apex cfm-56 particle emissions: concentrations and … · november 8-10, 2004 - 1 apex workshop...

November 8-10, 2004 - 1 APEX Workshop Cleveland, Ohio Bruce Anderson, NASA LaRC

APEX CFM-56 Particle Emissions: Concentrations and Size Distributions

Bruce Anderson, Eddie Winstead, Sandy Branham, Charles Hudgins, and Lee Thornhill

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA


LaRC Project Objectives

•Characterize commercial aircraft particle physical properties (number densities, size, mass and volatility) as a function of engine power

•Examine the impact of fuel sulfur upon secondary aerosol formation

•Investigate the relationship between fuel aromatic content and EC/OC emissions

•Observe the evolution of particle concentrations and characteristics as the exhaust plume ages


LaRC Instruments

LI-COR

CO2 System

Lag Chamber

PCASP

1 LPM To PUMP

Filter Stack

0 – 50 SLPM

PUMP

Metering Valve

Sol. Valve

Sol. Valve

ORIFICE ~.8 SLPM

P

P

Pump Exhaust

0 – 10 SLPM

Dryer HEPA

0 – 10 SLPM

Bypass Flow

PSAP

FM

FM

FM

FM

TSI 3022 FM

PCV

~500 torr

Filter

Heater TSI 3760

TSI 3760

Heater

D M A

FC

FC

TSI 3025A

TSI 3025A


Derived Aerosol Parameters

Number Emission Index NEI= (∆X/∆CO2) * EI[CO2] * Mair/(ρ * Mco2)

Geometric Mean Diameter

GMD = EXP{Σ ni* ln(Dpi)/Σ ni}

Geometric Standard Deviation σ

g = EXP{[Σ n

i * (ln(Dp

i) – ln(GMD))2]/(N-1)}0.5


Home, Sweet Home


0 2000 4000 6000 80000.00E+000

1.00E+014

2.00E+014

3.00E+014

4.00E+014

5.00E+014

7% Power

4% Power

CFM-56 Emissions

Nonv

olat

ile P

artic

le E

I (m

g/kg

)

Engine Run Time (sec)

Number EI: Run-time Dependence


10 100

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

100%65%

30%

7%

CFM-56 Emissions: 1 m Grand Average

dN

/dLo

g(Dp

)

Diameter (nm)

Particle Size Distribution at 1 m


0 20 40 60 80 1005

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Engine Power (%)

CFM-56 Emissions: 1 and 10 m Data

Nonv

olat

ile G

MD

(nm

)

Geometric Mean of Size Distribution


0 20 40 60 80 100

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Engine Power (%)

CFM-56 Emissions: 1 and 10 m Data

Aero

sol S

igm

a

Standard Deviation of Size Distribution


0 20 40 60 80 100

1E14

1E151 m Grand AverageCFM-56 Emissions

1 m

Nonv

olat

ile P

artic

le E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)

Number Emission Indices


0 20 40 60 80 100

1E14

1E15

30 m Grand Average

CFM-56 Emissions

Nonv

olat

ile P

artic

le E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)

Number Emission Indices

SUCCESS In-flight Average


0 20 40 60 80 100

1E14

1E151 meter Rake

CFM-56 Emissions

High Sulfur

High Aromatic

Lo Sulfur

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)

Fuel Dependence of Emission Indices


0 20 40 60 80 100

1E14

1E15

10 meter Rake

CFM-56 Emissions

High Sulfur

High Aromatic

Lo Sulfur

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)



0 20 40 60 80 100

1E15

1E16

30 meter Rake

CFM-56 Emissions

High Sulfur

High Aromatic

Lo Sulfur

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)



0 20 40 60 80 100

1E14

1E15

1E16

1 m

CFM-56 Emissions

10 m

30 m

Hi Sulfur

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)

Number EI: Age Dependence


0 20 40 60 80 1001E13

1E14

1E15

1E16

1 m

CFM-56 Emissions

10 m

30 m

Hi Aromatic

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)



0 20 40 60 80 100

1E14

1E15

1E16

1 m

CFM-56 Emissions

10 m

30 m

Lo Sulfur

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)



0 20 40 60 80 1001E14

1E15

1E16

Nonvolatile CN

Total CN

Lo Sulfur @ 30 meters

CFM-56 Emissions

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)

Fractional Volatility of Emissions


0 20 40 60 80 100

1E14

1E15

1E16

Nonvolatile CN

Total CN

Hi Sulfur @ 30 metersCFM-56 Emissions

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)



0 20 40 60 80 100

1E14

1E15

1E16

Nonvolatile CN

Total CN

Hi Aromatic @ 30 meters

CFM-56 Emissions

Parti

cle E

I (#/

kg)

Engine Power (%)



10 100

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

100%

65%

40%7%

CFM-56 Emissions: 30 m High Sulfur

dN

/dLo

g(Dp

)

Diameter (nm)

Particle Size Distributions at 30 m


10 100

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

High Sulfur Fuel

10 m

1 m

30 m

CFM-56 Emissions: 7% Power

dN

/dLo

g(Dp

)

Diameter (nm)

Evolution of Size Distribution


10 100

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

High Sulfur Fuel

10 m

1 m

30 m


dN

/dLo

g(Dp

)

Diameter (nm)



10 100

0.01

0.1

1

10

High Sulfur Fuel

10 m

1 m

30 m


dN

/dLo

g(Dp

)

Diameter (nm)



Summary of Results

• CFM-56 engine emits 1014 to 1015 nonvolatile particles per kg fuel burned

• Soot particle emissions are highest just after engine start and decrease in time for a given power setting

• Soot particle number EIs generally increase with power

• Soot particle size (and mass) increases with power

• Secondary aerosol formation is dependent on fuel sulfur content

• Secondary aerosols are typically 10 times more abundant in aged plumes than primary aerosols

apex cfm-56 particle emissions: concentrations and … · november 8-10, 2004 - 1 apex workshop...

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