APHICAL DETAILS ANDRETICAlCONTEXT

An innovative und ptolHic political geog-rapher, Gearoid () '1\,tHhnii (Cerard Toal]was born in the HqHlblic of Ireland in1962. Growing up in Counly Monaghanon the border \IV lih Northe-rn Irelandwas among the influences Lliilf pushed 6'Iuat hail to study polltical gvogf";lphy. Hegraduated with a joint BA hi hi:;tmy andgeography in 1982 from SI. l"llril'l\',·; Col-lege in Maynooth (now the Nali,"li1) Uni-versity of Ireland, Maynoolh). o Tual hailcompleted his Master's degree at the l in i-versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaignunder the direction of John ()'Luughlin,and moved to Syracuse University where,supervised by John Agnew and politicillscientist David Sylvan, he completed hisPhD entitled 'Critical geopolit it's: thesocial construction of place and spacein the practice of statecraft' (0 Tuathail,1989). 0 Tuathail has taught at the Uni-versity of Liverpool, University of South-ern California, University of Minnesota,and Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University.

His first publication argued for a 'newgeopolitics' that was 'much more critical'than traditional evaluations of nationalinterest and policy recommendation (0'Iuathail, 1986: 73). Defining geo-politics

as political discourse structured 'by eitherexplicit reference to geographical locationand concepts or by use of certain implic-itly geographical policy rationalizations(e.g. Lebensraum, domino theory, contain-ment, expansionism)', 6 Tuathail (1986:73-4) examined US-EL Salvador relationsfrom the 1823 Monroe Doctrine to the1980s Reagan administration. 'Americanforeign policy', 6 Tuathail (1986: 83) con-cluded, 'aims to perpetuate, secure andreaffirm the American way of life. Partof insuring the survival and prosperityof large industrial states such as Americainvolves dominating, controlling and influ-encing: His subsequent article assessingUS foreign policy, co-authored with JohnAgnew (1992), 'precipitated a researchagenda which conceptualized geopoliticsas a form of political discourse ratherthan simply a descriptive term intendedto cover the study of foreign policy andgrand statecraft' (Dodds, 2001: 469).

In their paper, 6 Thathail and Agnew(1992: 192) argued that geo-politics mustbe studied as 'a discursive practice bywhich intellectuals of statecraft "spatial-ize" international politics in such a wayas to represent it as a "world" character-ized by particular types of places, peoplesand dramas'. Focusing on internationalrelations and foreign policy-making, 0'Iuathail and Agnew (1992: 194)maintainedthat the speeches and writings of politi-cians, diplomats, policy advisors and themedia comprise 'geopolitical reasoning'.These statements can be analysed, not to

structured 'by either ;eographicallocation se of certain implic­licy rationalizations lino theory, contain­, 6 Tuathail (1986: IL Salvador relations -oe Doctrine to the .istration. 'American rthail (1986: 83) con­petuate, secure and III way of life. Part ivaI and prosperity tes such as America :ontrolling and influ­~nt article assessing authored with John ipitated a research )tualized geopolitics al discourse rather Jtive term intended : foreign policy and ds, 2001: 469). lUathail and Agnew at geo-politics must cursive practice by f statecraft "spatial­itics in such a way 1 "world" character­~s of places, peoples 19 on international l policy-making, 6 192: 194) maintained i writings of politi­:y advisors and the political reasoning'. be analysed, not to

Gear6id 6Tuathail (Gerard Toal)

see whether they are truthful, but rather to critically examine the effects that using certain terms and language have on the practice and impact of interna­tional relations. Painter (1995: 146) thus argues that the research agenda initiated by 6 Tuathail ' s work is 'concerned par­ticularly with the "texts" of international politics', what they mean and how they are used, rather than political events in themselves.

Evaluating geo-politics stimulated a reshaping of political geography in the 1990s, and contrasted with examinations of the geographical facts of politics and state relations. 6 Tuathail and Agnew

I . (1992) argued there was a need to assess how 'geopolitical reasoning' constructs representations of states, territories and political regimes through discourse and how people utilise these discursive under­standings to explain events, envision international relations and justify foreign policy actions. This research agenda, therefore, was a departure from existing studies within political geography con­

i cerned with state formation , contestedI national borders and territories, national­I I ism and secession," voting patterns, geo­I graphical impacts of wars and conceptsr

such as world-systems theory, state the­ory and sovereignty (Painter, 1995; Atkin­son and Dodds, 2000; Dodds, 2001).

,...... ,. , ".­

SPATIAL CONTRleUTIONS

6 Tuathail's key contribution to debates on space and place has been his espousal of a critical theory of geo-politics. Tradi­tionally, geo-politics is how state analysts, military or other, interpret the territorial operation of state power and visualise

spatial control. In contrast, 6 Tuathail argues for a critical geo-politics that rec­ognises and exposes geo-political asser­tions and makes 'informed critiques of the spatializing practices of pow er' (6 Tuathail and Dalby, 1994: 513). Influenced by the end of the Cold War and postmodern, post­structuralist, feminist and psychoanalytic theories, critical geo-politics problematises political discourses, examines their spatial assumptions, questions power relations and challenges the role of the state and how its institutional analysts envision the world. () 'I\.tathail draws on Foucault's understanding of governmentality to argue that the articulation of 'geo-power' over both people and territory is a critical function of modern statehood. '[M]y con­cern', states 6 Tuathail (1996a: 11), 'is the power struggle between different societies over the right to speak sovereignly about geography, space and territory.' Utilising Derrida to assess and deconstruct politi­cal discourse, 6 Tuathail (1996a: 66-7) proposes that geo-graphy and geo-politics can be hyphenated to emphasise the proc­ess of discourse in writing or 'scripting... global space by state-society intellectuals and institutions '.

Drawing on such diverse theoretical traditions and conversant in contempo­rary international relations theories, 6 Tuathail productively integrated these app­roaches to generate analyses that interro­gated contemporary international politi­cal discourse and stressed the importance to statecraft of geographical representa­tions. Indeed, this is one of 6 Tuathail 's most significant geographical contribu­tions. Critical geo-politics made issues of space and political geography pertinent to the discipline of international relations and its practitioners, introducing geographical analyses to intellectual debates and scholars that had largely ignored these perspectives. Critical geo-politics, therefore, is inter­disciplinary and 6 Tuathail has been at the

forefront of developing this field of study, editing books and special issues of major journals on the topic (e.g., 6 Thathail and Dalby, 1994; 1998a; Dalby and 6 Thathail, 1996; Herod et al., 1998; 6 Thathail et al. , 1998).

In his book Critical Geopolitics, 6 Thathail (1996a) deconstructs the canon of late nineteenth- and early twentieth­century gco-poiitical texts by Rudolf Kjellen, Friedrich Ratzel, Karl Haush­ofer and Halford Mackinder, exposing their assumptions of political power and paying attention to their constructions of space, race and gender. Traditional geo-politics was a science for men who sought to know and control territory and 6 1\wthail (1996a: 82) contends that Mackinder envisioned British East Africa (Kenya) 'as a feminized space to be pen­etrated, a territory reached by others but not yet conquered'. Further, 6 Thathail (1996a: 111-29) examines both the fact and fictionalisation of Haushofer and Nazi geo-politics in US magazines Life and Reader's Digest and the movie Plan for Destruction (1943). These examples are contrasted with other geo-political texts produced at the time, such as those by US foreign policy analyst Robert Strausz­Hupe, an Austrian emigre to the US. Crit­ical Geopolitics also includes studies of the writings by conservative (post-) Cold War US intellectuals Samuel Huntington and Edward Luttwak (6 Thathail, 1996a).

6 Tuathail has also developed a number of concepts for critically analysing geo­political reasoning, dividing geo-political discourse into 'popular geopolitics' - evi­dent in the mass media, movies and popular culture; 'practical geopolitics' - apparent in foreign policy and state bureaucracy; and 'formal geopolitics' produced in think­tanks and academic venues (6 Thathail and Dalby, 1998b). Diagrammatically outlining how this tripartite division intertwines to 'comprise the geopolitical culture of a par­ticular region, state or inter-state alliance',

Key Thinkers on Space and Place

to produce a 'spatializing of boundaries and dangers' and to construct 'geopoliti cal representations of self and other', () Thathail and Dalby (1998b: 5) maintain that geo-politics are socio-cultural phc nomena evident in everyday life.

Geo-political representations are pro­duced and consumed in myriad ways, from tabloid newspaper headlines and Hollywood films, to presidential speeches advocating military action. Examining the 'geopolitical condition ' of contemporary international politics, 6 Thathail (2000b; 2002b) argues that processes like glo · balization, telecommunications and the 'world risk society ' are challenging extant ways of thinking about state borders, ter ritory, power, defence and security. With world leaders lauding the possibilities oj

the internet, biotechnology and telecom munications for capital , industry and sci ence, many are simultaneously worried that these advances could get into th(' 'wrong hands' and generate new threals to state security. 6 Thathail (e.g., 2002b) expands critical geo-politics beyond dis course analysis, to address the 'geopoliti cal world order' of state alliances, global relations of production, consumption and the spatial processes of trade or 'geopo litical economy' and world 'techno-terri torial complexes' that, through scientific advances, the acceleration of transporlH tion and communications and their utili sations, re-shape power relations within. between and beyond states.

The range of topics across 6 Tuathail' :, numerous publications suggests that many can find material to resonate with th~'il

own interests. Alongside re-evaluations ot the discourse of foreign policy debates and interviews with major figures within till' geo-political canon (e.g., 1992; 1994; 2000W 2001; 2005a; 2006; 2008a), 6 Tuathail, oftell presciently, examines contemporary isstl l'.<, These include case studies of the inters!', tion of politics and control over territory such as the 1991 Gulf War (e.g., 1997). IIlI'

Gear6id 6Tuathail (Gerard Toa

Balkan Wars of the early aftermath (e.g., 1996a; 19S 2006; 6 Thathail and Dahl Dahlman and 6 Thathail Russia and crises in the tains in the 2000s (e.g., and 6 Thathail, 2007; 0 2004; 2006; 2008). One sl reports by Maggie O'Kan daily newspaper The Gua: 'anti-geopolitics' scripted E of horrors where the West but implicitly maintaine remains a place that is bE ern political sphere (6 1 182). 6 Thathail's initial ( Bosnia in US policy discou: applauded; Smith (2000: 3E comprise 'the most fertile ous critique of a geo-pol Working with Carl Dahlrr: advanced his analyses of I paring official political dis( guage and practical impa and legislation, and persol recounted by interviewees. the often brutal process of ing established new 'facts I

that shaped subsequent Ie and created 'new landscape and housing settlements ' (C

Dahlman, 2006: 305), 6 1\ critical geo-politics to interr material and discursive pI formation.

KEY ~DVANCES AND CONTROVERSIES.:

In the name of heterogen( ibility, 6 Tuathail frequ defining 'critical geopoliti tics', 'territory', 'space' and

vThinkers on Space and Place

Jatializing of boundaries d to construct 'geopoliti­illS of self and other', 6 llby (1998b: 5) maintain

are socio-cultural phe­in everyday life. representations are pro­mmed in myriad ways, ~wspaper headlines and :, to presidential speeches iry action. Examining the ldition' of contemporary litics, 6 Thathail (2000b; that processes like glo­ommunications and the ty' are challenging extant ; about state borders, ter­:fence and security. With uding the possibilities of ,technology and telecom­capital, industry and sci­simultaneously worried

nces could get into the .nd generate new threats . 6 Tuathail (e.g., 2002b) geo-politics beyond dis­

to address the' geopoliti­of state alliances, global

uction, consumption and csses of trade or 'geopo­and world 'techno-terri­, that, through scientific :celeration of transporta­nications and their utili­power relations within,

·ond states. opics across 6 Thathail's ltions suggests that many I to resonate with their ::mgside re-evaluations of )reign policy debates and najor figures within the 1 (e.g., 1992; 1994; 2000a; . 2008a), 6 Thathail, often nes contemporary issues. e studies of the intersec­,d control over territory, }ulf War (e.g., 1997), the

Gear6id 6Tuathail (Gerard Toal)

Balkan Wars of the early 1990s and their aftermath (e.g., 1996a; 1996b; 1999; 2002a; 2006; 6 Thathail and Dahlman, 2004; 2006; Dahlman and 6 Tuathail, 2005a; 2005b), Russia and crises in the Caucus Moun­tains in the 2000s (e.g., 2008b; Kolossov and 6 Thathail, 2007; O'Loughlin et aI., 2004; 2006; 2008). One study, centred on reports by Maggie O'Kane in the British daily newspaper The Guardian, argues an 'anti-geopolitics' scripted Bosnia as a place of horrors where the West must intervene, but implicitly maintained that Bosnia remains a place that is beyond the West­ern political sphere (6 Thathail, 1996b: 182). 6 Thathail's initial examinations of Bosnia in US policy discourse were widely applauded; Smith (2000: 365) claimed they comprise 'the most fertile and adventur­ous critique of a geo-political tradition'. Working with Carl Dahlman, 6 Thathail advanced his analyses of Bosnia by com­paring official political discourse, the lan­guage and practical impacts of treaties and legislation, and personal experiences recounted by interviewecs. Exploring how the often brutal process of ethnic cleans­ing established new 'facts on the ground' that shaped subsequent land allocations and created 'new landscapers] of land plots and housing settlements' (6 Thathail and Dahlman, 2006: 305), 6 Thathail extends critical geo-politics to interrogate both the material and discursive process of state formation.

KEY ADVANCES AND CONTROVERSIES

In the name of heterogeneity and flex­ibility, 6 Thathail frequently avoids defining 'critical geopolitics', 'geopoli­tics', 'territory', 'space' and 'sovereignty'.

Some critics question such definitional malleability, claiming that this, coupled with the diverse philosophical sources drawn upon by 6 Thathail, produce 'theoretically inconstant' assessments (Stephanson, 2000: 381). Others con­tend that 6 l'uathaiJ's work represents an 'extreme' critical geopolitics and is too dismissive of, and 'disinterest[ed], in, theorisation (Kelly, 2006: 35, 40). Fur­ther, Kelly (2006: 42-3) maintains that although 6 Thathail and colleagues have taken the understanding of geo-politics beyond current thought and practice in political science, despite their suggestion that a critical approach is a step towards 'emancipation' and 'the ending of hege­monic exploitation,' critical geo-politics offers 'neither a clear characterisation of a better society nor a specific road map for attaining such an improvement.'

Critical Geopolitics (6 'I'uathail, 1996a) was well received. Heffernan (2000: 347) comments that the book is '[i]maginative, intellectually ambitious ... engaging [and] outstanding' and Sharp (2000: 361) claims Critical Geopolitics to be 'vital'. The text stimulated a symposium at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers in 1997, subsequently pub­lished in Political Geography. In the ensu­ing debate, three contentions emerged. Firstly, 6 'I'uathail is challenged for over­relying on textual data to the detriment of other empirical materials, such as maps, something that is curious given the impor­tance of visual representation to both the geographical imagination and foreign pol­icy strategy (see Heffernan, 2000; Smith, 2000; Sparke, 2000; Stephanson, 2000) . Secondly, issues of embodiment and posi­tionality of both author and subjects were raised; as were, thirdly, contentions that 6 Thathail's text is inadvertently elitist, focus­ing on a few 'great men' in the field of geo­politics (Sharp, 2000), some suggesting that 6 Thathail does not do enough to locate himself outside this canon. Dodds (1998)

Key Thinkers on Space and Place

adds that 6 Tuathail's focus is over­ to intellectual games of deconstruction w helmingly Anglo-American. rather than empirical assessments of the

In sum, critics suggest tbat 6 Tuathail material impacts of geo-politics on peo­is guilty of what he aenlties in others - an ple's Jives. 6 Thathail (2000c) responded to assertion of a transn:lldclllal viewpoint these challenges, and his subsequent work from where the world ,mel its political demonstrates an expansion of critical geo­order can be viewed t ht' lIi rference being politics beyond the texts of policy elites to that 6 Tuathail lakes il nnmtcrhegemonic studies detailing the processes of post-war rather than hegenH1ni(' pt'rspective. Sharp house building and settlement in Bosnia (2000) maintains thilt () 'J'uillhail elides and examining geo-political discourse in geo-political discours('.'iill other fields, popular films such as 200 J 's Behind Enemy such as popular cu lture, nnd Smith (2000: Lilies (61uathail, 2005b). Stimulated by 6 367) maintains that illtllOl1gh 6 Tuathail TuallHlil's influential contributioll to 'criti­is sensitive to ' [rleading r;lcc and gender Cil] geopolitics' - he magnanimollsly cred­into the texts of geopolitics', lhit> 'is simul­ its Peter Taylor with c()ining this term taneously ... a way ur reil<ling class out'. during disclissioll at thc University of Stephanson (2000: 3HZ) charges that 6 Illinois (() 'l\wthail, 20(0) - contemporary '}\wthail's 'attack on tot,ililliltioll ' in geo­ analysis of political discourscs and their political discourse and t(ln'i)!,11 policy itself cOllstructions of spatial powcr relations 'hln1S out ... to be a totallY,at iOI)', reducing are hence advancing political geography the power of 6 Thathail's inluTogation into significant new arenas.

6Tuathail's KEY WORKS

Herod, A., 6 Tuat/1ail, G. and Roberts, S (edo) (1098) An Unruly World? Geography, Globalization and Governance. London: Routledge.

6Tuathail, G. (1996f1) Critical Geopolitics: Tlw P(1lilics of Writing Global Space. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 6 Tuathail, G. and Agnew, J. (1992) 'Geopolitic,; Hnd discourse: practical geopolitical reasoning and American foreign policy',

Political Geography, 11: 190-204. 6Tuathail, G. und Dahlman, C. (2006) "The West !lallkof the Drina": land allocation and ethnic engineering in Republika Srpska',

Transactions of the Institute of British Geogl"pliu/s, 3'1: 304-22. 6Tuathall, G. and Dalby, S. (eds) (1998a) Retliilli!ing Geopolitics. London: Routledge. oTuathail, G, Dalby, S. and Routledge, P (ads) (199(3) A Geopolitics Reader. London: Routledge.

- '.. 'J

Secondary Sources and References

Atkinson, D. and Dodds, K. (2000) 'Introduction to geopolitical traditions: a century of geopolitical thought', in K. Dodds and D. Atkinson (eds). Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought. London: Routledge. pp. 1-24.

Dahlman, C. and 6 Tuathail, G. (2005a) 'Broken Bosnia: the localized geopolitics of displacement and return in two Bosnian places', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95: 644-62.

Gear6id 6Tualhail (Gerard Toa.

Dahlman, C. and 6 Tuathail, G. (20C Geography, 24: 569-99.

Dalby, S. and 6Tuathail, G. (1996) 'Edi knowledge and power', Political Gt;

Dodds, K. (1998) 'Review of Critical G Dodds, K. (2001) 'Political geography Heffernan, M. (2000) 'Balancing visior Kelly, P. (2006) 'A critique of critical ge Kolossov, V. and 6 Tuathail, G. (2007)

Eurasian Geography and Economh Oloughlin , J., 6 Tuathail, G. and Kolo,

Asia Studies, 56: 3-34. Oloughlin, J, 6Tuath ail ,G. and Kolm

Eurasian Geography and Economic Oloughlin, J, 6 Tuathail , G. and Kolo,

Rayon, North Ossetia', Eurasian GE 6Tuathail, G. (1986) The language am

Quarterly, 5: 73-85. 6Tuathail, G. (1989) 'Critical geopolitic:

dissertation, Syracuse University, S) 6 Tuathail, G. (1992) 'Putting Mackinde oTuathail, G. (1994) 'The critical readi

Human Geography, 18: 313-32. 6 Tuathail, G. (1996b) 'An anti-geopoliti 6Tuathail, G. (1997 [1993]) The effaCE

Political Geography: A Reader Lond, 6 Tuathail, G. (1999) 'A strategic sign: tl

Society and Space, 17: 515-33. 6Tuathail, G. (2000a) 'Spiritual geopoli

Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of 6 Tuathall, G. (2000b) The postmoderr

of the Association of American Geo! 6 Tuathail, G. (2001) 'A geopolitical disl 6Tuathail, G. (2002a) Theorizing pra(

21.601-28. 6 Tuathail , G. (2002b) 'Post-Cold Wa

P. Taylor and M. Watts (eds). Geogl 6 Tuathail, G. (2005a) 'Geopolitical disl

167- 83. 6 Tuathail, G. (2005b) The frustrations

culture', Geopolitics, 10: 356-77. 6Tuathail , G. (2006) 'Geopolitical diSCI

tics, 11141-58. 6 Tuathail, G. (2008a) The Hamiltoniar 6 Tuathail, G. (2008b) 'Russia's Kosov,

and Economics, 49: 670-705. 6 Tuathail, G. and Dahlman , C. (200,

Eurasian Geography and Economic; 6Tuathail, G. and Dalby, S. (1994) 'Ed

Environment and Planning 0: Socie, 6 Tuathail, G. and Dalby, S. (1998b)'

S. Dalby (eds), Rethinking Geopoliti, Painter, J. (1995) Politics, Geography a Sharp, J. P. (2000) 'Remasculinising g'

19: 361-4.

vThinkers on Space and Place

~ames of deconstruction irical assessments of the ; of geo-politics on peo­thail (2000c) responded to and his subsequent work expansion of critical geo­he texts of policy elites to the processes of post-war md settlement in Bosnia ~eo-political discourse in :h as 2001 ' s Behind Enemy , 2005b). Stimulated by 6 ltial contribution to 'criti­he magnanimously cred­- with coining this term n at the University of lil, 2000) - contemporary cal discourses and their spatial power relations

lcing political geography ewarenas.

Jalization and Governance. London:

University of Minnesota Press. )ning and American foreign policy',

ic engineering in Republika Srpska',

!dge.

)olitical thought', in K. Dodds and edge. pp. 1-24. :ement and return in two Bosnian

Gear6id 6Tuathail (Gerard Toal)

Dahlman, C. and 6 Tuathail , G. (2005b) 'The legacy of ethnic cleansing: the returns process in post-Dayton Bosnia', Political Geography, 24: 569-99.

Dalby, S. and 6 Tuathail, G. (1996) 'Editorial introduction: the critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power', Political Geography, 15: 451-6.

Dodds, K. (1998) 'Review of Critical Geopolitics', Economic Geography, 74: 77-9. Dodds, K. (2001) 'Political geography III: critical geopolitics after ten years' , Progress in Human Geography, 25: 469-84. Heffernan, M. (2000) 'Balancing visions: comments on Gear6id 6 Tuathail's critical geopolitics', Political Geography, 19: 347-52. Kelly, P. (2006) 'A critique of critical geopolitics', Geopolitics, 11: 24-53. Kolossov,V. and 6 Tuathail, G. (2007) 'An empire's fraying edge? The North Caucasus instability in Russian geopolitical culture' ,

Eurasian Geography and Economics,48: 202- 25. O'Loughlin, J., 6Tuathail , G. and Kolossov, V. (2004) 'A "risky westward turn"? Putin 's 9-11 script and ordinary Russians', Europe

Asia Studies, 56: 3-34. Oloughlin, J., 6 Tuathail, G. and Kolossov,V. (2006) 'The geo·p; litlcalorientations of ordinary Russians: a public opinion analysis' ,

Eurasian Geography and Economics, 47: 158-81. Oloughlin, J., 6Tuathai l, G. and Kolossov, V. (2008) 'The localized geopolitics of displacement and return in Eastern Prigorodnyy

Rayon, North Ossetia', Eurasian Geography and Economics, 49: 635- 99. 6Tuathail, G. (1986) 'The language and nature of the "new" geopolitics: The case of US-EI Salvador relations' , Political Geography

Quarterly, S: 73-85. 6 Tuathail, G. (1 989) 'Critical geopolitics: the social construction of place and space in the practice of statecraft', Unpublished PhD

dissertation, Syracuse University, Syracuse. 6 Tuathail, G. (1992) 'Putting Mackinder in his place: material transformations and myth', Political Geography, 11: 100-18. 6 Tuathail, G. (1994) 'The critical reading/writing of geopolitics: re-reading/writing Wittfogel , Bowman and Lacoste', Progress in

Human Geography, 18: 313-32. 6 Tuathail, G. (1996b) 'An anti-geopolitical eye? Maggie O'Kane in Bosnia, 1992-94', Gender, Place and Culture, 3: 171-85. 6 Tuathail, G. (1997 [1993]) 'The effacement of place? US foreign policy and the spatiality of the Gulf Crisis' , in J. Agnew (ed.),

Political Geography: A Reader. London: Edward Arnold. pp. 140-64. 6 Tuathail , G. (1999) 'A strategic sign: the geopolitical sign ificance of "Bosnia" in US foreign policy', Environment and Planning 0:

Society and Space, 17: 515-33. 6 Tuathail, G. (2000a) 'Spiritual geopolitics: Father Edmund Walsh and Jesuit anticommunism', in K. Dodds and D. Atkinson (eds),

Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought. London: Routledge. pp. 187- 210. 6 Tuathail , G. (2000b) 'The postmodern geopolitical condition: states, statecraft, and security into the twenty-first century', Annals

of the Association of American Geographers, 90: 166-78. 6 Tuathai l, G. (2001) 'A geopolitical discourse with Robert McNamara', Geopolitics, 5: 129-44. 6 Tuathail, G. (2002a). 'Theorizing practical geopolitical reasoning: the case of US Bosnia policy in 1992', Political Geography,

21: 601-28. 6 Tuathail , G. (2002b) 'Post-Cold War geopolitics: contrasting superpowers in a world of global dangers', in R. J. Johnston,

P. Taylor and M. Watts (eds), Geographies of Global Change. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 174-89. 6 Tuathai l, G. (2005a) 'Geopolitical discourse: a conversation with Peter Galbraith about Iraq and state building' , Geopolitics, 10:

167-83. 6 Tuathail , G. (2005b) 'The frustrations of geopolitics and the pleasures of war: Behind Enemy Lines and American geopolitical

culture', Geopolitics, 10: 356-77. 6 Tuathail , G. (2006) 'Geopolitical discourse: Paddy Ashdown and the tenth anniversary of the Dayton Peace Accords' , Geopoli­

tics, 11: 141-58. 6 Tuathail , G. (2008a) 'The Hamiltonian nationalist: a conversation with Michael Lind ', Geopolitics, 13: 169-80. 6 Tuathail, G. (2008b) 'Russia's Kosovo: a critical geopolitics of the August 2008 war over South Ossetia', Eurasian Geography

and Economies, 49: 670-705. 6 Tuathail, G. and Dahlman, C. (2004) 'The effort to reverse ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina: the limits of returns',

Eurasian Geography and Economics, 45: 429-53. 6 Tuathail, G. and Dalby, S. (1994) 'Editorial: critical geopolitics - unfolding spaces for thought in geography and global politics' ,

Environment and Planning 0: Society and Space, 12: 513- 14. 6 Tuathail , G. and Dalby, S. (1998b) 'Introduction: rethinking geopolitics - towards a critical geopolitics', in G. 6 Tuathail and

S. Dalby (eds), Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge. pp.1 - 15. Painter, J. (1995) Politics, Geography and 'Political Geography': A Critical Perspective. London: Arnold. Sharp, J. P. (2000) 'Remasculinising geo-politics? Comments on Gear6id 6 Tuathail 's Critical Geopolitics' , Political Geography,

19: 361-4.

l

,

Key Thinkers on Space and Place

Smith, N. (2000) 'Is a critical geopolitics possible? Foucault, class and the vision thing', Political Geography, 19: 365-71. Sparke, M. (2000) 'Graphing the geo in geo-political: Critical Geopolitics and the re-visioning of responsibility' , Political Geography,

19: 373-80. Stephanson, A. (2000) 'Commentary on Gear6id 0 Tuathail's Critical Geopolitics', Political Geography, 19: 381-3. Toal, G/O Tuathail , G. (2000c) 'Dis/placing the geo-politics which one cannot not want', Political Geography, 19: 385-90.

Euan Hague, DePaul University

BIOGRAPHICAL D THEORETICAL CO

Waldo Tobler was born Swiss parents living in west of the US. After s( and in Switzerland and American army, he stue sity of British Columbia first cartography course He transferred to the U ington, where he receiv his MA in 1957 and his dissertation entitled 'M, of geographic space'. r group who studied un( and William Garrison the late 1950s, a group t Berry, Duane Marble , John Nystuen, Michae liam Bunge. This plac( tre of what is often te 'quantitative revolutio subsequently describec most exciting time', no his academic concern v theories rather than nu

Tobler spent 16 ye, 1977, at the Univer (with John Nystuen an Here he developed hi puter programming and learnt differential proved invaluable for