apa itu sains?

50
1. Apa itu Sains?

Upload: nurkhairana-kalip

Post on 11-May-2015

5.032 views

Category:

Education


7 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Apa itu sains?

1. Apa itu Sains?

Page 2: Apa itu sains?

Sains

•Pertumbuhan bayi

Contoh fenomena semulajadi

•Gerhana matahari•Peleburan ais• Pembentukkan pelangi

•Letupan gunung berapi.

Kajian yang sistematik tentang fenomena alam.

Page 3: Apa itu sains?

4 Geologi

6 Meteorologi

5 Astronomi

3 Kimia

1 Biologi

2 Fizik

Kajian tentang benda hidup

Kajian tentang tenaga dan kesannya ke atas jirim

Kajian tentang batuan, tanih dan mineral

Kajian tentang perubahan cuaca dan iklim

Kajian tentang jirim dan tindak balas antaranya.

Kajian tentang planet, bintang, dan objek lain dalam alam semesta

Bidang – bidang Sains

Page 4: Apa itu sains?

•Doktor•Pakar diet•Ahli botani•Ahli botani•Ahli farmasi•Ahli farmasi

•Ahli meteorologi•Ahli kimia•Jurutera•Arkitek•Saintis

•Angkasawan.

Kerjaya dalam sains

Page 5: Apa itu sains?

Kepentingan Sains

• Sains membantu kita memahami alam sekitar

• Sains meningkatkan taraf kehidupan

• Sains menawarkan kerjaya yang berasaskan sains

• Sains meyumbang kepada penemuan dan penciptaan baru.

Page 6: Apa itu sains?

2. A Science Laboratory

Page 7: Apa itu sains?

Hazard Symbols

Page 8: Apa itu sains?

Hazard Symbols

Symbol and meaning Examples

1

2

Highly flammable

Explosive

Petrol & Kerosene

Phosphorus

Alcohol / Ethanol

Sodium

Potassium

Hydrogen

Page 9: Apa itu sains?

Hazard SymbolsSymbol and meaning Examples

3

4Harmful / Irritant

Toxic / Poisonous

Chlorofom

Ammonia

Chlorine

Mercury Lead

Sodium cyanideHydrogen sulphide

Bromine

Page 10: Apa itu sains?

Hazard SymbolsSymbol and meaning Examples5

6

Corrosive

Radioactive

Sodium hydroxide

Hydrogen peroxide

Concentrated acids & alkalis

Uranium

Plutonium

Radium

Thorium

Page 11: Apa itu sains?

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

CONTAINER

Conical flaskRound-bottomed flaskFlat-bottomed flaskBeaker

Page 12: Apa itu sains?

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Filter funnel

To filter mixturesof solids and liquids

To containgas

Gas jarCrucible

For heating chemicals

Test tube holder

To hold test tubes

Page 13: Apa itu sains?

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

To hold hot objects

Crucible tongs

To conduct excess heat away

Wire gauze

To provide a flame for heating

Bunsen burner

To support apparatus during heating

Tripod stand

Page 14: Apa itu sains?

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Glass rod

For stirring liquids

For evaporating liquid from a solution

Evaporating dish

Syringe

To transfer small quantities of liquids

To hold the apparatus while experiments are being done

Retort stand and clamp

Page 15: Apa itu sains?

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

To measure time

Stop watch

To measure temperature

Thermometer

To measure the volume of solutions accurately

Measuring cylinder

To measure a small volume of solutions

accurately

BurettePipette

To measure a fixed volume of solutions

accurately

Suction pump

An instrument to measure electric

current

An ammeter

Page 16: Apa itu sains?

BUNSEN BURNER

Barrel

Collar

Air-hole

BaseGas inlet

Page 17: Apa itu sains?

1. Air-hole open 1. Air-hole close

2. Luminous-gives

out light 2. Non-luminous does not give out light 3. Gives out a lot of soot

3. Does not give out soot [Gas is completely burn]

4. Suitable for heating- very hot

4. Not suitable for heating-not very hot

BUNSEN BURNER

Just remember one side only

Page 18: Apa itu sains?

BUNSEN BURNER

Page 19: Apa itu sains?

Steps in lighting a Bunsen burner

1

2

4

3

Close the air hole by turning the collar

Light a match and bring it near the barrel

Turn on the gas pipe

Adjust the collar on the Bunsen burner

Page 20: Apa itu sains?

3. The Steps in a Scientific Investigation

Page 21: Apa itu sains?

Steps in a Scientific Investigation

1 Identify the problem2 Making a smart guess/ hypothesis3 Plan the experiment4 Control the variables5 Carry out the experiment6 Recording/Collect data7 Analysing the data8 Interpreting the data9 Making conclusions10 Writing reports

Page 22: Apa itu sains?

4. Physical Quantities and Their Units

Page 23: Apa itu sains?

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & THEIR UNITS

Quantity Unit Symbol of unit

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Temperature kelvin K

Electric current ampere A

Page 24: Apa itu sains?

Physical quantity Measured by using

1. Length

2. Mass

3. Time

4. Temperature

5. Electric current

A metre rule

Lever balance

Beam balance

Electronic balance

A stop watch

A thermometer

An ammeter

Page 25: Apa itu sains?

PREFIXES

Prefix Symbol Value of prefix

kilo- k 1000

centi- c1

100

milli- m1

1000

Page 26: Apa itu sains?

Examples show how prefixes are used

Page 27: Apa itu sains?

5. Weight and Mass

Page 28: Apa itu sains?

1. The amount of matter in the object

1. The pull of the Earth on the object

2. Always the same anywhere

2. Not always the same- depends on the force of gravity 3. Measured by using a spring balance or a compression balance

3. Measured by using a lever balance or a triple- beam balance

4. Measured in kilograms 4. Measured in newtons

WEIGHT IS NOT THE SAME AS MASS

Page 29: Apa itu sains?

Balance for measuring Weight

Spring balance Compression balance

Page 30: Apa itu sains?

Balance for measuring Mass

Beam balanceLever balance

Electronic balance

Page 31: Apa itu sains?

WEIGHT AND MASS

MassWeight

1 kg

60 kg

Earth Moon Outer space

10 N 0 N

1 kg = 1 x ( gravity = 10 ) = 10 N

10/6 N

600 N 100 N 0 N60 kg 60 kg 60 kg

Page 32: Apa itu sains?

Triple beam balance Lever balance

Beam balance Lever balance

Balance for measuring Mass

Page 33: Apa itu sains?

6. Measuring Tools

Page 34: Apa itu sains?

Measurement of Length

4. An opisometer (map measurer)

● to measure the length of a crooked line

● to measure the length of a curved line

● to measure the length of long straight line

● to measure the length of short straight line

Page 35: Apa itu sains?

Measurement of Length

5. External callipers

6. Internal callipers

Page 36: Apa itu sains?

Measurement of Length

Measuring the thickness of a beaker

External diameter = 2.2 cm

Internal diameter = 2.1 cm

Thickness of the beaker = External diameter – Internal diameter 2

= 0.1 = 0.05 cm 2

Page 37: Apa itu sains?

4.8 cm – 4.6 cm

= 0.1 cm = 1mm

2

Page 38: Apa itu sains?

Measurement of Length

The correct way to read the scale on a ruler

Page 39: Apa itu sains?

Measuring a curved line using a thread and a ruler

Page 40: Apa itu sains?

Measurement of Area

Page 41: Apa itu sains?

1

PMR 2008

Page 42: Apa itu sains?

Measuring the volume of liquids

To measure the volume of liquids

To measure a small volume of liquids accurately

To measure a fixed volume of liquids accurately

Use a suction pump to suck liquid into a pipette. Do not use your mouth

Page 43: Apa itu sains?

Measuring the volume of liquids The correct way to read the scale on a

measuring cylinder

Page 44: Apa itu sains?

Measuring the volume of liquids The correct way to read the scale on a measuring cylinder

Page 45: Apa itu sains?

Measuring the volume of liquidsTo improve the accuracy of the reading

. use a hand lens to read the scale

. put a piece of white paper behind the scale

Page 46: Apa itu sains?

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD To measure the volume of regular and irregular solids

Page 47: Apa itu sains?

Estimating the volume of irregular solids

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Page 48: Apa itu sains?

Estimating the volume of a cork

Volume of the cork = ( 58 – 52 ) ml = 6 ml = 6 cm³

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Page 49: Apa itu sains?

Estimating the volume of irregular solids

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Page 50: Apa itu sains?

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

EUREKA CAN