will give to others. Can you help us with the answers to these questions? मरेो नाम _____ हो। ह ाम ी त्रिभवुन त्रवश् वत्रवद्यालय बाट आएक ा ह ौं। हाम ी त पाँह ह रुक ो भाषा क सर ी बोछलन ेरह े् कसरी लछेखन ेरह े् भन्द् न े कु र ा ज ान्द् नक ा लात्रग आएक ा ह ौं। त पाईं र त पाईंक ो भाषाक ा बारे म ा ह ाम ी के ह ी प्रश् नह रु सोध् ् ौं। त पाईं ल े त्रदन ु भएक ो भाषासम् बन्द् धी ज ानकारी अरू मात्रनसलाई प त्र न दखेा उन े ् ौं। त पाईं हामीलाई सोध केो प्रश्नहरूको जवाफ त्रदएर म दत गनन सक्नहु नु्द््?

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C.2 Questionnaire Schedule

1. INFORMED CONSENT: Given: □ Not Given: □

2. Subject Number 3. Date 4. Village Name 5. Interviewer Name 6. Language of Elicitation 7. Language of Response 8. Interpreter Name (if needed)

9. Sex: 10. Full Name: त पा ईं को पूर ा ना म के हो?

11. Age: तपाईंक ो उमरे कत्रत भय ो?

12. Caste: तपाईंक ो जात कुन हो?

13. What religion do you practice? त पा ईं कुन धमन मा न्न हुनु्द््?

14. What is your occupation? तपाईं के काम ग न ुन हनु्द् ् ?

15. Have you ever been to school? तपाईं ल ेस् कूलमा पढ नभु य ो?

a. (If yes): Up to which class? कत्रत क् लाससम् म ( कक्षा सम् म)?

16. What is your mother tongue? तपाईंक ो आफ् नो भाषा को नाम के हो?

(If Dotyali): (If Nepali): 17. Which kind of Dotyali? 18. Which kind of Nepali? कुन त्र कछ समको र्ो ट्य ा ली बोल्नहुनु्द्् ? कुन त्र कछ समको नपेा ली बो ल् नहुनु्द््?

19. What is the local name for your language? तपाईक ो भाषाको स्था त्रनय नाम के हो ?

20. Where were you born? तपाईं कहा ँजन्द् मनभु य ो?

21. Where do you live now? तपाईं आजभो छल कहा ँबस् नहुनु्द् ् ?

22. How long have you been living there/here? तपाईं य ो ठा उँ मा कत्रत बषन बस् नभुय ो?

23. Have you lived anywhere else for more than a year? त पा ँह आरु ठा उँ मा एक बषन भ न्द्द ा बढ ी बस् नभुएको ्?

a. Where? कहा?ँ b. When? कत्रहल?े c. How long did you live there? कत्रत समयसम्म?

24. Where is your father from? तपाईंक ो बवुा को खास ग ा उँ कुन हो?

25. What is his mother tongue? उ हा कँो मात ृभा षा कुन हो?

26. What language did your father usually speak to you when you were a child? तपाईं सा नो ह ुदँ ा तपा ईं को बवुा ल ेत पा ँह सगँ कुन भ ा षा मा बो ल् नहुनु्द्थ् य ो?

27. Where is your mother from? तपाईंक ो आमाको माइत्र तघर कहा ँ्?

28. What is her mother tongue? उ हा कँो मात ृभा षा कुन हो?

29. What language did your mother usually speak to you when you were a child? त पा ईं सा नो ह ुदँ ा तपा ईं को आमा ल ेतपा ँह सगँ कुन भ ा षामा बो ल् नहुनु्द्थ् य ो?

30. What language(s) can you speak? तपाईं कुन कुन भाषा बोल् न सक् नहुनु्द् ् ?

31. Which language do you speak best? त्र त भा षाहरूमध्य ेतपाईं कुन भा षा सब ैभन्द्दा राम्रो बो ल् नहुनु्द् ् ?

32. Which language do you speak second best? त्र त भा षाहरूमध्य ेतपाईं कुन दो स्रो राम्रो भा षा बो ल् नहुनु्द् ् ?

33. Among the languages that you speak which one do you love the most? तपाँहल ेबोल्न ेभा षाहरू मध्य ेतपाई कुन आा त्र ह ँसब ैभन्द्दा बढी मन पर ा उ नहुनु्द््?

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34. Are you married? तपाईंक ो त्रववाह भइसक् यो?

35. (If yes): What is his/her mother tongue? उ हा कँो मात ृभा षा कुन हो?

36. (If MT is different):Can your spouse speak Dotyali? त पा ईं को श्र ी मा न /श्रीमत ी र्ोट्य ाली भाषा बोल् न सक् नहुनु्द् ् ?

37. When you are in your own home, what language do you usually use when chatting with your spouse? तपाईं आफ् नो घर मा ह ुदँ ा , श्रीमा न / श्रीमती सगँ , ग फ गद ा न धरैे जसो कुन भ ा षा प्रय ो ग ग न ुन हनु्द् ् ?

38. When you are in your own home, what language do you usually use when chatting with a child? तपाईं आफ् नो घर मा ह ुदँ ा , केटाके ट ी सगँ , ग फ ग दा न धरैे जसो कुन भ ा षा प्रय ोग ग न ुन हनु्द् ् ?

39. When you are in your own home, what language do you usually use when telling a story to a child? तपाईं आफ् नो घर मा ह ुदँ ा , केटाके ट ी लाई कथ ा सनुा उँद ा , धरैे जसो कुन भ ा षा प्रय ो ग ग न ुन हनु्द् ् ?

40. When you are in the village, what languages do you hear children using with one another? त पा ँह य ो ग ा उँ मा ह ुदँ ा , केट ाकेट ी हरू आरू केट ा केटी हरूसग ँकुन कुन भा षाहरू बोलकेो सनु्द् न हुनु्द् ् ?

41. Of those languages, which language do you hear children using with one another most often in the village? त्र त भा षाहरूमध्य ेतपाईं य ो ग ा उँ मा ह ुदँ ा , प्रा य जसो कुन भ ा षा बो लकेो सनु्द् नहुनु्द् ् ?

42. Do you have children? त पा ँह का ्ो रा ्ो री ्न त्र क ्ैनन ?

a. (If yes): Do all your children speak Dotyali? तपाँहक ा सब ै्ोर ा्ोर ील ेर्ोट्य ाली भ ा षा बो ल् ्न ?

43. In your opinion, what language do you think children should learn to speak first? तपाईक ो त्र बआार मा , बाल-बछ लका हरुल ेपत्र हल ेकुन भ ा ष ा बो ल् न छ सक्न ुप न् ?

44. Why? त्रकन ?

45. When you are in the market, which language(s) do you use? त पा ँह बजा र मा ह ुदँा, कुन कुन भ ा षा हरू प्रय ो ग ग न ुन हनु्द््?

46. Of those languages, which one do you use most often in the market? त्र त भा षाहरूमध्य ेतपाईं बजा र मा ह ुदँा प्रा य जसो कुन भ ाषा बो ल् नहुनु्द््?

47. Kanchanpur 48. Kailali 49. Doti 50. Dadeldhura 51. Baitadi 52. Darchula 53. Bajhang a. Have you spoken with Dotyali speakers

from __________ district? _ _ __ __ _ छजल्ला का र्ोट्या ली भाषा बोल् न े मा न्द््ेहरुसौं ग , त पा ईं ल ेकुर ा ग न ुन भ एको ् ?

(If yes): b. Is the way people speak Dotyali who are from ________ the same, a little different, or very different from

people here? _ _ __ _ को मा न्द््ेको र्ो ट्य ा ली भा षा बो ल् न ेत रर का र य हाकँो बो ल् न ेत रर का उ स्त ै् की आछ ल आछल फरक ् की धरैे फरक ् ?

Same उस्त ै A little different अछल अछल फरक Very different धरैे फरक

c. How does their way of speaking Dotyali make you feel? उनीहरुल ेबोलकेो र्ोट्या ली भाषा तपाई लाई कस्त ो लाग्् ?

Happy खशु ी ला ग् ् Indifferent त्रठकै Sad द :ु ख लाग् ्

54. In your opinion, where is Dotyali spoken most purely? तपाईंक ो त्र बआार मा सब ैभन्द्द ा श दु्ध र्ोट्या ली कहा ँबोछ लन्द््?

55. In your opinion, where is Dotyali spoken most poorly? तपाँहक ो त्र बआार मा सबभन्द्दा कम र ाम्रो र्ोट्या ली कहा ँबोछ लन्द््?

56. Why? त्रकन होला ?

57. Do people that do not speak Dotyali understand you when you speak to them in Dotyali? यत्र द त पाई र्ोट्य ाली भ ा षा नबो ल् न ेमन्द््ेसौं ग र्ोट्या ली भ ा षा का बो ल् नहुनु्द्् भ न ेउ नी हरूल ेद झु््न त्र क बझु्द नैन ?

58. How well did the participant seem to understand Nepali? None | Understand only | Understand and speak a little | Understand and speak a lot | Literate

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C.3 Questionnaire Data

Questions in the heading column have been heavily abbreviated in this section. Refer to section C.2 for the full questions. Question two (subject number) has been moved to the first column for simplicity in referencing.

Sixteen respondents participated in the RTT without completing the full questionnaire. Those participants responses are only included through question 32 (biodata only).

Participant names are not provided here.

Key to terms: Lang Language Dot Dotyali Nep Nepali Eng English Hin Hindi Kum Kumaoni MT Mother-tongue

VDC Village Development

Committee KTM Kathmandu

Little A little different Very Very different

n/a Not applicable d/a D ’ k d/k D ’ k n/r No response

M Male F Female

Inter Intermediate BA Bachelors MA Masters

Hr Hour Yr Year Yrs Years

Steph Stephanie Kim Kimberly

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Biodata (questions 1-8) 2 Subj 1 IC 3 Date 4 Village District 5 Interviewer 6 Lang of elic 7 Lang of resp 8 Interp

SB01 Given 19-Mar-2014 Kodpe Baitadi Steph Nep Nep n/a

SB02 Given 19-Mar-2014 Kodpe Baitadi Steph Nep Nep n/a

SB03 Given 20-Mar-2014 Dhole Baitadi Steph Nep Nep n/a




SB07 Given 20-Mar-2014 Dhole Baitadi Steph Nep Nep Rajendra Manral

SB08 Given 21-Mar-2014 Dhole Baitadi Steph Nep, Baitadeli Baitadeli Rajendra Manral



KB01 Given 20-Mar-2014 Dhole Baitadi Kim, Steph did RTT Nep Nep n/a

KB02 Given 20-Mar-2014 Dhole Baitadi Steph, Kim Nep Nep n/a

KB03 Given 20-Mar-2014 Dhole Baitadi Kim Nep, Eng Nep, Eng n/a

KB04 Given 20-Mar-2014 Dhole Baitadi Kim Nep, Eng Dot Gajendra Bahadar

Bohara

KB05 Given 21-Mar-2014 Dhole Baitadi Kim Nep Dot Group

CK01 Given 27-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Kim Nep Nep n/a

CK02 Given 27-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Steph, Kim Nep Nep n/a

CK03 Given 27-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Steph, Kim Nep Nep Hark

CK05 Given 28-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Kim Nep, Eng Nep, Eng n/a

CS02 Given 27-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Steph Nep Nep n/a

CS03 Given 27-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Steph, Kim did RTT Nep Nep n/a



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2 Subj 1 IC 3 Date 4 Village District 5 Interviewer 6 Lang of elic 7 Lang of resp 8 Interp CS07 Given 28-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Steph, Kim did RTT Nep Nep n/a




CS12A Given 28-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Steph, Kim did RTT Nep Nep n/a

CS12B Given 28-Mar-2014 Chainpur Bajhang Steph Nep Nep n/a


PS01 Given 24-Mar-2014 Dethala Darchula Steph Nep Nep n/a

PS02 Given 25-Mar-2014 Dethala Darchula Steph, Kim did RTT Nep Nep n/a







PS09 Given 25-Mar-2014 Dethala Darchula Steph Nep Nep Narendra

PK01 Given 24-Mar-2014 Dethala Darchula Kim Nep Nep n/a




DB01 Given 17-Feb-2014 Gholtada Doti Sara Nep Nep n/a

DB02 Given 21-Feb-2014 Ranagaun Doti Sara Nep Nep n/a

DB03 Given 21-Feb-2014 Ranagaun Doti Sara Nep Nep Thakkar

DB05 Given 21-Feb-2014 Ranagaun Doti Sara Nep Dot Thakkar

DB06 Given 21-Feb-2014 Ratuli Doti Sara Nep Nep n/a

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2 Subj 1 IC 3 Date 4 Village District 5 Interviewer 6 Lang of elic 7 Lang of resp 8 Interp DB07 Given 21-Feb-2014 Ratuli Doti Sara Nep Nep n/a

DB08 Given 21-Feb-2014 Ratuli Doti Sara Nep, Dot Dot Thakkar

DB09 Given 21-Feb-2014 Ratuli Doti Sara Nep Nep n/a

DS01 Given 17-Feb-2014 Gholtada Doti Steph Nep Nep n/a

DS02 Given 17-Feb-2014 Gholtada Doti Steph Nep Nep Thakkar

DS04 Given 17-Feb-2014 Gholtada Doti Steph Nep Nep n/a

DS05 Given 17-Feb-2014 Gholtara Doti Steph Nep Nep n/a



DS10 Given 18-Feb-2014 Granagaun Doti Steph Nep Nep n/a

DS11a Given 18-Feb-2014 Ratuli Doti Steph Nep Nep n/a

DS11b Given 18-Feb-2014 Kumalikot Doti Steph Nep Nep Thakkar

DS12 Given 21-Feb-2014 Ratuli Doti Steph Nep Nep n/a





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Biodata (questions 9-15a) 2 Subj 9 Sex 10 Name 11 Age 12 Caste 13 Religion 14 Work 15 School 15a Level SB01 M 31 Brahaman Hindu Teacher Yes MA SB02 F 26 Ayer (Chettri) Hindu Business yes BA 3rd yr SB03 M 49 Bohara Hindu Teacher yes 12 SB04 M 30 Buhare Hindu Teacher yes MA SB05 F 18 Bohara Hindu Student yes 12 SB06 M 18 Bohara Hindu construction yes 9 SB07 M 40 Lohar Hindu Metal smith no n/a SB08 F 45 Bohara Hindu Farmer no n/a SB10 F 22 Lohar Hindu Farmer no 5 SB11 M 43 Bohara Hindu Farmer no 3 KB01 F 20 Bhora Hindu Student yes 12 KB02 M 21 Bohora Hindu Student yes 12 KB03 M 26 Bohara Hindu Teacher yes BA KB04 F 38 Bohara Hindu Farmer no n/a KB05 F 35 Lohar Hindu Farmer no n/a CK01 M 18 Milera Hindu Student yes BA 2nd yr CK02 M 30 Brahaman Hindu Teacher yes MA CK03 F 19 Chettri Hindu Student yes 10 CK05 F 15 Shahi Hindu Student yes 8 CS02 F 26 Brahaman Hindu Teacher yes BA CS03 M 34 Bohora Hindu business no 4 CS04 M 18 Chettri Hindu Student yes 11 CS05 M 19 Chettri Hindu Student yes 11 CS07 F 18 Chettri Hindu Student yes 11

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2 Subj 9 Sex 10 Name 11 Age 12 Caste 13 Religion 14 Work 15 School 15a Level CS08 M 45 Chettri Hindu Hotel yes 10 CS09 M 52 Dhomaini (Dholit) Hindu Sewing yes 6 CS11 M 55 Dhalit Hindu Sewing no 3, 4 CS12A F 40 Singh Thakari Hindu Pasal, Farming no 4 CS12B F 55 Singh (Takude) Hindu Farmer no n/a CS14 F 43 Shai Thoukuri Hindu Farmer no n/a PS01 M 49 Thakudi Hindu Pasal owner yes 7 PS02 M 38 Brahaman Hindu Teacher yes MA PS03 M 35 Chakuri Hindu Teacher yes MA PS04 M 31 Jashi (Brahaman) Hindu Teacher yes MA Eng PS05 F 35 Pal Hindu Teacher yes 12 PS06 F 36 Pal Hindu Pasal yes SLC PS07 M 25 Pal Hindu Lineman yes Inter PS08 M 15 Kumar Hindu Student yes 11 PS09 F 45 Pal Thakuri Hindu Farmer no n/a PK01 F 20 Pal Hindu Student, farmer yes BA 2nd yr PK02 M 44 Togari Hindu Farmer yes Inter PK03 F 32 Pal Hindu Housework yes 10 PK04 F 28 Pal Hindu Farmer yes 8 DB01 M 52 Bhandari Hindu businessman yes SLC DB02 F 16 Rana Hindu House yes 9 DB03 F 23 Chetri Hindu Farmer no 4 DB05 F 35 Rana Hindu Farmer no n/a DB06 M 28 Bist Hindu Business yes SLC DB07 M 25 Chettri Hindu Farmer yes Inter

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2 Subj 9 Sex 10 Name 11 Age 12 Caste 13 Religion 14 Work 15 School 15a Level DB08 F 40 Bista Hindu Farmer no n/a DB09 F 18 Bista Hindu Study yes 8 DS01 M 37 Chettri/Saud Christian Teacher yes 12 DS02 M 89 Bhundari/Chettri Hindu Housework, retired yes 7 DS04 M 32 Bhandari Hindu Farmer yes 8 DS05 M 20 Bhandari Hindu Student yes 12 DS06 F 40 Chettri/Saud Hindu Teacher yes plus 2 DS09 M 16 Bhandari Hindu Student yes 9 DS10 F 20 Rana Hindu Farmer no 2 DS11a M 59 Bista Hindu Farmer no 3 DS11b F 59 Katait Hindu House/Animals no n/a DS12 M 30 Bhista Hindu None yes SLC DS13 M 28 Bhista Hindu Nepal Army yes SLC DS14 F 26 Bhista Hindu Farmer yes SLC DS15 F 22 Bhistra Hindu Farmer yes 10 DS16 F 18 Bikar Hindu Farmer yes 9

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Biodata (questions 16-22) 2 Subj 16 MT 17 Dot 18 Nep 19 Local 20 Birthplace 21 Live now 22 How long SB01 Local Baitadi n/a d/a lekali bhasha Kodpe Kodpe 31 SB02 Baitadi n/a d/a n/a Baitadi Baitadi 26 SB03 Baitadeli n/a n/a Baitadeli Dhole Dhole 49 SB04 Baitadeli n/a d/a Baitadeli Dhole Dhole 30 SB05 Baitadeli n/a d/a d/a Dhole Dhole 18 SB06 Nep d/a village Baitadeli Dhole Dhole 18 SB07 Baitadeli n/a d/a d/a Dhole Dhole 40 SB08 Baitadi n/a n/a n/a Bajhang Dhole 20 yrs SB10 Baitadi n/a n/a n/a Taladule, Baitadi Dhole 22 SB11 Baitadeli n/a d/a d/a Dhole Dhole 43 KB01 Own lang d/a d/a matri bhasa Dhole Dhole 20 KB02 Baitadeli n/a n/a Baitadeli Dhole Dhole 21 KB03 Baitadeli n/a n/a Baitadeli Dhole Dhole 24 yrs KB04 Baitadeli n/a n/a Baitadeli Jadebata, Baitadeli Dhole 38 yrs KB05 Dot/Baitadi n/a n/a district Dhole Dhole 35 CK01 Nep n/a local Nep Nep Dobichur, Bajhang Dobichur 18

CK02 Bajhangi

(dialect) Dot n/a n/a n/a Byasi VDC Byasi VDC 25

CK03 Bajhangi n/a n/a n/a Bhatakhola VDC (3 hr walk) Bhatakhola 19 CK05 Bajhangi n/a n/a Bajhangi Chainpur Chainpur 15 CS02 Bajhangi n/a n/a n/a Byansi VDC Matala VDC 26 CS03 Bajhangi n/a n/a n/a Dholichar (5 hr walk) Dolichar 34 CS04 Nep n/a Bajhangi n/a Daulichaur VDC, Bajhang Daulichaur VDC 18 CS05 Bajhangi n/a n/a n/a Daulichaur VDC, Bajhang Daulichaur VDC 19

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2 Subj 16 MT 17 Dot 18 Nep 19 Local 20 Birthplace 21 Live now 22 How long CS07 Bajhangi n/a n/a n/a Chainpur VDC Chainpur 18 CS08 Nep n/a Bajhangi d/a Kailash VDC (3 hr walk) Chainpur approx 40 CS09 Nep d/a village d/a Chainpur VDC Chainpur 48 CS11 Bajhangi n/a n/a n/a Matibata VDC Ward 4 Chainpur 55 CS12A Bajhangi n/a n/a n/a Rail VDC (2 hr by bus) Chainpur 15 yrs CS12B Bajhangi n/a n/a n/a Chainpur VDC Chainpur 54 CS14 Nep n/a Bajhangi d/a Byansi VDC, Bajhang Chainpur 43

PS01 Doteli d/a n/a Doteli Darchula, Dethala VDC

Ward 5 Dethala 46

PS02 Nep n/a local local lang Gokule, Baitadi Bokule 30 yrs PS03 Dot d/a d/a d/a Dethala, Darchula Dethala 30 yrs PS04 Dot d/a d/a d/a Sangkapur VDC, Darchula Dethala 24 PS05 Dot d/a d/a d/a Thalara Roivalakot, Bajhang Dethala 35 PS06 Nep d/a Bahadi Bhahadi Shirkot VDC, Baitadi Dethala 36 PS07 Nep d/a village Nep Dethala Dethala 25 PS08 Dot d/a d/a d/a Dethala, Darchula Dethala 15 PS09 Dot d/a d/a d/a Maladi VDC, Baitadi Dethala 45 PK01 Dot d/a d/a d/a Bangsala, Baitadi (1 day) Dethala 20 PK02 Dot d/a d/a d/a Dethala Dethala 42 yrs PK03 Dot n/a n/a Dot Bramdae, Darchula Dethala, Darchula 32 yrs PK04 Detaula (Dot) n/a n/a Detaula (Dot) Chaupani, Baitadi Dethala 18 yrs DB01 Dot n/a n/a n/a Doti Gholtada 52 yrs DB02 Dot n/a n/a n/a Ranagaun Ranagaun 16 yrs DB03 Dot n/a n/a n/a Bassudevi, Doti Ranagaun 20 yrs DB05 Dot n/a n/a n/a Bassudevi here 34 yrs

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2 Subj 16 MT 17 Dot 18 Nep 19 Local 20 Birthplace 21 Live now 22 How long DB06 Dot n/a n/a n/a Ratuli Ratuli 28 yrs DB07 Dot n/a n/a n/a Ratuli Silghadi 25 yrs DB08 Dot n/a n/a n/a Ladagada VDC, Doti Silghadi 40 yrs DB09 Dot n/a n/a n/a Ratuli Ratuli 18 yrs DS01 Dot n/a n/a no other name Doti Sarswoti VDC Dipayal 37 yrs DS02 Local lang n/a n/a Doteli Gholtada Gholtada 79 yrs

DS04 Nep n/a Dot Nep

mix n/a Gholtada Gholtada 32 yrs

DS05 Dot n/a n/a Dot Gholtada Gholtada 18 yrs DS06 Dot n/a n/a Dot India Gholtada 24 yrs DS09 Nep/Dot n/a n/a n/a Gholtada Gholtada 16 yrs DS10 Dot n/a n/a n/a Silghadi Ranagaun 2 yrs DS11a Dot Nep n/a n/a Dot Doti Ratuli 59 yrs DS11b Dot n/a n/a n/a Dipayal Kumalikot 59 yrs DS12 Nep n/a n/a Nep Ratuli Ratuli 30 yrs DS13 Dot n/a n/a n/a Doti Ratuli 25 yrs DS14 Nep n/a n/a Doti Ratuli Ratuli 26 yrs DS15 Nep local n/a n/a Bajgau (nearby) Ratuli 22 yrs DS16 Own lang n/a n/a Nep Ratuli Ratuli 18 yrs

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Biodata (questions 23-26) 2 Subj 23 Eslewhere Where When How long 24 Father birthplace 25 Father MT 26 Father spoke SB01 no n/a n/a n/a Khotali, Sankarpur VDC, Baitadi Baitadi Baitadi SB02 no n/a n/a n/a Patan, Baitadi Baitadi Baitadi SB03 no n/a n/a n/a Dhole Baitadeli d/a SB04 no n/a n/a n/a Dhole Baitadeli Baitadeli SB05 no n/a n/a n/a Kirsipesha, Baitadi Baitadeli Baitadeli SB06 no n/a n/a n/a Dhole Baitadeli Baitadeli SB07 no n/a n/a n/a Dhole Baitadeli Baitadeli

SB08 no n/a n/a n/a Bajhang Bitar (on the border

of Baitadi) Baitadeli

SB10 no n/a n/a n/a Taladule, Baitadi Baitadeli Baitadeli SB11 no n/a n/a n/a Dhole Baitadeli Baitadeli KB01 no n/a n/a n/a Dhole Baitadeli Baitadeli KB02 no n/a n/a n/a Dhole Baitadeli Baitadeli KB03 yes Dadeldhura 2065 2 yrs Dhole Baitadeli Baitadeli KB04 no n/a n/a n/a Jadebata Baitadeli Baitadeli KB05 n/a n/a n/a n/a Dhole Baitadi Baitadi CK01 yes KTM 2013-2014 2 yrs Dobichur, Bajhang Nep (local) Nep (local)

CK02 yes KTM -

Kanchanpur 3 yrs ago - 5/6 yrs ago

2 yrs - 3 yrs Byasi VDC Bajhangi d/a

CK03 no n/a n/a n/a Bhatakhola, Bajhang Bajhangi Bajhangi CK05 no n/a n/a n/a Chainpur Bajhangi Bajhangi CS02 no n/a n/a n/a Byansi Bajhangi Bajhangi CS03 no n/a n/a n/a Dolichar Bajhangi gaule CS04 no n/a n/a n/a Daulichaur VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi

123

2 Subj 23 Eslewhere Where When How long 24 Father birthplace 25 Father MT 26 Father spoke CS05 no n/a n/a n/a Daulichaur VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi CS07 no n/a n/a n/a Paris, Himanwada VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi

CS08 yes India back and

forth for 6 months

6 yrs Kailash VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi

CS09 yes India 30 yrs ago 4 yrs Chainpur Bajhangi Bajhangi CS11 no n/a n/a n/a Matibata VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi CS12A yes KTM 20 yrs ago 1 year Rail Bajhangi Bajhangi CS12B yes KTM 2034 1 year Chainpur Bajhangi Bajhangi CS14 no n/a n/a n/a Byansi VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi PS01 yes Malaysia 6 yrs ago 3 yrs Dethala here- Doteli local PS02 yes Kanchanpur 2050-2058 8 yrs Gokule Nep (local) d/a PS03 yes Malaysia 2059-2064 5 yrs Dethala Dot Dot PS04 yes India 12 yrs ago 7 yrs Sangkapur VDC, Darchula Dot Dot PS05 no n/a n/a n/a Thalara Dot Dot PS06 no n/a n/a n/a Shirkot, Baitadi Bahadi Bahadi PS07 no n/a n/a n/a Dethala Nep (local) local PS08 no n/a n/a n/a Dethala Dot Dot PS09 no n/a n/a n/a Maladi, Baitadi Dot Dot PK01 no n/a n/a n/a Bangsala, Baitadi Dot Dot PK02 yes KTM 10 yrs ago 2 yrs Dethala Dot d/a PK03 no n/a n/a n/a Bramae, Darchula Dot Dot

PK04 yes Baitadi Birth to 10

yrs 10 yrs Baitadi Detaula (Dot) Detaula (Dot)

DB01 no n/a n/a n/a Doti Dot Dot

124

2 Subj 23 Eslewhere Where When How long 24 Father birthplace 25 Father MT 26 Father spoke DB02 no n/a n/a n/a Ranagaun Dot Dot DB03 yes India ? 3 yrs Bassudevi Dot Dot DB05 yes India 20 yrs ago 1 year Bassudevi Dot Dot DB06 no n/a n/a n/a Ratuli Dot Dot DB07 no n/a n/a n/a Baglekh Dot Dot DB08 no n/a n/a n/a Ladagada Dot Dot DB09 no n/a n/a n/a Ratuli Dot Dot DS01 no n/a n/a n/a Doti Sarswoti VDC Dot Dot

DS02 yes Mumbai,

India About 60 yrs

ago 10 yrs Gholtada Dot Dot

DS04 no n/a n/a n/a Gholtada Dot Dot DS05 yes Dhangadi 6 months ago 2 yrs Tikera, Doti Dot Nep

DS06 yes India birth to 16

yrs 16 yrs Gholtada Dot Dot

DS09 no n/a n/a n/a Gholtada Nep/Dot Dot DS10 no n/a n/a n/a Silghadi Dot Dot DS11a no n/a n/a n/a Ratuli Dot Dot DS11b no n/a n/a n/a Dadaldhura Dot Dot DS12 no n/a n/a n/a Ratuli Dot Dot

DS13 yes Surkhet visiting here

currently 3 yrs

(ongoing) Doti Dot Dot

DS14 no n/a n/a n/a Doti Dot Local Doti DS15 no n/a n/a n/a Bajgau Dot Dot DS16 no n/a n/a n/a Ratuli local Local Doti

125

Biodata (questions 27-32) 2 Subj 27 Mother birthplace 28 Mother MT 29 Mother spoke 30 Langs 31 Best 32 Second

SB01 Kaltadi Baitadi Baitadi Dot, Baitadi, Bajhang, Nep, Hin,

Eng Baitadi Nep

SB02 Patan, Baitadi Baitadi Baitadi Baitadi, Nep Baitadi Nep SB03 Bajhang Bajhangi d/a Nep, Baitadeli Baitadeli Nep SB04 Bajhang Bajhangi Baitadeli Eng, Nep, Hin, Baitadeli Baitadeli Eng SB05 Bajhang Bajhang Baitadeli Baitadeli, Nep Baitadeli Nep SB06 Purtadi, Baitadi Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadeli, Nep Baitadeli Nep SB07 Pursani, Baitadi Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadeli, Nep Baitadeli Nep SB08 Bajhang Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadi Baitadi n/a SB10 Baitadi Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadeli n/a SB11 Bajhang Baitadeli Baitadeli Hin, Nep, Baitadeli Baitadeli Hin KB01 Bajhang Bajhang Baitadeli Nep, Baitadeli Nep Baitadeli KB02 Other VDC, Baitadi Baitadeli Baitadeli Nep, Baitadeli, Eng Nep Baitadeli KB03 Bajhang Baghangi Baitadeli Nep, Baitadeli, Hin, Eng Nep Eng KB04 Bajhang Bajhangi Bajhangi Baitadeli Baitadeli n/a KB05 Dhole Baitadi Baitadi Baitadi Baitadi n/a CK01 Dobichur, Bajhang Local Nep Nep (local) Nep (local), KTM Nep KTM Nep Local Nep CK02 Kardel VDC, Bajhang Bajhangi d/a Nep, Hin, Eng, Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep CK03 Masta VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep CK05 Chainpur Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi, Eng, Nep Bajhangi Eng CS02 Byansi Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi, Nep Bajhangi Nep CS03 Dolichar, Bajhang Bajhangi gaule Nep, gauko Nep local CS04 Naula, Daulichar VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep CS05 Bicharda, Daulichaur VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep

126

2 Subj 27 Mother birthplace 28 Mother MT 29 Mother spoke 30 Langs 31 Best 32 Second CS07 Chhana, Kaloketi VDC Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep, Hin, Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep CS08 Humla district Humlako Bajhangi Hin, Bajhangi, Nep Bajhangi Nep CS09 Chainpur Bajhangi Bajhangi Hin, Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep

CS11 Channa, Lamatola VDC,

Bajhang Bajhangi Bajhangi Hin, Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep

CS12A Swaigar, Baitadi Baitadeli Bajhangi Bajhangi, Nep Bajhangi Nep CS12B Chainpur Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi, Nep Bajhangi Nep CS14 Baitadi Baitadi Bajhangi Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi Nep PS01 Doti district Doteli d/a Doteli, Nep, Hin, Kum, Eng Doteli Nep PS02 Gokule Nep (local) d/a Eng, Nep, Hin, Dot Dot Nep PS03 Lathinat VDC, Darchula Dot d/a Eng, Hin, Nep, Malaysian, Dot Dot Nep PS04 Bharat, India Kum Dot Nep, Eng, Hin, Kum, Dot Dot Eng PS05 Baitadi Dot d/a Dot, Nep Dot Nep PS06 Hataraj, Baitadi Bahadi Bahadi Bahadi, Nep Bahadi Nep PS07 Malote VDC, Baitadi Nep (local) gaule Nep (local), Hin, KTM Nep local KTM Nep PS08 Kotpetra, Baitadi Dot Dot Dot, Nep Dot Nep PS09 Baitadi Dot Dot Dot, Nep Dot Nep PK01 Kailai district Dot Dot Nep, Dot Dot Nep PK02 Doti district Dot d/a Nep, Hin, Dot Dot Nep PK03 Puchowdi, Baitadi Dot Dot Dot, Nep Dot Nep PK04 Doti Dot Dot Dot, Nep, Hin Dot Nep DB01 Doti Dot Dot Nep, Dot, Hin Dot Nep DB02 Hattigau, Doti Dot Dot Nep, Dot Dot Nep DB03 Dergaman VDC (8 hr walk) Dot Dot Dot, Nep, Hin Dot Nep DB05 Phursi, Doti Dot Dot Dot, Nep, Hin Dot Nep

127

2 Subj 27 Mother birthplace 28 Mother MT 29 Mother spoke 30 Langs 31 Best 32 Second DB06 Ratuli Dot Dot Dot, Nep, Hin Nep Dot DB07 Baglekh Dot Dot Hin, Nep, Eng, Dot Dot Nep DB08 Dankot Dot Dot Dot only Dot n/a DB09 Lekhthata, Doti Dot Dot Dot, Nep d/a d/a DS01 near Sarswoti VDC (30 mins) Dot Dot Dot, Nep, Hin, Eng Dot Nep DS02 Surgar (2 hr walk) Dot Dot Dot, Nep Dot Nep DS04 Doti district Dot Dot Eng, Nep, Dot, Hin Nep Hin - 3rd is Dot DS05 Salina, Doti Dot Dot Hin, Nep, Eng, Dot Nep Hin DS06 Gholtara Dot Dot Dot, Nep, Hin, Eng Dot Nep DS09 Pargari, Doti Dot Dot Nep, Hin, Eng, Dot Nep Dot DS10 Silghadi Dot Dot Dot, Nep Dot Nep DS11a Ratuli Dot Dot Dot, Nep Dot Nep DS11b Bhajal, Doti Dot Dot Dot, Nep Dot Nep DS12 Lordu Gorda VDC, Doti Dot Dot Nep (KTM), Hin Nep Hin DS13 Doti Dot Dot Nep, Hin, Dot Dot Nep DS14 Ratuli Dot Local Doti Nep, local Local Nep DS15 Doti Dot Dot Nep, Dot Dot Nep DS16 Doti district Nep (local) local Nep, Dot Nep MT

128

Questionnaire (questions 33-39) 2 Subj 33 Love 34 Married 35 Spouse MT 36 Spouse Dot 37 Chat spouse 38 Chat child 39 Story child SB01 Baitadi Yes Dot n/a Baitadi Baitadi, then Nep Baitadi SB02 Baitadi Yes Baitadi n/a Baitadi Baitadi Baitadi SB03 Eng yes Baitadi n/a Baitadi Baitadi Baitadi SB04 Baitadeli yes Bajhangi yes Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadeli SB05 Nep no n/a n/a n/a Baitadi Baitadi SB07 Baitadeli yes Baitadeli n/a Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadeli SB08 n/a yes Baitadi n/a n/a n/a n/a SB11 Baitadeli yes Baitadeli n/a Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadeli KB01 Nep yes Baitadeli n/a Baitadeli Baitadeli Baitadeli KB02 Nep no n/a n/a n/a Baitadeli Baitadeli KB03 Eng yes Baitadeli n/a Nep Nep, Eng Nep KB04 n/a yes Baitadeli n/a d/a - Baitadi d/a - Baitadi d/a - Baitadi KB05 n/a yes Baitadi n/a d/a - Baitadi d/a - Baitadi d/a - Baitadi CK01 KTM Nep no n/a n/a n/a local Nep local CK02 MT yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi (Nep, Eng also) Bajhangi (and Nep) CK03 Bajhangi yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi CS02 Bajhangi yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi CS03 local yes local n/a local local local Bajhangi CS07 Nep no n/a n/a n/a Bajhangi Nep CS08 Bajhangi yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi, Nep CS09 MT yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi CS11 Bajhangi yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi CS12A Bajhangi yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi CS12B Bajhangi yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi

129

2 Subj 33 Love 34 Married 35 Spouse MT 36 Spouse Dot 37 Chat spouse 38 Chat child 39 Story child CS14 Bajhangi yes Bajhangi n/a Bajhangi Bajhangi Bajhangi PS01 MT yes Doteli n/a Doteli Doteli Doteli PS02 Eng yes Dot n/a Dot Dot (then Eng, Nep) Dot PS04 Eng yes Dot n/a Dot Nep Dot, Nep PS05 Nep yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot PS06 Nep yes Bahadi n/a Bahadi Bahadi Nep PS07 local yes local n/a local local local PS08 Dot no n/a n/a n/a Dot Dot PS09 Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot PK01 Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot PK02 Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot PK03 Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot PK04 Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot DB01 Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot DB02 Dot no n/a n/a n/a Dot Dot DB03 Nep yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot DB05 Dot yes Nep n/a Dot Dot Dot DS01 Nep Yes Dot n/a Dot Nep Nep DS02 Dot Yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot DS04 Nep yes Nep yes Dot Dot Dot DS05 Nep no n/a n/a n/a Nep Dot DS06 Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot DS09 Nep no n/a n/a n/a Nep Dot DS10 Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot DS11b Dot yes Dot n/a Dot Dot Dot

130

Questionnaire (questions 40-44) 2 Subj 40 Kids use 41 Most often 42 Children 42a All speak 43 Speak first 44 Why SB01 Baitadi, Nep Baitadi yes yes local - own parents know it, it's used for everything SB02 Baitadi Baitadi yes yes own village families only use MT

SB03 Baitadi Baitadi yes yes Baitadi because society doesn't speak Nep, they

should speak what their mom speaks SB04 Baitadeli only Baitadeli yes yes local they can learn others later SB05 Nep, Baitadi Baitadi n/a n/a Nep I didn't understand her answer SB07 Baitadeli Baitadeli yes yes Baitadeli Spoken by family SB08 local local yes yes Baitadi d/a SB11 Baitadeli, Nep Baitadeli yes yes Baitadeli mom and dad know it KB01 Nep, Baitadeli Baitadeli no n/a Baitadeli village language KB02 Nep, Baitadeli Baitadeli n/a n/a Baitadeli It's our own village's language

KB03 Nep, Eng, Baitadeli

Baitadeli yes yes local language because is it our local lang

KB04 Baitadeli Baitadeli yes yes Nep we are all Nep

KB05 Baitadi, Nep

every so often Baitadi yes yes Baitadi d/a

CK01 local local no n/a KTM Nep Our national language

CK02 Bajhangi, some

Nep MT yes yes MT society speaks MT

CK03 Bajhangi Bajhangi no n/a (someone else answered for

her) n/a

CS02 Bajhangi, Nep Bajhangi yes yes Bajhangi the lang of parents CS03 Bajhangi, Nep Bajhangi yes yes Nep Because we are all Nepali

131

2 Subj 40 Kids use 41 Most often 42 Children 42a All speak 43 Speak first 44 Why CS07 Bajhangi Bajhangi n/a n/a Bajhangi from birth they have it CS08 Bajhangi, Nep Nep yes yes Bajhangi It's our lang CS09 Bajhangi Bajhangi yes yes Bajhangi It's the parent's language CS11 Bajhangi, Nep Bajhangi yes yes Bajhangi MT CS12A Bajhangi Bajhangi yes yes own lang first MT for easy understanding

CS12B Nep, Eng,

Bajhangi, Hin Bajhangi yes yes Bajhangi Because we are in Bajhang

CS14 Nep, Eng, Bajhangi

Bajhangi yes yes Bajhangi MT is easy

PS01 Doteli Doteli yes yes Nep National language PS02 Dot Dot yes yes local language MT

PS04 Dot Dot yes n/a - too small MT "impressive for children" first lang must be

lovely for them

PS05 Dot (there aren't other castes here)

Dot yes yes MT lang of the house

PS06 Bahadi Bahadi yes yes Bahadi For understanding, later they can learn

Nep and other languages PS07 local, Nep local no n/a local we don't speak Nep here PS08 Dot Dot n/a n/a Dot our own MT PS09 Dot, Nep Dot yes yes Dot They can learn Nep in school

PK01 Dot, a few Nep

words Dot no n/a MT Whatever parents speak

PK02 Dot, Nep Dot yes yes Nep National language PK03 Dot, Nep Dot yes yes Dot Learn Nep later PK04 Dot, Nep Dot yes yes Dot MT

132

2 Subj 40 Kids use 41 Most often 42 Children 42a All speak 43 Speak first 44 Why

DB01 Dot, Nep Dot yes yes Dot, then Nep need Dot for the village, but Nep for the

country DB02 Dot Dot n/a n/a d/a d/a DB03 Dot Dot yes n/a Nep d/a DB05 Dot Dot yes yes Nep developing generation needs Nep

DS01 Dot, a little

Nep Nep Yes No - only Nep Dot because it's easy to understand

DS02 Dot Dot Yes Yes Dot it's ours, kids need it

DS04 Nep, Dot Dot yes Yes, they are small,

they don't speak Nep yet

Nep because we write in Nep

DS05 Dot, Nep Nep n/a n/a Nep don't know DS06 Dot, Nep Dot yes yes Dot we speak it. For cutlure so we keep it DS09 Dot, Nep Dot n/a n/a Nep easy for other places DS10 Dot, Nep Dot no n/a Dot d/a DS11b Dot Dot yes yes Nep if they learn it, they can go anywhere

133

Questionnaire (questions 45-47c) 2 Subj 45 Market 46 Most often 47a Kanchanpur 47b Speaking 47c Feeling

SB01 mine, whatever they

speak I use Baitadi yes same happy

SB02 Baitadi, Nep Baitadi no n/a n/a SB03 Baitadi, Nep Baitadi yes - with Tharus n/a n/a SB04 Nep, Baitadeli, Eng Nep yes same indifferent SB05 Nep Nep d/a n/a n/a SB07 Baitadeli Baitadeli no n/a n/a SB08 Baitadeli d/a d/a n/a n/a SB11 Baitadeli, Nep Baitadeli yes little indifferent KB01 Nep Nep d/a n/a n/a KB02 Nep, Baitadeli Nep yes little indifferent KB03 Nep, Eng Nep yes little happy KB04 local language local language d/a n/a n/a KB05 Baitadi, Nep Baitadi d/a n/a n/a CK01 KTM Nep KTM Nep yes little happy CK02 Nep, Eng, Bajhangi Nep d/a n/a n/a CK03 Bajhangi Bajhangi d/a n/a n/a CS02 Nep, Bajhangi Nep d/a n/a n/a CS03 Nep, Bajhangi Nep yes little indifferent CS07 Nep Nep d/a n/a n/a CS08 Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi yes same happy CS09 Bajhangi, Nep Bajhangi yes little happy CS11 Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi d/a n/a n/a CS12A Bajhangi Bajhangi d/a n/a n/a

134

2 Subj 45 Market 46 Most often 47a Kanchanpur 47b Speaking 47c Feeling CS12B Bajhangi Bajhangi d/a n/a n/a CS14 Nep, Bajhangi Bajhangi d/a n/a n/a

PS01 local bazaar- Doteli Khalanga bazaar-

Nep d/a

yes - Dot speakers there are from all other districts

n/a n/a

PS02 Hin, Nep, Eng, Dot Dot yes - they are from all the other districts n/a indifferent

PS04 Dot, Nep, Kum,

mixed Kum in India, Dot here yes - mixed from other places n/a n/a

PS05 Nep, Hin Nep yes very happy PS06 Nep Nep no n/a n/a PS07 local, KTM Nep local d/a n/a n/a PS08 Nep, Dot Nep d/a n/a n/a PS09 Dot Dot d/a n/a n/a PK01 Dot, Nep Dot yes little indifferent PK02 Dot, Nep Dot yes little happy PK03 Dot Dot no n/a n/a PK04 Nep, Dot, Hin Dot yes little happy DB01 Nep, Dot Dot yes little d/a DB02 Nep, Dot Nep no n/a n/a DB03 Nep, Dot Dot no n/a n/a DB05 Nep Nep yes little d/a DS01 Nep and a little Dot Nep yes little indifferent DS02 Dot Dot yes little indifferent DS04 Nep, Dot Nep no n/a n/a DS05 Nep Nep no n/a n/a

135

2 Subj 45 Market 46 Most often 47a Kanchanpur 47b Speaking 47c Feeling

DS06 Dot, Nep Dot - it's habit to speak it, Nep

with people from outside yes words are the same d/a

DS09 Nep Nep no n/a n/a DS10 Dot Dot no n/a n/a DS11b Dot Dot no n/a n/a

Questionnaire (questions 48a-49c) 2 Subj 48a Kailali 48b Speaking 48c Feeling 49a Doti 49b Speaking 49c Feeling SB01 no n/a n/a yes very happy SB02 no n/a n/a yes very indifferent SB03 yes - with Tharus n/a n/a yes little happy SB04 yes little indifferent yes very indifferent SB05 d/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a SB07 no n/a n/a yes little happy SB08 d/a n/a n/a d/a n/a n/a SB11 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent KB01 d/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a KB02 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent KB03 yes little happy yes little happy KB04 d/a n/a n/a d/a n/a n/a KB05 d/a n/a n/a d/a n/a n/a CK01 yes little indifferent yes little happy CK02 d/a n/a n/a yes same happy CK03 d/a n/a n/a d/a n/a n/a

136

2 Subj 48a Kailali 48b Speaking 48c Feeling 49a Doti 49b Speaking 49c Feeling CS02 d/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a CS03 yes same indifferent yes little indifferent CS07 yes - Nep Nep n/a yes very happy CS08 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent CS09 yes little happy yes little happy CS11 d/a n/a n/a yes little indifferent CS12A d/a n/a n/a yes little happy CS12B d/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a CS14 d/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a

PS01 yes - Dot speakers there are from

all other districts n/a n/a yes little indifferent

PS02 yes - they are from all other

districts n/a indifferent yes little indifferent

PS04 yes little indifferent yes little happy PS05 yes very happy yes little happy

PS06 yes very sad - mixed with

Nep yes very happy

PS07 d/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a PS08 d/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a PS09 d/a n/a n/a d/a n/a n/a PK01 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent

PK02 yes little indifferent yes little happy (lang is

better than here)

PK03 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a

137

2 Subj 48a Kailali 48b Speaking 48c Feeling 49a Doti 49b Speaking 49c Feeling PK04 yes little happy yes little happy DB01 yes same d/a n/a n/a n/a DB02 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a DB03 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a DB05 yes little d/a n/a n/a n/a

DS01 yes little - different from

Baitadi indifferent n/a n/a n/a

DS02 yes same d/a n/a n/a n/a DS04 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a DS05 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a DS06 yes same d/a n/a n/a n/a DS09 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a DS10 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a DS11b no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Questionnaire (questions 50a-51c) 2 Subj 50a Dadeldhura 50b Speaking 50c Feeling 51a Baitadi 51b Speaking 51c Feeling SB01 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a SB02 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a SB03 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a SB04 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a SB05 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a SB07 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a SB08 d/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

138

2 Subj 50a Dadeldhura 50b Speaking 50c Feeling 51a Baitadi 51b Speaking 51c Feeling SB11 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a KB01 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a KB02 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a KB03 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a KB04 d/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a KB05 d/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a CK01 yes little indifferent yes same happy CK02 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent CK03 d/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a CS02 no n/a n/a yes little happy (my own) CS03 yes very happy yes little indifferent CS07 yes little happy yes very indifferent CS08 yes little happy yes very indifferent CS09 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent CS11 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent CS12A yes very happy yes little happy CS12B yes little indifferent yes very indifferent CS14 yes very indifferent yes very indifferent PS01 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a PS02 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a PS04 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a PS05 yes little sad n/a n/a n/a PS06 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a PS07 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a PS08 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

139

2 Subj 50a Dadeldhura 50b Speaking 50c Feeling 51a Baitadi 51b Speaking 51c Feeling PS09 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a PK01 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a

PK02 yes little happy (lang is better

than here) n/a n/a n/a

PK03 yes same happy n/a n/a n/a PK04 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a DB01 yes little d/a yes very d/a DB02 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DB03 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DB05 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS01 yes little indifferent no n/a n/a DS02 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS04 yes little - don't understand all, but most indifferent yes little indifferent DS05 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS06 yes same d/a yes little - tone not pure DS09 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS10 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS11b no n/a n/a d/a d/a d/a

140

Questionnaire (questions 52a-53c) 2 Subj 52a Darchula 52b Speaking 52c Feeling 53a Bajhang 53b Speaking 53c Feeling SB01 yes little happy yes (nearby only, toward Jumla we use Nep) little indifferent SB02 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent SB03 yes little happy yes little happy SB04 yes little indifferent yes little happy SB05 no n/a n/a yes same happy SB07 no n/a n/a yes little happy SB08 d/a n/a n/a d/a n/a n/a SB11 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent KB01 no n/a n/a yes little happy KB02 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent KB03 yes little happy yes very happy KB04 d/a n/a n/a d/a n/a n/a KB05 d/a n/a n/a d/a n/a n/a CK01 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a CK02 yes little indifferent n/a n/a n/a CK03 d/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a CS02 d/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a CS03 yes very indifferent n/a n/a n/a CS07 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a CS08 yes very happy n/a n/a n/a CS09 yes little happy n/a n/a n/a CS11 no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a CS12A yes little happy n/a n/a n/a CS12B no n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

141

2 Subj 52a Darchula 52b Speaking 52c Feeling 53a Bajhang 53b Speaking 53c Feeling CS14 yes very indifferent n/a n/a n/a PS01 n/a n/a n/a yes little indifferent PS02 n/a n/a n/a yes little happy PS04 n/a n/a n/a yes little indifferent PS05 n/a n/a n/a yes little indifferent PS06 n/a n/a n/a yes very happy PS07 n/a n/a n/a yes very happy PS08 n/a n/a n/a no n/a n/a PS09 n/a n/a n/a yes little happy PK01 n/a n/a n/a yes little happy PK02 n/a n/a n/a yes little indifferent PK03 n/a n/a n/a yes little happy PK04 n/a n/a n/a yes little indifferent DB01 yes very d/a yes very d/a DB02 yes little d/a no n/a n/a DB03 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DB05 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS01 no n/a n/a yes little indifferent DS02 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS04 yes little indifferent yes little indifferent DS05 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS06 yes little - tone and words d/a yes little d/a DS09 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS10 no n/a n/a no n/a n/a DS11b d/a d/a d/a d/a d/a d/a

142

Questionnaire (questions 54-58) 2 Subj 54 Pure 55 Poorly 56 Why 57 Understood 58 Nepali est

SB01 Dadeldhura Bajhang Close to Nep (Jumla, Humla, Talikot,

Accham) yes Literate

SB02 here - Baitadi If they go other places they

speak it less n/a no Literate

SB03 Baitadi head office

(Sadarkokama) Remote areas n/a yes Literate

SB04 Patan Swagart Far from Patan yes Literate SB05 Baitadi Where I don't understand it d/a no Literate SB07 Baitadi (Talisora) d/k n/a yes Understand and speak a little SB08 d/k d/a d/a no None SB11 Baitadi each village is a little different n/a yes Understand and speak a little KB01 Baitadi d/k n/a no Literate

KB02 Patan, Baitadi Toward Swargat A little confused by this question. But maybe less Baitadi because it's close to

Bajhang yes Literate

KB03 Shilek, Baitadi Ganjari Distance - far away yes Literate KB04 d/a d/a d/a d/a Understand only KB05 d/a d/a d/a d/a Understand only CK01 Gaitigau, Bajhang Doti Distance yes Literate

CK02 Bajhang, Accham, Doti (understand but can't speak it)

All places are good n/a yes, but they can't

speak it Literate

CK03 Bajhang Accham d/a yes Literate

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2 Subj 54 Pure 55 Poorly 56 Why 57 Understood 58 Nepali est

CS02 Bajhangi is most pure in Bajhang

Dot is spoken poorly here, but Bajhangi is spoken poorly in

Doti d/a no Literate

CS03 Doti Baitadi Tongue is different yes- only a little

different Understand and speak a lot

CS07 In the village

(Bajhangi) Chainpur (Bajhangi) It's a bazaar no Literate

CS08 Bajhang (Bajhangi),

Doti (Dot) unclear answer n/a yes (Bajhangi) Literate

CS09 In the village

(Bajhangi) It's all the same (Bajhangi) d/a yes (Bajhangi) Understand and speak a lot

CS11 It's all one (Bajhangi)

d/a d/a yes (Bajhangi) Understand and speak a lot

CS12A Doti (Dot), Bajhang

(Bajhangi) unclear answer n/a yes (Bajhangi) Understand and speak a lot

CS12B d/a d/a d/a yes (Bajhangi) Understand and speak a lot CS14 d/a d/a d/a yes (Bajhangi) Understand and speak a lot

PS01 Doti/Dadeldhura Bajhang It's a bit different yes - Nep speakers understand a little

bit Literate

PS02 Dadeldhura Darchula It's a little different, diff words, each

place is different yes Literate

PS04 Doti Bajhang and here it's mixed yes Literate PS05 Kanchanpur/Kailali here It's a little different in each village yes Literate PS06 d/k Tharu language d/a yes Literate PS07 Here - Dethala It's not spoken in other places n/a no Literate

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2 Subj 54 Pure 55 Poorly 56 Why 57 Understood 58 Nepali est PS08 Doti Baitadi Mixes with other languages no Literate

PS09 Doti (someone else answered for

her) n/a yes Understand and speak a lot

PK01 Doti All the same d/a yes (Nepali's

understand a little) Literate

PK02 Doti/Dadeldhura Bajhang It's the most different from

Doti/Dadeldhura yes Literate

PK03 Darchula Thorai Distance yes (a little) Literate PK04 Doti Bajhang d/k yes Literate DB01 Doti Baitadi, Darchula, Bajhang they mix, don't understand no literate? DB02 Ranagaun n/a n/a no literate DB03 Ranagaun Kailali n/r no Understand and speak a lot DB05 Ranagaun Achham n/r no blank

DS01 Doti is good Baitadi same words, but different way of

speaking yes - a little literate

DS02 Doti d/k n/a no Understand and speak a little DS04 d/k Dadeldhura d.k yes - a little literate DS05 d/k Dipayal people from outside no - maybe a little literate DS06 Doti Darchula tone is different, mix Hin no literate DS09 here - Doti Dhangadi mixed with Nep yes literate DS10 d/k d/k n/a no understand and speak a little DS11b Kumalikot, Doti d/k d/a yes Understand and speak a little

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Appendix D: Knowledgeable Insider Interview

D.1 KII Informed Consent

Two informed consent scripts were read in Nepali to each participant prior to administration of the interview in order to obtain informed consent. This Nepali script along with the p p ’ p recorded. The two informed consent scripts are shown here in English and Nepali.

My name is ____. What is your name? We are from the Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University. We have come to study and research your language. We want to ask you questions about your village and the languages of your village. The information that you give us about your language, we will give to others. Can you give us help? मरेो नाम.............. हो। तपाईंक ो नाम के हो ? ह ाम ी त्रिभवुन त्रवश् व त्रवद्यालय भाषात्रवज्ञान के न्द्रीय त्रवभागबाट आएक ा ह ौं। हाम ी त पाईं ह रूल े बोल्न े भाषा क ो अ ध् य य न अनसुन्द् ध ा न ग नन आएक ा ह ौं। त पाँह क ो गाउँ र तपाँहहरू ल ेबोल्न ेभाषाका बारेमा हामी केही प्रश् न हरु सोध् न आ ाह न्द्् ।ँ त पाईं ल े त्रदन ु भएक ो भाषासम् ब न्द् धी ज ानक ार ी अरू म ात्रनसलाई पत्रन दखे ाउन े ् ौं। त पाईं ल ेह ाम ीलाई सह ाय त ा गनन सक्नहु नु्द््? Question 46 for permission to use their name:

We are thinking of listing your name in this information, but if you don't want your name to be listed, we won't. Shall we keep your name or not?

ह ाम ील े त पाईंसगँ छलन े य ो ज ानक ार ीम ा त पाईं क ो नाम राख् न े त्रवआ ार गरे क ा ् ौं, तर यत्रद तपाईंल ेआफ्नो नाम र ाख् न आ ाह नहुनु्न भन,े ह ाम ील े र ाख् दनै ौं। त पाईं क ो नाम र ाख ौं त्रक नर ाख ौं?

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D.2 KII Schedule

1. INFORMED CONSENT: Given: □ Not Given: □

2. Subject Number 3. Date (DDMMYY) 4. Village Name 5. Interviewer Name

d. Ward Number: 6. Language of Elicitation

e. VDC/Municipalit

y: 7. Language of

Response

f. District 8. Interpreter Name g. Zone:

9. Sex: 10. Full Name: तपाईंक ो पूर ा ना म के हो ?

11. Age: तपाईंक ो उ मरे?

12. Caste: त पा ईं को जात कुन हो ?

13. What is your mother tongue? तपाईंक ो आफ् नो भाषा को नाम के हो ?

(If Dotyali): (If Nepali): 14. Which kind of Dotyali? 15. Which kind of Nepali? कुन त्र कछ समको र्ोट्य ा ली बो ल् नहुनु्द््? कुन त्र कछ समको नपेा ली बो ल् नहुनु्द्् ?

16. What is the local name for your language? तपाईक ो भाषाको स्था त्रनय नाम के हो ?

17. Where were you born? त पा ईं कहा ँजन्द् मनभु य ो ?

18. Where do you live now? तपाईं आजभो छल कहा ँबस् नहुनु्द् ् ?

19. How long have you been living there? तपाईं य ो ठा उँ मा कत्र त बषन बस् नभुय ो ?

20. Have you lived anywhere else for more than a year? त पा ँह अरू ठा उँ मा एक बषन भ न्द्द ा बढी बस् नभुएको ्?

a. Where? कहा?ँ b. When? कत्रहल?े c. How long? कत्रत समयसम्म?

21. Where is your father from? त पा ईं को बवुा को खा स ग ा उँ कुन हो?

22. What is his mother tongue? उ हा कँो मात ृभ ा षा कुन हो ?

23. Where is your mother from? त पा ईं को आमा को मा इ त्र त घर कहा ँ् ?

24. What is her mother tongue? उ हा कँो मात ृभ ा षा कुन हो ?

25. What do you call your language? तपाईंक ो भाषालाई के भत्र नन्द्् ?

26. What names do non-native speakers give your language? त पा ईं को भा षा नबो ल् न ेमा न्द््ेल ेत पा ँहको भ ा षा ला ई के भन्द््न ?

27. How many homes are located in your village? त पा ईं को गा उँ मा कत्र त वट ा घर धरुी (घरहरू) ्न ?

28. How many Dotyali homes are located in your village? त पा ईं को गा उँ मा र्ो ट्य ा ली घर हरू कत्र त ्न?

29. What languages are spoken in this village? य ो ग ाउँ मा कुन कुन भ ा षा हरू बो छ लन्द््न ?

30. Which language is used the most between all the people in this village? य ो ग ाउँ का सब ैमान्द््ेहरूको बी आमा , कुन भ ा षा सबभन्द्दा बढी बोछ लन्द्् होला ?

31. How many people in your village do you think cannot speak Nepali, even though they may understand it? तपाईंक ो त्र बआार मा , य ो गा उँ मा नपेा ली ब ेु पत्र न कत्र त जना मा न्द््े नपेा ली बो ल् न सक्द नैन ?

None कुन ैपत्र न हो इ न A few थो रै Half आत्रद Many धरैे

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32. Where do most children from this village go to primary school? य ो ग ाउँ को धरैे जसो बा लबा छ लका हरू कुन प्रा इ मरे ी स्कुलमा (प्राथ त्रमक त्र बधालयमा ) जान्द््न?

33. What is the mother tongue(s) of the teachers? छ श क्ष क छ शछ क्ष का हरुको मा त ृभ ा षा कुन कुन हो ?

34. In this school, what language(s) do teachers use with children in the classroom? उ हा हँरुल ेकक्षा मा पढा उँ द ा कुन भ ा षा बो ल् नहुनु्द््?

35. In this school, what language(s) do children use with other children? य ो स्कुलमा , बा लबा छ लका ल ेअरू ब ा लबा छ लका सगँ बो ल् द ा कुन भा षा प्रय ोग ग न् न ?

36. Have you heard of any schools teaching/instructing using Dotyali? कुन ैस्कुलमा (त्रब धालयमा ) र्ोट्या लीमा पढा एको सनु्न भु एको ्?

Where? कहा?ँ

37. To which villages do most of the youths in your village go for marriage? त्र ववा हको ला त्र ग तपा ई को ग ाउँ को यवुक र य वुा त्र त हरू कुन ग ा. त्र व. स. मा जा न्द््न ?

38. How common is it for people from this village to marry Dotyali speakers from ____________? य ो ग ाउँ को मात्र नसहरुल े _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ को र्ो ट्याली बो ल् न ेमा त्र नसहरुसौं ग त्र ववा हग न ेप्र आलीत ्?

a. Kanchanpur धरैे जसो कत्र हलकेा ही ौं अछलअछल कत्रहल ैग द नै

b. Kailali Frequently Some Rarely Never c. Doti Frequently Some Rarely Never d. Dadeldhura Frequently Some Rarely Never e. Baitadi Frequently Some Rarely Never f. Darchula Frequently Some Rarely Never g. Bajhang Frequently Some Rarely Never

39. How common is it for Dotyali speakers to marry non-Dotyali speakers? र्ो ट्य ा ली बो ल् न ेमा न्द््ेल ेर्ो ट्य ा ली नबो ल् न ेमा न्द््ेसौं ग त्र ववा ह ग न ेप्रआलन कत्र त को ् ?

Frequently धरैे जसो Sometimes कत्र हलकेा ही ौं Rarely अछलअछल Never कत्रहल ैग द नै

40. In this village, which language(s) is used for wedding ceremonies? य ो ग ाउँ मा त्र बहा बारी ग दा न , कुन भ ा षा हरू प्रय ो ग गर र न्द््न?

41. What language(s) is used for village meetings?

ग ा उँ को त्र मत्रट ङ (बठैक )मा कुन कुन भ ा षा हरू बो छ लन्द््?

42. Do you know of materials that are written in Dotyali? तपाईलाई र्ोट्यालीमा लखे केो कुन ैसा मा ि ी हरु थ ा हा ्?

43. What kind of materials? कस्त ो प्रकार को (त्रकछसमको )?

a. Books त्रकत ाब b. Textbooks (पा ठ्य पसु्त क) त्र वघालयको त्र कताब

c. Magazines पत्रि का d. Newspaper समाआा रपि

e. Pamplets पआान f. Other अन्द्य

44. Do you know of any organizations promoting language development of Dotyali? र्ोट्या ली भा षाको त्रबकास र त्रबस्तार ग न ेकुन ैसौं घ-सौं स्थ ा था हा ्?

a. What are their names? (Please name those organizations).

त ी ना महरू कुन कुन हनु ? (कुन-कुन सौं घ-सौं स्थ ा हरु, ना म भ नी त्रद नहुो स ।)

45. Contact information: 46. Permission to use name:

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D.3 KII Data

Abbreviations used in KII data:

Abbreviation Full Text MT Mother-tongue MTs Mother-tongues Nep Nepali Eng English Dot Dotyali Lang Language Langs Languages VDC Village Development Committee HQ Headquarter d/a D ’ k n/a Not applicable KTM Kathmandu IC Informed consent

In Doti district, two men assisted with the KII (DS07 and DS08). Biodata for both participants are listed here. Beginning with question 17, all answers are included under subject number DS07, though they gave the answers together.

The test site for administering the Darchula interview was in Dilasaini VDC in Baitadi district. However, the heading in the chart is labeled as Darchula. This is because these VDCs are both close to the border and are considered one test site for the purpose of this report.

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1. Doti Doti Baitadi Darchula Bajhang

1. IC Given Given Given Given Given 2. Subject

Number DS08 DS07 SB03 PS02 CK02

3. Date 17-Feb-2014 17-Feb-2014 20-Mar-2014 25-Mar-2014 27-Mar-2014 4. Village Gholtada Gholtada Dhole Sera Chainpur a. Ward 6 6 3 d/a d/a b. VDC Nagarpali Nagarpali Shikharpur Dilasauni d/a c. District Doti Doti Baitadi Baitadi Bajhang d. Zone Seti Seti Malakali Malakali Seti 5. Interviewer Stephanie Stephanie Stephanie Stephanie Stephanie 6. Lang of

elicitation Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep

7. Lang of response

Nep Nep Nep Nep Nep

8. Interpreter n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 9. Sex Male Male Male Male Male 10. Name Dhan Bahadur Bhandari Hara Shing Bahandari Pathan Shing Bohara Nagindra Prasad Joshi Hark Prasad Regmi 11. Age 43 75 49 38 30 12. Caste Bhandari Bhandari Bohara Brahaman Brahaman 13. MT Dotyali Dotyali Baitadeli Nepali Bajhangi (dialect),

Dotyali 14. Which Dot n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 15. Which Nep n/a n/a n/a Doteli (local) n/a 16. Local name d/a d/a Baitadeli Local lang n/a 17. Birthplace - Gholtada Dhole Bokule, Baitadi Byasi VDC 18. Live now - Gholtada Dhole Gokule Byasi VDC

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19. How long - 65 years 49 years 30 years 25 years 20. Elsewhere - Yes No Yes Yes a. Where - India n/a Kanchanpur KTM / Kanchanpur b. When - 53 years ago n/a 1993-2001 3 years ago / 5 years ago c. How long - 10 years (back and forth) n/a 8 years 2 years / 3 years 21. Father

birthplace - Gholtada Dhole Gokule Byasi VDC

22. Father MT - Dotyali Baitadeli Nepali Bajhangi 23. Mother

birthplace - Doti district Bajhang Gokule Kardel VDC, Bajhang

24. Mother MT - Dotyali Bajhangi Nepali Bajhangi 25. Lang - Dotyali d/a Local lang, Dotyali d/a 26. Other names - Village lang No other name Dotyali Bajhangi 27. Number of

homes - 60-65 Around 150 70 100

28. Number of Dot homes

- 60-65 (all) All 70 (all) 100 (all)

29. Langs in village

- Nep, Dot Baitadeli only Dotyali Nep, Bajhangi

30. Most common lang

- Dotyali (all understand it) Baitadeli Dotyali Bajhangi

31. Cannot speak Nep -

Half Half (about 60% can speak it)

A few Half – women and old people

32. Primary school -

Dilipeswar Secondary school and primary school (Nima Dome) in this village

Sataprakash Higher Secondary School in this village

Santi Higher School in this village

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33. MTs of teachers

-

Nep, Dot Baitadeli is their MT, but they know Nep

Dotyali Baitadeli, Dot (from Doti), Bajhangi (most of the teachers), Nep (Dhangari)

34. Langs: teachers with children -

Dot for small kids and Nep for older kids

Baitadeli with small kids b u y ’ k Nep / Nep with secondary

Nep, Dot Bajhangi in primary school / Nep, Eng, and Bajhangi is secondary

35. Langs: children with children

- Dotyali Baitadeli Local lang MT

36. Instructing in Dot

- No No Yes Yes

a. Where -

n/a n/a All the schools – teachers know how to speak Dotyali

In Doti district

37. Marriage

-

Doti, Kailali, Dadeldhura, others also in Baitadi

Baitadi, Bajhang, Dadeldhura. No one from this village has married people from Darchula, but people in other neaby villages have

Darchula, Baitadi. All districts are fine for marriage

Bajhang

38. a. Marriage: Kanchanpur

- Some Never Frequently Rarely

38b. Marriage: Kailali

- Some Never Rarely Rarely

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38c. Marriage: Doti

- Frequently Never Rarely Rarely

38d. Marriage: Dadeldhura

- Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely

38e. Marriage: Baitadi

- Some Frequently Frequently (but Baitadi

and Bajhang most often) Rarely

38f. Marriage: Darchula

- Some Never, but people from

other nearby VDCs have Frequently Rarely

38g. Marriage: Bajhang

- S ’ f y) Frequently Rarely Frequently

39. Marriage: non-Dot

- Frequently Never Rarely Sometimes

40. Weddings -

Dot, if they speak it / Nep, if they speak it

Baitadeli Local lang Sanskrit for prayers / Nep and Bajhangi

41. Meetings - Dotyali Baitadeli, sometimes Nep Local lang Bajhangi and Nep 42. Dot materials - Yes Yes Yes Yes 43. What kind

- Books, newspapers Magazines in the district

HQ Books, magazines Books, songs

44. Organizations - D ’ k No Yes D ’ k 45. Contact info - - - - - 46. Permission to

share name Given Given Given Given Given

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Appendix E: Dialect Mapping

Dialect Mapping is one participatory methods tool. Participatory methods tools are ideally led by a trained facilitator and facilitated with the interaction of both men and women of various ages and educational backgrounds. The facilitator poses questions to the community and requests for answers to be written on slips of paper (one answer per paper). These papers are then arranged by the community in various ways requested by the facilitator.

The purpose of this tool is to assist speakers of a specific dialect in discussing information they already know about the dialects and levels of comprehension between dialects. Another purpose is to encourage them to think about which varieties of their language could use a single set of written or oral materials.

The steps for facilitating Dialect Mapping are provided here in English, but facilitation was in Nepali. Steps were modified as seen necessary by the researcher at the time of facilitation.

1. What is the name of your language? (If there is more than one name for the language, ask which name they prefer.)

2. Where are the major locations where your language is spoken?

3. Place these papers on the ground to show which places are next to each other. (Use north, south, east, and west to create a map on the ground).

4. What other languages are so similar to your language that when they speak, you can understand at least some words? Write the names of these languages on pieces of paper and add “ p” g u

5. Do the people in any of these places speak your language in the same way? If so, place a small loop of string around each such group.

6. Which variety do you understand best? Second best? Place the appropriate number next to each group.

7. Which of these varieties do you understand completely? Which do you understand most? Which do you understand about half? And which do you only understand a little? In which of these villages can you understand the way they speak completely? Using the

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key showing faces that represent different levels of understanding, please indicate your level of comprehension of each variety.

8. When you speak to people from these other places, do you each speak your own variety? Or do you use your own variety and they also use your variety? Or do you use their variety? Or do you each use another variety in order for easier understaning? Using the key showing colors that represent different ways of speaking, please indicate how you speak with others.

9. If books, films, pamphlets, or other materials were developed in your language, which place would be the best for development so that all the other places could use the materials? Which place would be second best? Place the appropriate Nepali letter next to each choice to rank where you think is best.

This section includes the results of each Dialect Mapping facilitation, as well as a photo of the community participants.

155

Doti

156

Baitadi

157

Darchula

158

Bajhang

159

Appendix F: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale

Selections t k f ‘Su g L gu g U : P p v Community-Based Language D v p ’ by L S f g)

The EGIDS is made up of 13 levels. Figure 3 gives the summary definition of each of the levels. The following subsections provides a more detailed description of levels 7 through 5 (the most common levels currently found in Nepal).

Figure 3: EGIDS Assessment Grid

Level Label Description 0 International The language is widely used between nationals in trade, knowledge exchange,

and international policy. 1 National The language is used in education, work, mass media, and government at the

national level. 2 Provincial The language is used in education, work, mass media, and government within

major administrative subdivisions of a nation. 3 Wider Communication The language is used in work and mass media without official status to

transcend language differences across a region. 4 Educational The language is in vigorous use, with standardization and literature being

sustained through a widespread system of institutionally supported education. 5 Developing The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being

used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable. 6a Vigorous The language is used for face-to-face communication by all generations and the

situation is sustainable. 6b Threatened The language is used for face-to-face communication within all generations, but

it is losing users. 7 Shifting The child-bearing generation can use the language among themselves, but it is

not being transmitted to children. 8a Moribund The only remaining active users of the language are members of the grandparent

generation and older. 8b Nearly Extinct The only remaining users of the language are members of the grandparent

generation or older who have little opportunity to use the language. 9 Dormant The language serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community,

but no one has more than symbolic proficiency. 10 Extinct The language is no longer used and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity

associated with the language.

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EGIDS Level 5 (Developing)

This is the level at which literacy is incipient, more often than not through informal educational structures and systems and with only weak or transient societal institutional support as defined above. Although the introduction of literacy can serve powerfully to improve the prestige of a minority language and may increase its prospects for survival in many cases, the stronger institutional support for literacy acquisition and maintenance found at the EGIDS level 4 is required for ongoing transmission of local-language literacy from one generation to the next. The presence of incipient literacy in a speech community is not in itself sufficient to ensure sustainable ongoing use of the language. Furthermore, the existence of an orthography or the production of beginning literacy materials are not, in themselves, sufficient to qualify a language as having achieved EGIDS level 5. Reading and writing must actually be used by some segment, albeit a small one, of the overall population. Many communities where preparations for the introduction of literacy have been initiated are effectively at EGIDS 6a (Vigorous) or lower.

EGIDS Level 6a (Vigorous)

At this level, intergenerational transmission of the language is intact and widespread in the community. The language use and transmission situation is stable or gaining strength. At this level, the vast majority of adults, parents, grandparents, and great grandparents are using the language and making it possible for children to acquire and use the language for every day communication. In most cases that intergenerational transmission happen “ u y” home and neighborhood and is not dependent on schools or other more formal mechanisms u f “ ” L gu g v g u f -to-face use and clearly identified functional assignments within a speech community can remain in use for many generations. Stable multilingualism provides the ecological setting for sustainable use.

EGIDS Level 6b (Threatened)

This is the level of face-to-face use that indicates the beginnings of erosion in language use (or perhaps the final stages of the re-establishment of full oral use in a revitalization situation as b u fu x ) T v f F ’ GIDS v 6 f from the observation that level 6 straddles the line of diglossia (King 2001). Level 6a represents a stable diglossic configuration as described in Chapter 4 where informal functions are assigned

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to the L language and more formal functions are assigned to H. In contrast, Level 6b represents the loss of that stable diglossic arrangement with the informal domains being overtaken by another language or languages. At Level 6b, a large number of parents continue to transmit the language to their children even while a significant number do not, so that intergenerational transmission is weakening. With each new generation there will be fewer speakers or fewer domains of use or both. There may only be barely discernible portents of language shift and few in the community may have any sense of impending danger. EGIDS 6b is the first of the EGIDS levels that corresponds to an endangered category in the UNESCO framework.

EGIDS Level 7 (Shifting)

This is the level that identifies clear cases of language shift in progress. The fact that parents are not passing the language on to their children is clearly discernible and has become the norm within the language community. Consequently the number of domains where use of the language is dominant are decreasing. Language revitalization through reestablishing home transmission would still be a possibility at this stage since the language is the first language for most of the parents and could be transmitted to at least some of the children if parents could be made aware of the need to do so.

appendices - sil international · nepali nepali nepali nepali 7. language of response nepali nepali...

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