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Jewish Literature

Apoc./Pseud.Individuals

QumranRabbinic

Apoc./Pseud.

1. ApocryphaA. General

1. Placement: 14 books between OT, NT2. Source: LXX mostly, Old Latin for a few3. Date: 200 BC—AD 1004. Popularity: presence in Qumran documents;

many translated into Greek (LXX); some even written in Greek (Wis. Sol., 2 Macc.)

5. Terminology: originally, “hidden books,” i.e., mysteries, secret lore, only for wise

Jewish Literature—Apocrypha

Apoc./Pseud.


Apoc./Pseud.Roman Catholic Russian Orthodox Greek Orthodox

1–2 EsdrasTobitJudithEsther AdditionsWisdom of SolomonSirachBaruchLetter of JeremiahDaniel AdditionsPrayer of Manasseh1–2 Maccabees

Adds:3 MaccabeesPsalm 151

Adds:3 MaccabeesPsalm 1514 Maccabees

Apocrypha Canons


Apoc./Pseud.1. Apocrypha

B. Jewish Use1. Pre-AD 70: term of honor2. Post-AD 70: outlawed; term grew into disuse

Jamnia traditions: canon ends with Ezra and Hebrew onlyceased copying or systematically destroyedsurvival due entirely to Christian use



C. Christian Use: Varying Attitudes1. Early attitudes

Athanasius (373): not canonical, “heretical”Jerome (420): not canonical, but edifying

2. Later attitudesGreek Orthodox: canonicalRoman Catholic: changed Athanasius; made “deuterocanonical” (Council of Trent, 1546)Protestant: not canonical, but edifying



D. Kinds of Literature1. Historical: 1 Esdras, 1–2 Macc.2. Moralistic novels: Tobit, Judith, Susanna, Bel and

the Dragon3. Didactic: Wis. Sol., Ecclesiasticus (Wis. Sir.)4. Devotional: Prayer of Manasseh, Prayer of

Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men5. Epistolary: Letter of Jeremiah6. Apocalyptic: 2 Esdras



E. Cultural Influence1. General: homilies, meditations, liturgies, poets,

dramatists, composers, artists, proverbs, names2. Shakespeare: daughters names (Susanna, Judith);

80 allusions from 11 books3. Longfe$ow: references to 1–2 Macc. (New

England Tragedies); Judas Maccebeus



E. Cultural Influence4. Music

“Now Thank We All Our God” depends on Luther’s trans. of Sir. 50:22–24“It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” depends on Wis. Sol. 18:14–15 for the time of birthHandel: oratorios Susanna, Judas Maccabaeus, Alexander Balas

5. Expressions: “a good name endures forever” (Sir. 41:13)



E. Cultural Influence6. Columbus: discovery of New World depended

on Columbus’s reasoning from 2 Esdras 6:42F. New Testament Influence

1. Christian Bible: LXX, which has these books2. Romans 1: Paul’s argument parallels Wis. Sol.3. Heb. 1:1–3: compare Wis. Sol. 7:25–274. Heb. 11:35–37: depends on martyrdom of seven

brothers, a story in 2 Macc. 6–7



G. Literary Bridge: OT to NT1. First encounters

with Pharisees, Sadduceeswith belief in demonswith apocalyptic ideas

2. Jewish background of Jesus’ sayingsMatt. 11:28–30 (Ecc. 1:23–24)Matt. 9:16–17 (Ecc. 9:10)Lk. 12:16–20 (Ecc. 11:18–19)


Apoc./Pseud.2. Pseudepigrapha

A. Additional Jewish Religious Literature1. Beyond OT canon/Apocrypha2. Designation inadequate (does not apply to all)3. Scholarly lists vary

B. Canonical Process1. Jewish: widely popular up to AD 70

Jerusalem’s fall: voided apocalyptic messages Christian use increased rabbinic rejection



B. Canonical Process2. Christian: widely popular even after AD 70

survival due mostly to churches in easthence, survival in eastern translations (Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, Georgian, Armenian, Silavonic)



C. Types and Subjects1. Types: all kinds of Jewish devotional, religious (apocalyptic, testaments, wisdom, prayer, psalms, odes, oracles, drama, history, romance)

2. Subjects: apocalyptic dominates, so is often theodicy, God’s kingdom, future, with emphasis on doctrines of humanity, sin, judgment, heaven/hell



D. Apocalyptic Genre in Particular1. Context: born out of fires of persecution,

Maccabean period especially, evoking God’s ultimate control of history by timely direct intervention in final battle, judgment

2. Doctrine: theodicy, God’s kingdom, future, with emphasis on doctrines of humanity, sin, judgment, heaven/hell, resurrection, future bliss

2. PseudepigraphaD. Apocalyptic Genre in Particular

3. Prominent Features stereotypical visions, symbolsperiodization of historytwo-age dualism


Apoc./Pseud.


Apoc./Pseud.

TheEnd!

ApocalypticPoint of

View

Human History331 2

1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5 6 7

(Two-Age Dualism)

Jewish Apocalyptic

Roman Rule: The Early Empire

Apoc./Pseud.

Old Age(Evil)

AdamPast & Present

New Age(Good)

Future

Kingdom

of God

Apocalyptic Intervention



E. New Testament Influence1. Possible: Test. Iss. 5:2; Test. Dan 5:3 on Jesus’

saying, “Love the Lord . . . and your neighbor as yourself ”

2. Definite1 Enoch 1:9 quoted in Jude 14–15Assumption of Moses story alluded to in Jude 9

Jewish Literature


QumranRabbinic

Individuals

1. Philo (20 BC–AD 45)A. Alexandrian Judaism

1. Status: family of means, Greek education2. Leader: headed delegation to Caligula3. Apologist: for Jewish religion to Greek culture4. Accommodationist: observant but moderate

B. Interpretive Method1. Allegorist: bridging philosophy to faith2. Doctrine: highly developed Logos doctrine

Jewish Literature—Individuals

Individuals

2. Josephus (37–110)A. Background

1. Priestly family, Pharisaic training2. Galilean commander in Jewish War3. Post-war life in Rome, Flavian family client

B. Writings1. Historian: Antiquities of the Jews, Jewish War2. Apologist: Life, Against Apion

Jewish Literature—Individuals

Individuals

Jewish Literature


QumranRabbinic

Qumran

1. Significance of DiscoveryA. Jewish Text (Reliability)

1. Predates Masoretic text by 1,000 years2. Substantially 99% the same

B. Jewish Eschatology (Importance)1. Vitality and variety of messianic movements2. Fervor of eschatological expectations

C. Jewish Observance (Heterodoxy)1. Prominence of Jewish sects2. Traditions becoming “normative” Judaism

Jewish Literature—Qumran

Qumran

Jewish Literature—Qumran

Qumran2. Writings of Community

A. Biblical Writings1. Law: Leviticus2. Prophets: Isaiah3. Writings: Psalms, Job

B. Community Writings1. Damascus Document2. War Scro$3. Thanksgiving Hymns4. Habakkuk Commentary

Jewish Literature


QumranRabbinicRabbinic

Jewish Literature—Rabbinic

Rabbinic1. Periods of Development of Talmud

A. Scribes (Sopherim, 450–270 BC)1. Ezra’s reforms the catalyst2. “Great Synagogue” tradition (line of authority)

B. Pairs (Zugoth, 175 BC–AD 10) 1. Hasmonean: Alexandra Salome (Simon ben Shatah)

2. Herodian: Hillel and ShammaiMishnah in development (oral tradition)two opposing schools (set positions on taxes, divorce law, etc.)



C. Teachers (Tannaim, AD 10–220)1. Rival schools: Beth Hillel, Beth Shammai2. Revered sages: Gamaliel, Zakkai, Akiba, Judah3. Post-war realities (adjustments, substitutions)

law substituted for the lost templepatriarchate for the lost priesthoodHouse of Hillel for the lost House of Aaron

4. Rabbi Judah I: codifies the oral Mishnah (220)



D. Speakers (Amoraim, AD 220–500)1. Oral traditions continue developing

oral commentary on written Mishnahbecame known as Gemaratwo distinct forms: Palestinian, Babylonian

2. Talmud eventually producedTalmud = Mishnah + Gemaratwo distinct forms: Palestinian, BabylonianFrom Ezra to Talmud = 1000 years


Rabbinic2. Other Literary Deposits

A. Liturgical Tradition1. Synagogue context2. Targums: translations of Scripture readings

B. Commentary Traditions1. Topical context: Mishnah and Gemara2. Versified context: Midrash3. Authority in these contexts

ha)adah: non-binding materialhalakah: legally-binding material


RabbinicCommentary Traditions

Versified ContextMidrash

• Exodus: Mekilta• Leviticus: Siphra• Nm./Dt.: Siphre

Topical ContextMishnah & Gemara• Seeds• Festivals• Women• Damages• Holy Things• Purifications

Oral Tradition Authority• Ha)adah: non-binding material• Halakah: legally-binding material

Liturgical TraditionSynagogue Context

Targums• Aramaic translations• Law: one verse• Prophets: three verses

Mishnah

Pal. Gem. Bab. Gem.

Pal. Talmud Bab. Talmud

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