apa without agony alop 242 february 2, 2013. topics how can what you already know help you (or trip...

APA Without AgonyAPA Without Agony

ALOP 242ALOP 242February 2, 2013February 2, 2013

TopicsTopics How can what you already know help you (or trip you up)? Why do I need APA? How do I get started?

Template Guides you can trust

Are there any shortcuts? What about these fine points? How do I cite the sources for this class? Recommended resources

1. Quote words from source1. Quote words from source

Example 1: whole sentenceExample 1: whole sentence““APA style was developed by social and behavioral APA style was developed by social and behavioral

scientists to standardize scientific writing” (scientists to standardize scientific writing” (BasicsBasics, n.d.)., n.d.).

Example 2: selected wordsExample 2: selected wordsMany editors and reviewers Many editors and reviewers ““have extremely low have extremely low

tolerance for APA errors” (Onwuegbuzie, Combs, tolerance for APA errors” (Onwuegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Freis, 2010). Slate, & Freis, 2010).

Select, but stay true to author’s intentSelect, but stay true to author’s intent““TThe director hoped to createhe director hoped to create “…an epic on a “…an epic on a an epic on a grand scale; an epic on a grand scale; thethe grand scale….grand scale….””result is an epic failure.”result is an epic failure.”

Example 3: 40 words or moreExample 3: 40 words or more

1. Quote marks or block?1. Quote marks or block?

This is how a block quotation looks:This is how a block quotation looks:Format each quotation with 40 or more words Format each quotation with 40 or more words as a block. Begin each block quotation on a as a block. Begin each block quotation on a new line. Indent the quotation .5 inch from the new line. Indent the quotation .5 inch from the left margin. With this formatting, you do not left margin. With this formatting, you do not need enclosing quotation marks. Place final need enclosing quotation marks. Place final punctuation before the in-text citation. punctuation before the in-text citation. (Munzenmaier, 2013)(Munzenmaier, 2013)

Using a block quotation is much like yielding the Using a block quotation is much like yielding the floor to another speaker. If you must use a floor to another speaker. If you must use a long quotation, provide an introduction that long quotation, provide an introduction that shows how it relates to your own thinking.shows how it relates to your own thinking.

ParaphraseParaphraseAfter studying hundreds of definitions of procrastination, After studying hundreds of definitions of procrastination, Steel Steel (2013) (2013) concluded that all had one idea in common: people knew concluded that all had one idea in common: people knew they would pay a price for delay, but still chose to put things off.they would pay a price for delay, but still chose to put things off.

2. Credit ideas2. Credit ideas

To cite an idea that you put into your own wordsTo cite an idea that you put into your own words• Use an in-text citation • Use an in-text citation • • Omit quotation marksOmit quotation marks

Resources to help you paraphraseResources to help you paraphrase UWisc HandbookUWisc Handbook

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QuotingSources.html Indiana plagiarism tutorial and self-test:Indiana plagiarism tutorial and self-test:

https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/

2. Credit ideas2. Credit ideas

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QuotingSources.html




3. Credit twice3. Credit twice

Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196.

Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators.

in-text citation (ch. 6) reference entry (ch. 7)

How can you tell this in-text citation goes with How can you tell this in-text citation goes with this reference list entry?this reference list entry?

Is the text excerpt a quotation or a paraphrase?Is the text excerpt a quotation or a paraphrase?

3. No citation = plagiarism3. No citation = plagiarism

AMBROSE

"Up, up, up…” "Up, up, up….”

CHILDERS

3. Can you recognize source?3. Can you recognize source? ""Up, up, upUp, up, up, , groping through groping through

the clouds the clouds for what seemed for what seemed like an eternity. ..like an eternity. ... No . No amount of practice could amount of practice could have prepared them for have prepared them for what they encountered. B-what they encountered. B-24s, glittering like mica, 24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the were popping up out of the clouds clouds all over the sky."all over the sky."

——Thomas Childers,Thomas Childers, Wings of Morning, Wings of Morning, p. 83 p. 83

""Up, up, up Up, up, up he went, until he went, until he got above the clouds. he got above the clouds. No amount of practice No amount of practice could have prepared could have prepared the the pilot and crew pilot and crew for what for what they encountered—they encountered—B-24s, glittering like mica, B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of were popping up out of the clouds the clouds over here, over over here, over there, everywhere."there, everywhere."

——Stephen Ambrose,Stephen Ambrose, The Wild Blue, The Wild Blue, p. 164 p. 164

4. Keep in-text citations short4. Keep in-text citations short Show where you used a source in your paperShow where you used a source in your paper Have three basic elementsHave three basic elements

Author(s) last name Author(s) last name YearYear Page # (for direct quotation if available)Page # (for direct quotation if available)

Researcher-focused

Burns (2003) Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140).

Chronology-focused

In 1978, In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, In 2003, he described how leadership studies could provide solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership.

Idea-focused The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181)(Burns, 2003, p. 181).

4. Keep in-text citations short4. Keep in-text citations short

““No amount of practice No amount of practice could have prepared could have prepared [the pilot and crew] for [the pilot and crew] for what they encountered. what they encountered. B-24s, glittering like B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up mica, were popping up out of the cloudsout of the clouds”” (Childers, 1995, p. 83) (Childers, 1995, p. 83) over here, over there, over here, over there, everywhere. everywhere.

ReferencesReferences

Childers, T. (1995). Childers, T. (1995). Wings of morning.Wings of morning.New York: Perseus.New York: Perseus.

reference entry

……In each case, I footnoted the In each case, I footnoted the passage in question, but failed passage in question, but failed to put some words and to put some words and sentences into quotation marks. sentences into quotation marks. I am sorry and will make I am sorry and will make relevant changes in all future relevant changes in all future editions.editions.””—Stephen Ambrose—Stephen Ambrose

Ambrose’sapology


Example 1: source with no hard page numbersExample 1: source with no hard page numbersProcrastinators put things off even though they Procrastinators put things off even though they “expect to be worse-off for the delay” “expect to be worse-off for the delay” (Steel, 2013).(Steel, 2013).

Basic elementsBasic elements Author(s) last nameAuthor(s) last name YearYear Page # (for direct quotation if available)Page # (for direct quotation if available)

Example 2: Example 2: The Procrastination EquationThe Procrastination Equation““Procrastination is an irrational delay, whereby we Procrastination is an irrational delay, whereby we voluntarily put off tasks until later despite expecting to voluntarily put off tasks until later despite expecting to be worse off for the delay” be worse off for the delay” (Steel, 2010, p. 53).(Steel, 2010, p. 53).


Example 3: no URLExample 3: no URLProcrastinators put things off even though they Procrastinators put things off even though they “expect to be worse-off for the delay” “expect to be worse-off for the delay” (Steel, 2013).(Steel, 2013).

URLs go in the reference entryURLs go in the reference entrySteel, P. (2013.) The definition of procrastination. Steel, P. (2013.) The definition of procrastination. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://procrastinus.com/the-definition-of-procrastination//

http://procrastinus.com/the-definition-of-procrastination/


Example 4: give just enough to match to references Example 4: give just enough to match to references People in the Northwest tend to procrastinate more than People in the Northwest tend to procrastinate more than Americans living in other parts of the country Americans living in other parts of the country ((“Psychology,” “Psychology,” 2010).2010).

Complete title in reference entryComplete title in reference entryPsychology of procrastination: Why people put off Psychology of procrastination: Why people put off important tasks until the last minute important tasks until the last minute [interview with [interview with Joseph Ferrari]. (2010, April 5). Retrieved from Joseph Ferrari]. (2010, April 5). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/04/prohttp://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/04/procrastination.aspxcrastination.aspx

5. Give complete location info5. Give complete location info

http://www.uwisc.edu

http://www.uwisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

5. Location—creator’s view5. Location—creator’s view

Four basic elements of a reference list entry:Four basic elements of a reference list entry: AuthorAuthor DateDate TitleTitle Location (retrieval information)Location (retrieval information)

WHO Who created this reference?

WHEN When was it created?

WHAT What is this reference called?

WHERE Where can this reference be found?


1. WHO

Ferrari, J. (2005, December 7). There’s always tomorrow [live chat with E. Hoover]. Transcript available at Chronicle of Higher Education Web site: http://chronicle.com/colloquy/2005/12/procrastination/

Four building blocks for any format:Four building blocks for any format:

2. WHEN

3. WHAT

4. WHERE

1. 2. 3.

4.


Author. (Date). Retrieval information.Author. (Date). Retrieval information.

Book Perrin, R. (2006). Pocket guide to APA style. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Journal Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42.

Web article American Psychological Association (APA) documentation. (2009). Retrieved from University of Wisconsin Madison Writing Center website: http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/American_Psychological_Association_(APA)_Documentation_M.pdf

5. Location—creator’s view5. Location—creator’s view Basic guideline: provide enough information to Basic guideline: provide enough information to

make it easy to find the source make it easy to find the source SeeSee

““The Generic Reference”: The Generic Reference”: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/11/the-generic-http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/11/the-generic-reference.html reference.html

““Missing Pieces”: blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05Missing Pieces”: blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html/missing-pieces.html

““I Can’t Find….”: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/12I Can’t Find….”: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/12/i-cant-find-the-example-reference-i-need.html/i-cant-find-the-example-reference-i-need.html

Location information varies by source: Location information varies by source: generally you’ll only need a few types of entries generally you’ll only need a few types of entries

5. Location: Consumer’s view5. Location: Consumer’s view

Where can I find good sources?Where can I find good sources?


DivaDee. (2010, July 1). Why I put things off. Message posted to http://lifesgreatmysteries.com/archives/july10

Procrastination. (2010, January 17). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrastination

References

Specter, M., & Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Time orientations of procrastinators: Focusing on the past, present, or future? Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 197-202.

References

Which source is the most credible?Which source is the most credible?


What should you cite instead of Wikipedia?What should you cite instead of Wikipedia?

6. Alphabetize reference list6. Alphabetize reference list A well-written paper A well-written paper

creates a new creates a new organization.organization.

What is procrastination?Steel (2008) has described all

procrastinators as trading “short-term gain for long-term pain.” Ferrari (2000) classified those who habitually delay into three categories: arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. While most people occasionally put things off, some are chronic procrastinators whose delays disrupt their lives: “Remember, 80% of us procrastinate, but 20% are procrastinators” (Ferrari, 2005).

Both Steel (2008) and Ferrari (2000, 2005) emphasized the negative. However, Chu and Choi (2005) found strategic delay could

The same source may The same source may be cited several different be cited several different places within the paper.places within the paper.

New paragraph = new New paragraph = new in-text citation.in-text citation.

6. and hang your indents6. and hang your indents An alphabetized reference list An alphabetized reference list

makes it easy to find makes it easy to find complete location information complete location information for each in-text citation.for each in-text citation.

ReferencesChu, A. H., & Choi, J. N. (2005, June 1). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of “active” procrastination on attitudes and performance. Journal of Social Psychology.Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196.Ferrari, J. (2005, December 7). There’s always tomorrow [live chat with E. Hoover]. Transcript available at Chronicle of Higher Education website: http://chronicle.com/colloquy/2005/12/procrastination/Steel, P. (2007a). Definition of procrastination. Retrieved from Procrastination Central Web site: http://webapps2.ucalgary.ca/~steel/Procrastinus/definition.phpSteel, P. (2007b). Theories of procrastination. Retrieved from Procrastination Central Web site: http://webapps2.ucalgary.ca/~steel/Procrastinus/theories.php

Create a hanging indent Create a hanging indent by pressing Control-T, by pressing Control-T, using the ruler, or using the ruler, or selecting “hanging selecting “hanging indent” in the Format indent” in the Format Paragraph dialog boxParagraph dialog box

7. Follow author-date system.7. Follow author-date system.

Example 1: Begin with author’s last nameExample 1: Begin with author’s last nameSteel, P. (2013.) The definition of procrastination. Retrieved Steel, P. (2013.) The definition of procrastination. Retrieved from http://procrastinus.comfrom http://procrastinus.com/the-definition-of-procrastination/the-definition-of-procrastination//

Example 2: If no author, begin with titleExample 2: If no author, begin with title Psychology of procrastination: Why people put off Psychology of procrastination: Why people put off important tasks until the last minute important tasks until the last minute [interview with [interview with Joseph Ferrari]. (2010, April 5). Retrieved from Joseph Ferrari]. (2010, April 5). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/04/prohttp://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/04/procrastination.aspxcrastination.aspx

8. Follow author-date system.8. Follow author-date system. Example 3: In the reference list, the full date the second element. For Example 3: In the reference list, the full date the second element. For

websites, use date of last edit.websites, use date of last edit.Steel, P. (2013.) The definition of procrastination. Retrieved from Steel, P. (2013.) The definition of procrastination. Retrieved from http://procrastinus.comhttp://procrastinus.com/the-definition-of-procrastination/the-definition-of-procrastination//

Example 4: If no author, begin with title and full dateExample 4: If no author, begin with title and full date Psychology of procrastination: Why people put off Psychology of procrastination: Why people put off important tasks until the last minuteimportant tasks until the last minute. (2010, April 5). . (2010, April 5). Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/04/procrashttp://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/04/procrastination.aspxtination.aspx

Example 5: If no date, use n.d.Example 5: If no date, use n.d.Procrastination self-test. (n.d.). Retrieved January 1, Procrastination self-test. (n.d.). Retrieved January 1, 2013, from Shamus University Counseling website: 2013, from Shamus University Counseling website:

8. Follow author-date system.8. Follow author-date system.

Example 6: In text, place year after first elementExample 6: In text, place year after first element((Steel, 2013)Steel, 2013)

Example 7: If no author, begin with titleExample 7: If no author, begin with title(“Psychology,” 2010)(“Psychology,” 2010)

Example 8: If no date, use n.d.Example 8: If no date, use n.d.(“Procrastination,” n.d.)(“Procrastination,” n.d.)

Common mistake: TMI in in-text citationCommon mistake: TMI in in-text citation• Year only (no month or day)• Year only (no month or day)• • No URLsNo URLs

9. Block quotes ≥ 40 words9. Block quotes ≥ 40 words Write a sentence that puts the quotation in context.Write a sentence that puts the quotation in context. Start quotations of 40 words or more on a new line, Start quotations of 40 words or more on a new line,

indented .5 inchindented .5 inch Place final punctuation before in-text citationPlace final punctuation before in-text citation

Most experts believe that procrastination always Most experts believe that procrastination always has negative consequences. However has negative consequences. However Chu and Choi (2005) say that not all procrastinators are lazy and undisciplined. While passive procrastinators are more stressed and less efficient, active procrastinators can adapt quickly to fast-changing environments. They are energized by pressure and “if something comes up, they will switch gears and engage in new tasks they perceive as more urgent.” The key is that active procrastinators use delay as a conscious strategy. (Bellum, 2012)

10. When to get personal10. When to get personal Every source cited in-text needs to be in your reference list Every source cited in-text needs to be in your reference list exceptexcept

personal communicationspersonal communications

• letters • emails • voice mail • texts • interviews• letters • emails • voice mail • texts • interviews

anything your readers cannot accessanything your readers cannot access

Cite in-text onlyCite in-text only• Give source’s first initial and last name,• Give source’s first initial and last name, personal communication, Month, Day, Year personal communication, Month, Day, Year• • Example: (T. Westbrook, personal communication,Example: (T. Westbrook, personal communication, February 2, 2013) February 2, 2013)

10. When to get personal10. When to get personal

Key question: is it retrievable?Key question: is it retrievable?

Quick QuizQuick Quiz T F When citing someone’s ideas, you T F When citing someone’s ideas, you should do the in-text citation should do the in-text citation

just asjust asyou would for a direct quotation.you would for a direct quotation.

T F When citing someone’s ideas inT F When citing someone’s ideas inyour own words, do not useyour own words, do not usequotation marks.quotation marks.

T F Quotations of 40 word or moreT F Quotations of 40 word or moreare formatted differently than are formatted differently than

short quotations.short quotations.

Quick QuizQuick Quiz

Every source that you cite in your Every source that you cite in your paper must appear in your reference paper must appear in your reference list except ____________________. list except ____________________.

The main question to ask yourself The main question to ask yourself when deciding how to cite a class when deciding how to cite a class handout is ___________________. handout is ___________________.

personal communicationspersonal communications

Is it retrievable?Is it retrievable?

T F APA stands for AdvancedT F APA stands for Advanced Protracted Agony. Protracted Agony.

Why APA?Why APA? A documentation styleA documentation style

Gives credit to your sourcesGives credit to your sources Increases your credibility byIncreases your credibility by

• Substantiating your opinionSubstantiating your opinion

• Distinguishing your ideas from your sources’Distinguishing your ideas from your sources’ Makes it possible to find sourcesMakes it possible to find sources

Give credit; avoid plagiarismGive credit; avoid plagiarism Cite words and ideas from other authorsCite words and ideas from other authors

Quotations taken word-for-word from a sourceQuotations taken word-for-word from a source Paraphrases and summaries of other authorsParaphrases and summaries of other authors’’ ideas ideas Information and ideas that are not widely known Information and ideas that are not widely known

or available in a basic reference workor available in a basic reference work Anything from a source that might be mistaken for your own words or Anything from a source that might be mistaken for your own words or

ideas if left uncitedideas if left uncited

When in doubt, citeWhen in doubt, cite

What makes me credible?What makes me credible?AUTHORAUTHOR

• CredentialsCredentials• ExperienceExperience• InsightInsight• Writing styleWriting style• Depth of knowledgeDepth of knowledge

Giving credit Giving credit credibilitycredibility

AUTHORITIESAUTHORITIES

In academic writing, your In academic writing, your opinion is only as good asopinion is only as good as• • your thinkingyour thinking• • your evidenceyour evidence

Gain credibilityGain credibility

Opinion: Opinion: Using APA style will help you succeed. Using APA style will help you succeed.

•• How do you know? How do you know? •• Why should I believe you?Why should I believe you?

Substantiated opinion:Substantiated opinion:

Many editors and reviewers Many editors and reviewers ““have extremely low have extremely low tolerance for APA errors. Thus, it is clear that tolerance for APA errors. Thus, it is clear that authors who submit manuscripts to journals wherein authors who submit manuscripts to journals wherein APA style is required would benefit from becoming APA style is required would benefit from becoming as familiar as possible with the as familiar as possible with the Publication ManualPublication Manual” ” (Onwnegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2010, p. ix).(Onwnegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2010, p. ix).

Show me the evidence!Show me the evidence!

Give credit; get creditGive credit; get credit WhatWhat’’s s citedcited shows the quality of your research shows the quality of your research WhatWhat’’s s notnot cited cited shows the quality of your thinking shows the quality of your thinking

Most researchers define procrastination by its negative consequences, including Ferrari (2000, 2005), Steel (2010), and Tice and Baumeister (1997). Yet Chu and Choi (2005) argue that procrastination can be a productive way to adapt to rapidly changing priorities. Consider this real-life example. At the beginning of a curriculum writing projects, guidelines often go through several rapid revisions. Veteran writers who wait for final guidelines before submitting work meet Chu and Choi’s criterion for productive procrastination because they consciously use delay as a proactive strategy.

Why APA?Why APA? APA isAPA is

Efficient and flexibleEfficient and flexible Suited to scienceSuited to science

• Standard in your fieldStandard in your field

• Date-focusedDate-focused Required for publicationRequired for publication

APA-style citations areAPA-style citations are

Generally shorter than other stylesGenerally shorter than other styles Flexible: follow the nearest modelFlexible: follow the nearest model

Pink’s citation of GolemanPink’s citation of Goleman

For example, Daniel For example, Daniel Goleman, author of Goleman, author of the groundbreaking the groundbreaking book book Emotional Emotional IntelligenceIntelligence, has , has [explored] how [explored] how much IQ accounts much IQ accounts for career success.for career success.

APA-style citation APA-style citation

For example, For example, Goleman (1997) has Goleman (1997) has [explored] how much [explored] how much IQ accounts for IQ accounts for career success. career success.

APA focuses on datesAPA focuses on dates

How current isHow current is your source? your source?

Which one of many Which one of many studies is cited?studies is cited?

in-text citation

Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators.


Used by experts in your fieldUsed by experts in your field

BIG NAMES IN PROCRASTINATION RESEARCHBIG NAMES IN PROCRASTINATION RESEARCH

Ferrari

Choi

Tice Baumeister

Steel

ALTERNATIVE VIEWSALTERNATIVE VIEWS

Pychyl

&&

How do I contribute?How do I contribute?

Ferrari

Choi

Tice Baumeister

Steel

Pychyl

&&

SELECTSELECT

APPLYAPPLY ARGUEARGUE CRITIQUECRITIQUE

EVALUATEEVALUATE

TRACE PROJECTTRACE PROJECT

COMBINECOMBINE

SHARESHARE

AUTHORAUTHOR


Important to your teachersImportant to your teachers Expectations rise as you progress.Expectations rise as you progress. Ask: what are your APA priorities?Ask: what are your APA priorities?

Important to editors if you ever publishImportant to editors if you ever publish

How do I learn APA?How do I learn APA?

Two common approaches:Two common approaches:

• Sweat the small stuffSweat the small stuff• Advantage: builds a sense of confidenceAdvantage: builds a sense of confidence• Disadvantage: lots of small stuffDisadvantage: lots of small stuff

• Think functionalityThink functionality• Advantage: fulfills purposesAdvantage: fulfills purposes• Disadvantage: requires persistenceDisadvantage: requires persistence

APAAPA’’s two purposess two purposes

Acknowledge any words or ideasAcknowledge any words or ideasfrom other sources.from other sources.

Provide enough information Provide enough information to locate your sources.to locate your sources.

What about the small stuff?What about the small stuff?

One option: use a templateOne option: use a template

http://writebetteratwork/downloads/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.dochttp://writebetteratwork/downloads/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.doc

WhatWhat’’s the trick?s the trick?

http://writebetteratwork/downloads/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.dochttp://writebetteratwork/downloads/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.doc

Where do I start?Where do I start?

Where do APA experts live?Where do APA experts live?

Can I trust non-APA guides?Can I trust non-APA guides?

ThereThere’’s a lot of bad APA out there.s a lot of bad APA out there. If you use a citation maker, check the results.If you use a citation maker, check the results. You might find these sites helpful:You might find these sites helpful:

• Dr. Abel ScribeDr. Abel Scribe’’s Guides to APA Style and Documentations Guides to APA Style and Documentation—one of the few accurate resources to focus on writing —one of the few accurate resources to focus on writing college papers: www.docstyles.com/apaguide.htmcollege papers: www.docstyles.com/apaguide.htm

• Diana HackerDiana Hacker’’s Research and Documentation Onlines Research and Documentation Online——clearer explanations than APAclearer explanations than APA’’s own s own ManualManual::bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch09_o.htmlbcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch09_o.html

• UW Madison WriterUW Madison Writer’’s Handbooks Handbook—excellent online tutorials —excellent online tutorials on format and documentation:on format and documentation:www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlwww.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

What about students?What about students?

Dr. Abel ScribeDr. Abel Scribe’’s advice on APA for college papers:s advice on APA for college papers:http://www.docstyles.com/apalite.htm http://www.docstyles.com/apalite.htm

Reference list firstReference list first

reference entryAPA documentation guide. (2011).

Retrieved from University of WisconsinMadison Writing Center website: http:// writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html

Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database.

(Ferrari, 2000)

(“APA,” 2011)

First two elements of reference list (author-date or title-First two elements of reference list (author-date or title-date) give you in-text citationdate) give you in-text citation

in-text citation

In-text citations secondIn-text citations second

Researcher-focused

Chronology-focused

Idea-focused

Mann (2005) Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination.

In 2005, Mann2005, Mann developed a unique method for overcoming procrastination, which he calls the (10+2)*5 method.

The (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination has three steps: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour (Mann, (Mann, 2005).2005).

Quick Quiz: WhatQuick Quiz: What’’s the error?s the error?

Steel, P. (2013). The definition of Steel, P. (2013). The definition of procrastination. Retrieved from The procrastination. Retrieved from The Procrastination Equation website: Procrastination Equation website: http://www.google.com http://www.google.com

Which of the 742,000 results was used?Which of the 742,000 results was used?

Quick Quiz: What’s missing?Quick Quiz: What’s missing?

(2009)(2009)

Steel, P. (2009). Steel, P. (2009). Theories of procrastination.Theories of procrastination. Retrieved from Retrieved fromhttp://www.procrastinus.comhttp://www.procrastinus.com

Figure 1. The Procrastination Equation. Figure 1. The Procrastination Equation. Source: Steel (2009) Available at http://…. Source: Steel (2009) Available at http://….

Recently Steel Recently Steel found that traditionalfound that traditionalexplanations of explanations of procrastination, including procrastination, including fear of failure, self-handi-fear of failure, self-handi-capping, capping, andand rebelliousness, rebelliousness,were not supported by were not supported by research. In his view, only research. In his view, only Temporal Motivation theory has been validated.Temporal Motivation theory has been validated.

Quiz: Which source is credible?Quiz: Which source is credible?

Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J., & Bever, T. G. (1979). Can an ape create a sentence? Science, 206, 891-902.

Washoe: The signing chimp. (n.d.) RetrievedFebruary 5, 2005, from Mrs. Smith’s class Web site: http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/classprojects.html

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Citations: Check the resultCitations: Check the result

EBSCO RESULT

Pink, D. (2008). Do the RIGHT THING. People Management, 14(7), 34.

CORRECT APA FORMAT Pink, D. (2008). Do the right thing. People Management, 14(7), 34.

Using a citation makerUsing a citation maker

1. Launch the citation maker.2. Choose your documentation style (APA).3. Choose the type of source. Hint: You may need to explore links

like More or figure out that Web-based Media means “video.”4. Fill in the blanks with as much information as you have.5. Note formatting hints (First initial only for author’s first name.)6. If information is missing, check links like About Us to see

if you can unearth any buried nuggets. If you look for and can’t find information to put in a blank, leave it empty.

7. Click the button that creates the citation.8. Double-check the result.9. Make needed corrections and copy the citation into your

document or copy, paste, and correct in your document.

Dig before omitting infoDig before omitting info

Author

• check beginning and end

of article • visit the home page

• check links like “About Us”

• check beginning and end of article • visit the home page

• check links like “About Us”

Where info hidesWhere info hides

Author

• distinguish site titles and

subheads from article titles • visit the home page

• check “About Us”

• check beginning and

end of article • look for “last updated”

• use most recent copyrightdate (not 1997–2007)

Date

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Fine pointsFine points

• What to quoteWhat to quote• Block quotationsBlock quotations• Placing in-text citationsPlacing in-text citations• No page numberNo page number• Missing informationMissing information• No authorNo author• More than one authorMore than one author

• No dateNo date• More than one sourceMore than one source• Quoted quotationQuoted quotation• Just one chapterJust one chapter• Sponsored siteSponsored site• DOIsDOIs

What to quoteWhat to quote

ExceptionsExceptions common languagecommon language

writ of habeas corpuswrit of habeas corpus situational leadershipsituational leadership

theory theory

Raymond Chandler declared that readers should feel that the solution of a mystery is “inevitable.”

common knowledgecommon knowledge widely knownwidely known easily availableeasily available

in standard in standard referencesreferences

Any words from Any words from the original should the original should be quoted.be quoted.

At least half the mystery novels published violate the law that the solution, once revealed, must seemto be inevitable.

—Raymond Chandler

Quotations < 40 wordsQuotations < 40 words

Set off someone elseSet off someone else’’ss exact words exact words with quotation markswith quotation marks

Chandler (1945) believed that a detective should be “the best man in his world.”

“Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid” (Chandler, 1945).

Quotations: 40+ wordsQuotations: 40+ words

Set off long quotations Set off long quotations as block quotationsas block quotations

Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid. The detective in this kind of story must be such a man. He is the hero, he is everything…. He must be, to use a rather weathered phrase, a man of honor…. (Chandler, 1945)

The classic definition of a detective comes from “The Simple Art of Murder”: Use a new line and Use a new line and

left indent instead of left indent instead of quotation marksquotation marks

Preview block quotesPreview block quotes

.5"

Hint: Word will count words if you highlight them and choose Tools, Word Count.

Remember in-text citations?Remember in-text citations?

Basic format: Basic format: (Author, year, page or section head)(Author, year, page or section head)

Researcher-focused

Chronology-focused

Idea-focused

Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140).

In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, he proposed solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership.

The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).

Use only stable page #sUse only stable page #s

If author/date are given in text, If author/date are given in text, that information is not repeated that information is not repeated within parentheses at the end.within parentheses at the end.

Use only stable page numbers.Use only stable page numbers. Use section headers for Internet Use section headers for Internet

sources that have them (Steel, sources that have them (Steel, n.d., My Definition, para. 1).n.d., My Definition, para. 1).

• book

• print version

• PDF

STABLE PAGE #s

No page # / header?No page # / header?

SOURCE-REFLECTIVESTATEMENT

SOURCE““The future belongs to aThe future belongs to adifferent kind of person,”different kind of person,”

Pink says….Pink claims Pink says….Pink claims we’re living in a different we’re living in a different era, a different age. An era, a different age. An age in which those who age in which those who “think different” may be “think different” may be valued more than ever.”valued more than ever.”http://tinyurl.com/23vqazhttp://tinyurl.com/23vqaz

What about… no author?What about… no author?

Start with key words from titleStart with key words from title Use only as much as necessaryUse only as much as necessary Follow standard formattingFollow standard formatting

((““Personality,Personality,”” 2008). 2008). ((Types of Procrastinators,Types of Procrastinators, 2005). 2005). ((““Procrastination,Procrastination,”” 2008a) 2008a) ((““Procrastination,Procrastination,”” 2008b) 2008b)

What about…many authors?What about…many authors?

Consult the Consult the Publication Manual,Publication Manual, Table 6.1 Table 6.1

What about…no date?What about…no date?

Use n.d.Use n.d.

IN-TEXT

Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as ““to voluntarily delay an intended course to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay.off for the delay.””

REFERENCE LIST

Steel, P. (n.d.). Steel, P. (n.d.). Definition.Definition. Retrieved Retrieved August 28, 2009, from ProcrastinationAugust 28, 2009, from Procrastination

Central Web site: http://procrastinus.comCentral Web site: http://procrastinus.com

What about…many sources?What about…many sources?

Separate with semicolonSeparate with semicolon Alphabetize within citationAlphabetize within citation

to match order of reference listto match order of reference list

MULTIPLE CITATION

Most researchers emphasize the negative Most researchers emphasize the negative consequences of procrastination (Ferrari, 2005; consequences of procrastination (Ferrari, 2005; Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).

What about…quoted quotation?What about…quoted quotation?

Ideally, find the originalIdeally, find the original Second-best: use Second-best: use as citedas cited inin to direct readers to direct readers

to reference list entryto reference list entry

INDIRECT QUOTATION

Procrastinators trade Procrastinators trade ““short term gain for long term pain,short term gain for long term pain,”” according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008).according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008).

REFERENCE ENTRY

Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a mathematical equation for why people procrastinate. mathematical equation for why people procrastinate. The The Telegraph. Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/

What about…one chapter?What about…one chapter?

If itIf it’’s by one author, cite the book.s by one author, cite the book. If itIf it’’s a chapter in a book with many authors, s a chapter in a book with many authors,

cite the chapter cite the chapter andand the book. the book.

Benedict, J. (2000). Sports cultureBenedict, J. (2000). Sports culture contributes to domestic violence. In T. contributes to domestic violence. In T. L.L.

Roloff (Ed.), Roloff (Ed.), Domestic violence: Domestic violence: Opposing viewpointsOpposing viewpoints (pp. 82-90). (pp. 82-90). Greenhaven, CT: Greenhaven.Greenhaven, CT: Greenhaven.Titles of books, movies, and other complete works are italicized.

What about…sponsored site?What about…sponsored site?

Site sponsor is identified just before URLSite sponsor is identified just before URL Readers can judge source credibilityReaders can judge source credibility

Serial murder: Multidisciplinary perspectives for Serial murder: Multidisciplinary perspectives for investigators. (2005). Retrieved from Behavioral investigators. (2005). Retrieved from Behavioral Analysis Unit, National Center for the Analysis of Analysis Unit, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime Web site:Violent Crime Web site:http://www.fbi.gov/publications/serial_murder.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/publications/serial_murder.htm

What about…DOIs?What about…DOIs?

Mayer, D. (2007, June). Why write? To impact patient care! Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 323. Retrieved May 20, 2008.doi:10.1188/07.CJON.323

Resolve:http://crossref.org

Quality: Too much missing?Quality: Too much missing?

Road rage and teens. (n.d.). Retrieved August Road rage and teens. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2007, from http://www.angelfire.com/al/28, 2007, from http://www.angelfire.com/al/alyplace/mystery.htmlalyplace/mystery.html

If several elements of a full citation are missing,If several elements of a full citation are missing,is the source credible enough to use?is the source credible enough to use?

How do I cite 242 sources?How do I cite 242 sources?

Follow standard modelFollow standard model

REFERENCE ENTRY #18

Pink, D. (2005). Pink, D. (2005). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will rule the future. rule the future. New York, NY: Penguin.New York, NY: Penguin.

IN-TEXT

(Pink, 2005)(Pink, 2005)

Follow model w. tweakFollow model w. tweak

REFERENCE ENTRY

Morin, E. (2001). The reform of thinking and education in the Morin, E. (2001). The reform of thinking and education in the twenty-first century. In J. Binde (Ed.), twenty-first century. In J. Binde (Ed.), Keys to the 21st Keys to the 21st centurycentury (pp. 202 - 205). Oxford, UK: Berghahn/UNESCO. (pp. 202 - 205). Oxford, UK: Berghahn/UNESCO.

IN-TEXT (Morin, 2001)(Morin, 2001)

Adapt monograph modelAdapt monograph model

REFERENCE ENTRY #22

Gardner, H. (2007). Gardner, H. (2007). Five minds for the futureFive minds for the future [summary]. [summary].Retrieved from http://www.execubooks.comRetrieved from http://www.execubooks.com

IN-TEXT

(Gardner, 2007)(Gardner, 2007)

Follow closest modelFollow closest model

REFERENCE ENTRY #26

Goleman, D. (2000, March-April). Leadership that gets Goleman, D. (2000, March-April). Leadership that gets results (Reprint 00204). results (Reprint 00204). Harvard Business Review,Harvard Business Review, pp. 78-90. Available from Harvard Business Publishing: pp. 78-90. Available from Harvard Business Publishing: http://hbp.harvardbusiness.org/store/http://hbp.harvardbusiness.org/store/

IN-TEXT

(Goleman, 2000)(Goleman, 2000)

Adapt modelAdapt model

REFERENCE ENTRY #49

Norton, R. (2010). Reposting of how to teach a cat to operateNorton, R. (2010). Reposting of how to teach a cat to operatea light switch [Video file]. Video posted toa light switch [Video file]. Video posted to

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkMOd9PVuKghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkMOd9PVuKgIN-TEXT

(Norton, 2010)(Norton, 2010)

ResourcesResources

http://apastyle.org

http://WriteBetterAtWork.com/Resources/http://writebetteratwork.com/resources

apa without agony alop 242 february 2, 2013. topics how can what you already know help you (or trip...

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