api rp 1109 (1993) - marking liquid petroleum pipeline facilities

A P I RP*LLOS 93 0732290 0509249 354 m

Marking Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Facilities

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1109 SECOND EDITION, APRIL 1993

L- American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest

Environmental Partnership

Washington, D.C. 20005 11' COPYRIGHT 2002; American Petroleum Institute

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A P I RPULLOS 73 m 0732290 O507250 O76 m


Manufacturing, Distribution and Marketing Department

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1109 SECOND EDITION, APRIL 1993

American Petroleum Institute

COPYRIGHT 2002; American Petroleum Institute


A P I RPULLOS 93 0732290 0509253 T02

SPECIAL NOTES

1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED.

2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANU- FACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS.

3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDI- TIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.

4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT.

5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAF- FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS. SOMETIMES A ONE- TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS REVIEW CYCLE. THIS PUBLICATION WILL NO LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AF- TER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS AN OPERATIVE API STANDARD OR, WHERE AN EXTENSION HAS BEEN GRANTED, UPON REPUBLICATION. STATUS OF THE PUBLICATION CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPART- MENT [TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000]. A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005.

Copyright O 1993 American Petroleum Institute



A P I RP*lt109 93 m 0732290 0509252 949 m

FOREWORD

Liquid petroleum pipelines are, for the most part, buried conduits. As such, they operate safely, quietly, and hidden from view, with little disruption to the public or the surrounding environment. These attributes, which are highly desirable in any mode of transportation, generate the need for an organized system of markers and signs that visually alert the public to the presence of a pipeline and the potential hazards associated with its operation. Strate- gic placement of markers and signs also help the pipeline operator to complete right-of-way inspections and other day-to-day activities.

This recommended practice was prepared by a committee composed of representatives from pipeline operating companies. Its purpose is to present guidelines concerning the design, fabrication, installation, and maintenance of permanently installed pipeline markers and signs.

API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage re- sulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict.

Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Manufac- turing, Distribution and Marketing Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.

iii



API RP*12L09 93 W 0732290 0509253 885 W

CONTENTS

SECTION 1"GENERAL .............................................................................. 1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................... 1.2 Conformance to API's Environmental Mission and

Guiding Principles ........................................................................................... 1.3 Definition of Terms ......................................................................................... 1.4 Conflicting Requirements ............................................................................... 1.5 Referenced Publications ..................................................................................

MARKING PRACTICE ..................................................... 2.1 General Description. Use. and Placement ....................................................... 2.2 Types of Posts ................................................................................................. 2.3 Line Markers ................................................................................................... 2.4 Other Markers ................................................................................................. 2.5 Installation .......................................................................................................

SECTION 2-BURIED PIPELINE FACILITY

Page

1 1

SECTION 3"ABOVEGROUND PIPELINE FACILITY MARKING PRACTICE ..................................................... 4

3.1 Pipelines .......................................................................................................... 4 3.2 Pipeline Facilities Signs .................................................................................. 4 3.3 Sign Placement ................................................................................................ 4

SECTION LINSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE ........................ 4

Figures l-Examples of Cross Country Right-of-way Markings ...................................... 2-Examples of Cross Country Markers and Signs .............................................. 3-Line Markers .................................................................................................... 4-Line Marker ..................................................................................................... 5-Examples of Surface Markers .......................................................................... &Pipeline Signs for Navigable Waterways ......................................................... 7-Typical Aerial Markers .................................................................................... 8-Typical Pipeline Facility Signs ........................................................................

5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12

V



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SECTION 1-GENERAL

1.1 Scope 1.1.1 This recommended practice addresses the permanent marking of liquid petroleum pipeline transportation facilities. It covers the design, message, installation, placement, inspection, and maintenance of markers and signs on pipeline facilities located onshore and at inland waterway crossings. Markers and signs indicate the presence of a pipeline facility and warn of the potential hazards associated with its presence and operation. The markers and signs may contain information to be used by the public when reporting emergencies and seeking assistance in determining the precise location of a buried pipeline.

1.1.2 The provisions of this recommended practice cover the minimum marker and sign requirements for liquid petroleum pipeline facilities. Alternative markers, which are recommended for some locations under certain circumstances, are also discussed. The pipeline operator is responsible for determining the extent of pipeline marking and the level of public communication necessary. Consideration should be given to the risk of pipeline failure or damage; hazardous characteristics of the commodity being transported; and the pipeline’s proximity to industrial, commercial, residential, and environmentally sensitive areas. Several examples of markers and signs with locations are illustrated in Figures 1, 2, 6, and 7. The pipeline marking and communication programs are also integral parts of the pipeline operator’s maintenance and emergency plans.

1.1.3 This recommended practice is not intended to be applied retroactively. Its recommendations are for new con- struction and for normal marker maintenance programs subsequent to the effective date of this edition.

1.2 Conformance to APl’s Environmental Mission and Guiding Principles

This recommended practice has been reviewed to deter- mine if it conforms to API’s Environmental Mission and Guiding Principles.’ It has been determined that because this recommended practice directly addresses safety and environmental issues, it does conform to API’s Environmental Mis-

‘Charter and Bylaws of the American Petroleum Institute, American Petro- leum Institute, Washington, D.C.. April 3, 1991.

sion and Guiding Principles. The following guiding principles have been determined to be especially relevant to this recommended practice:

o To operate our plants and facilities and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public.

0 To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes.

o To advise promptly appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures.

o To commit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation.

o To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, work- place and environment.

1.3 Definition of Terms 1.3.1 Hazardous liquid refers to petroleum, petroleum products, or anhydrous ammonia.

1.3.2 Line marker refers to a device used to identify the presence of a pipeline facility. This device contains certain information and employs a method of presenting that information, as specified in 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 195.

1.3.3 Liquid petroleum refers to crude oil, condensate, nat- ural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, and liquid petroleum products.

1.3.4 Other markers refer to any type of device used to identify the presence of a pipeline facility solely for the ben- efit of a pipeline operator.

1.3.5 A pipeline operator is any individual, firm, joint venture, partnership, corporation, association, state, munic- ipality, and cooperative association, including any trustee, receiver, assigned or personal representative thereof, who owns and operates a pipeline system.

1.3.6 A pipeline faciliry refers to new and existing pipe, rights-of-way, and any equipment or building used in the transportation of liquid petroleum.

1.3.7 A pipeline system refers to all parts of a pipeline facility through which liquid petroleum is transported. This in- cludes, but is not limited to, pipe; valves and other appurtenances connected to the pipe; pumping units, along with the fabricated assemblies associated with the pumping units; metering and delivery stations and fabricated assemblies therein; and breakout tanks.

1



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2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1109

1.4 Conflicting Requirements ASME’ B3 1.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocar-

bons, Liquid, Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammo- nia, and Alcohols

If any provisions of this recommended practice present a direct or implied conflict with any statutory regulation, the regulation shall govern. However, if this recommended practice’s recommendations are more stringent than the require- RSPA3 ments of the regulation, then the recommendations presented 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 195 (“Transporta- herein should be considered. tion of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline”)

1.5 Referenced Publications ‘American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017. 3Research and Special Programs Administration, U. S. Department of

The recent editions Of the standards, Transportation, The Code of Federal Regulations is available from the US. codes, and specifications are cited in this publication: Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

SECTION 2”BURIED PIPELINE FACILITY MARKING PRACTICE

2.1 General Description, Use, and Placement

2.1.1 Permanent pipeline facility markers and signs are used to convey information relative to the following:

a. The presence of a liquid petroleum pipeline facility. b. A potential hazard. c. The contacting of the pipeline operator for any of the following:

l . The precise location of the buried pipeline. 2. An authorization to cross or occupy the pipeline rights- of-way. 3. Emergencies.

Numerous methods can be used to indicate the presence of buried pipeline. The recommended method is aboveground markers and signs.

2.1.2 In some instances, the successful completion of var- ious day-to-day activities requires a pipeline operator to readily locate buried pipelines. In these instances, consideration should be given to installing markers or signs at fence lines, property lines, right-of-way boundaries, water crossings, and aboveground crossings.

2.1.3 When line markers are installed, locations should be chosen to meet the requirements of 49 Code of Federal Reg- ulations Part 195.

2.1.4 Examples of cross country right-of-way markings are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

2.2 Types of Posts Posts may be made of any materials that will ensure ade-

quate strength, stiffness, visibility, and durability. To main-

tain structural integrity and appearance, some post materials require surface protection against above- and belowground corrosion or weathering. A proven coating system that pro- vides a suitable finish and nonfading color should be selected for this purpose. The following criteria should be applied in the selection of marker posts:

a. Metal pipe posts should be straight, sound, and have a nominal diameter of 2 inches or larger. b. Metal structures designed for use as posts may be used. c. Straight posts made from debarked trees and treated with a pressure-applied chemical preservative may be used. The smaller end of such posts should not be less than 8 inches in diameter. Wood posts are not recommended where brush or grass fires may be expected. d. Square precast reinforced-concrete posts having a minimum cross-sectional area of 16 square inches may be used. Special conditions, such as spalling during freeze and thaw cycles, should be considered when specifying material for these types of posts. e. Posts made of Polyvinyl-chloride (PVC), Polyethylene, and fiberglass may be used. Materials used, however, should be resistant to ultraviolet exposure and suited to the environment where installed (see Figure 3). f. Other materials are acceptable provided they meet the general criteria discussed above. Materials used should be resistant to ultraviolet exposure and suited to the environment where installed.

2.3 Line Markers 2.3.1 Part 195 of 49 Code of Federal Regulations requires that certain information be presented on line markers in lettering of a certain size and stroke. The regulations further require that line markers be placed over all buried pipeline at



API RP+LLO9 93 m 0732290 050925b 594 m

MARKING LIQUID PETROLEUM PIPELINE FACILITIES 3 ” - ”

O each public road crossing, at each railroad crossing, and in sufficient numbers along the remainder of each buried pipeline so that its location is accurately known.

2.3.2 The line marker’s message should be presented on strong, durable material finished to resist the effects of exposure and vandalism. The message should state at least the following: “WARNING,” followed by the words “PETRO- LEUM [or the name of the liquid petroleum transported] PIPELINE.” The lettering should be at least 1 inch high with an approximate stroke of inch on a background of sharply contrasting color. It should also contain the name of the pipeline operator with a telephone number, including an area code, where the pipeline operator can be reached at all times.

2.3.3 The line markers depicted in Figures 3 and 4 are appropriate for general use by the liquid petroleum pipeline industry. The dimensions, wording, colors, and configuration shown on the figures are recommended for good visibility. The size and style of the lettering identifying the pipeline o p erator are optional. A trademark or other identifying symbol may appear as part of the pipeline operator’s identification.

2.3.4 Caution should be used when installing a line marker anywhere other than directly over or in proximity to the buried pipeline to avoid any possible misinterpretation as to

”

O where the actual pipeline is located. ..

2.4 Other Markers

2.4.1 The pipeline operator may use markers and signs other than line markers to aid in determining the locations of the pipeline. Examples of such markers are listed below:

a. Aerial patrol markers. b. Prominently colored posts at fences, and right-of-way lim- its of roads and railroads. c. Markers at banks of water crossings. d. Stencilled markings on the surface of pavements (see Figure 5). e. Buried tape. f. Casing vents. g. Cathodic protection test stations. h. Any other kind of marker the operator recognizes as necessary in such locations.

2.4.2 When signs are used to identify pipeline crossings at navigable waterways they should contain the words “DO NOT ANCHOR OR DREDGE.” The sign’s lettering should not be less than 12 inches high, with an approximate stroke of 1% inch on a background of sharply contrasting color. This lettering is in addition to the information recommended in 2.3.2. Because government agencies or authorities may share jurisdiction over certain navigable waterways, the specifications for and placement of markers for a particular O

waterway should satisfy those joint requirements. Many agencies accept or adopt the requirements of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Figure 6 shows an appropriate navigable waterway sign.

2.4.3 The pipeline operator may elect to place markers of special design in particular locations where current or pro- jected activities of others may warrant their installation. Consideration should be given to whether the markers are for temporary or permanent service.

2.4.4 Aerial patrol markers should be used along the routes of pipelines that are patrolled by aircraft. Figure 7 is an example of a typical aerial marker. Aerial markers should be placed at locations where they can easily be identified from the air.

2.5 Installation 2.5.1 Typically, the message portion of any marker is at- tached to, or is an integral part of, a post of the type de- scribed in 2.2. Consideration should also be given to attaching the message portion of any marker to pipeline vent pipes, fences, fence posts, or other existing posts to reduce the overall clutter at the site, provided that in the case of line markers, the requirements noted in 2.3.1 are met.

2.5.2 The following factors should be considered in determining the depth to bury marker posts:

a. Post material. b. Method of installation. c. Type of soil. d. State of soil consolidation. e. Depth of frost line and propensity of soil to heave. f. Size, shape, height, and weight of the pipeline marker as- sembly. g. Exposure to external forces such as wind, high water, cur- rents, large livestock, or wildlife. h. Depth of pipeline to be marked.

2.5.3 Aboveground markers should be sufficiently ele- vated to allow them to be clearly viewed from a distance, and to allow them to remain visible above normal vegetation or snow accumulation. A minimum height of 4 feet above grade is recommended.

2.5.4 When necessary, the post holes should be backfilled with concrete.

2.5.5 When installing posts, caution should be exercised to avoid any other underground structures.

2.5.6 The bottom of posts may be modified or fitted with transverse members to inhibit unauthorized removal or ejec- tion by frost heaving.




SECTION 3-ABOVEGROUND PIPELINE FACILITY MARKING PRACTICE

3.1 Pipelines pipeline operator with a telephone number, including an area code, where the pipeline operator can be reached at all times.

line markers be installed at locations where the pipeline is name of he facility, a mailing ad&ess, instructions, prohibi- aboveground in areas that are accessible to the public.

part l95 of49 code Of Re¿?uiarions requires that The signs may also contain other data, such as the type or

tions, and warnings.

3.2 Pipeline Facilities Signs 3.3 Sign Placement

Pipeline facilities such as stations, terminals, tank farms, valves, metering or pipeline junction manifolds should be Pipeline facility signs should be placed on all sides of the marked with appropriate signs. Figure 8 shows examples of facility, at the facility entrance or entrances, and in sufficient such signs. These signs should contain the name of the numbers so that the facility is clearly identified.

SECTION 4-INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

The inspection and maintenance of markers and signs should be a part of the pipeline operator’s regular maintenance procedures. Markers and signs, along with their supporting structures, should be maintained in their original state of effectiveness. Damaged, defaced, or missing markers and signs should be replaced. Markers and signs should not be obscured by vegetation. Markers and signs whose effectiveness has been compromised by construc- tion or development should be relocated to restore effective marking.



'API RP*LLOS 93.- 0732290 0509258 367

MARKING LIQUID PETROLEUM PIPELINE FACILITIES 5

I- 5-35

"X- -+

a I- X-

5-35'

\

a Notes: 1. W= right-of-way 2. P.L.= property line

Line marker or vent pipe

Aerial marker

Line marker with

r 4

I

"

I

/

i P

W *

X -

Line marker post- no warning message

Line marker with warning message

Creek crossing


R N , P.L. or fence - X X-

,. W, P.L. or fence

X Fence

r 4

I

" "

I 4

/

i P L

W *

X- Fence


Line marker with warning message

Creek crossing


X- Fence

Figure 1-Examples of Cross Country Right-of-way Markings



A P I RP*LLOS 93 m 0732290 0509259 2T3 m

6 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1109 ""

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A P I RP*LLO9 93 H O732290 O509260 T L 5 m


3.75" O.D. -

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BEFORE EXCAVATING

OR IN AN EMERGENCY CALL COLLECT

311mooMo

IBC PIPE LINE COMPANY ANMOWN, KANSAS

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Figure 3-Line Markers



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Legend

Black

Bi! Yellow

0 Red

Notes: 1. Recommended color samples of the red and yellow to be used on this sign are available on loan from the American Petroleum Institute's Manufacturing, Distribution and Marketing Department. 2. Minor variations in letter style are acceptable provided that the minimum letter size and stroke width recommendations in 2.3.2. are accepted. 3. Sign to have 4% inch holes on 11 inches b.c. at vertical and horizontal centerlines.

Figure 4-Line Marker



A P I R P * l l O S 9 3 m 0732290 0509262 898 W


Paint operator's choice of colors or stencil over pipeline

~

Pipeline

Paint strip of operator's choice

Plate anchored with warning message at ground level

/Ground level

Pipeline

Figure 5-Examples of Surface Markers



A P I RP+LLOS 93 m 0732290 0509263 724 m ~~

10 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 11 O9

5 a



A P I R P * L l O S 93 m 0732290 0509264 b b 0 m

MARKING LIQUID PETROLEUM PIPELINE FACILITIES

Tack weld ' plate 6" x 16" plate ' 12" x 1 V plate

1 Figure Marker

for one, two. and three figures r

O P a 3 v)

O

. 2 Figure Marker Ground line

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- . . . 3' O"

m I . I I I I I I

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3 Figure Marker

Use sharply contrasting colors

Figure 7-Typical Aerial Markers



A P I RP*LLOS 93 0732290 0509265 5T7 H

12 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 11 O9

20" 4 b

WARNING PETROLEUM PIPELINE FACILITY

THEFT OR DAMAGE OF PROPERTY IN CUSTODY OF INTERSTATE PIPELINES IS A FEDERAL OFFENSE

VIOLATORS WILL BE PROSECUTED

ABC PIPE LINE COMPANY IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY

CALL COLLECT 3 1 1 -000-0000

ABC PIPE LINE COMPANY

ANYTOWN

STATION IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY

CALL COLLECT 3 1 1 -000-0000

40"

Figure 8-Typical Pipeline Facility Signs



A P I RP*:LLOS 93 9 0732290 O509266 433 9

Order No. 831-11090

1-014004/93-5C (1E)



A P I RP*lJlJOS 93 D 0732230 0509267 37T D

American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street. Northwest



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