apa guidelines for thesis writing

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1 THESIS WRITING FORMAT AS PER APA GUIDELINES PRESENTATION COPY RIGHT: (IURC) IQRA UNIVERSITY

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Page 1: APA Guidelines for Thesis Writing

1

THESIS WRITING

FORMAT AS PER

APA GUIDELINES

PRESENTATION COPY RIGHT: (IURC) IQRA UNIVERSITY

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General APA Guidelines

ORGANIZATION OF THESIS:

Approval page (black ink is preferred for signatures) (Prepared by IURC)

Title Page Copyright page (Optional) Dedication Page (Optional) Acknowledgment (Optional) Abstract (120 to 150 words for theses)

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General APA Guidelines

ORGANIZATION OF THESIS: Table of Contents List of Tables (only used for 5 or more), with page numbersList of Figures (only used for 5 or more), with page numbers List of Symbols and/or Abbreviations (only if needed)Body of Thesis/Dissertation (divided into chapters or sections) ReferencesSeparation Page - titled Appendix or AppendixesAppendixes

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APA Styleapproval page

Double spaced & all in CAPS

Name in CAPS

Submission statement Is Single spaced

Degree name in CAPS

No titles of Dr, Prof etc

EFFECT OF MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS ON THE LEVEL

OF SATISFACTION OF NEW EMPLOYEES

A theses by

SUMMAYA HAQQI

Submitted to the Office of Business AdministrationIQRA University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Approved by:

Chair of committee: Akif HasanCommittee members: Athar Iqbal

Ghulam AbbasYousaf Ibn-ul-Hasan

Head of Department: Sarwar. M. Azhar

April, 2008

Major Subject: Marketing

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General APA Guidelines

Title PageThe title page is the first page of the manuscript and contains four pieces of identifying information:

(1) The title

(2) The author name

(3) The author’s institutional affiliation

(4) Date of Submission

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General APA Guidelines

Effect of managerial functions on the level of satisfaction of new employees

Summaiya HaqqiBBA

Department of Business administrationIQRA University, Karachi.

2008

AN APA-STYLE TITLE PAGE

Centre title

Author names

Author Affiliations

Year

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General APA Guidelines

ABSTRACTThe abstract is a brief summary of the research study, totaling no more than 150 words. The abstract focuses on what was done and what was found in the study IT CONTAINS

A one sentence statement of the problem or research questionA brief description of the subjects or participants (identifying how many and any relevant characteristics)A brief description of the research methods and proceduresA report of the results A statement about the conclusions or implications

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General APA Guidelines

Employees’ job satisfaction 2

AbstractThe issue of Job Satisfaction, Motivation in the workplace and the role of Job Characteristics have been the cause of intensive research for many years now and have given rise to many theories. It is often assumed that all employees receive satisfaction by the same things. Actually a whole range of factors satisfies employees. The way supervisors treat their subordinates is obviously very important. The four dimensions of management that are researched upon in this paper are planning, organizing, controlling and motivating. All these management functions, as the hypotheses suggests, effect the job satisfaction of newly hired employees. A total of one hundred newly hired bank employees of both genders were surveyed to identify what factors have a greater effect on their level of job satisfaction. To achieve this, a regression model was developed based on the dependent and independent variables. The model identified that out of the four independent variables, planning and motivating have a significant effect on the level of satisfaction of newly hired employees .

AN APA-STYLE ABSTRACT

Center

No Indent

Statement of problem

Describe participants

Conclusion Or Implications

Describe method & results

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MAIN BODY Introduction Literature reviewStatement of research objectives Body of the work Overall conclusion (Discussion)

General APA Guidelines

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General APA Guidelines

THE INTRODUCTION

The introduction presents a logical development of the research question, including a review of the relevant background literature, a statement of the research question or hypothesis, and a brief description of the methods used to answer the question or test the hypothesis.

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General APA GuidelinesEffect of managerial functions on the level of satisfaction of employees

Managers have to perform many roles in an organization and they need to handle various situations, which will depend on their style of management. A management style is an overall method of leadership used by a manager but managers must adjust their styles according to the situation that they are presented with as well as the relationship behavior (amount of support required) and the task behavior (amount of guidance required) Job satisfaction emerges from a variety of factors, including characteristics of the organizational environment, specific features of the job, and the personal characteristics of the worker. Higher job satisfaction has been linked with employees who are able to exercise autonomy (Sekaran, 1989) and with those who have a higher level of job involvement (Mortimer and Lorence, 1989). A considerate supervisor who treats his workers as human beings, respects their dignity, is prepared to help them is respected. (Parkinson, Rustomji & Sapre, 1986)Similarly, participation in the decision-making process (planning) can increase job satisfaction (Parkinson, Rustomji & Sapre, 1986). Within superior-subordinate exchanges, subordinates' perceptions of the exchange affect their attitudes about the job itself (Wesolowski & Mossholder, 1997). A questionnaire was designed to carry out the survey. Each participant was handed out a questionnaire that consisted of various questions inquiring them about the practices of their supervisors and its subsequent effect on their level of job satisfaction Based on the arguments above the following hypotheses were developed Level of satisfaction increases when subordinates are involved in the planning process by their supervisors”.“Level of satisfaction increases when subordinates are involved in the organizing process by their supervisors”.“Level of satisfaction of subordinates decreases when the supervisors implement high level of control”. “Level of satisfaction increases when the supervisors motivate their subordinates”.

AN APA-STYLE INTRODUCTION

Center title

General Introduction

Relevantliterature

Purpose &Method

Hypothesis

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General APA Guidelines

THE METHOD SECTION

The method section of a research report describes how the study was conducted, including the subject or participants, the apparatus or material and the procedure used.

Usually a method section is divided into three subsections: I.Subjects or Participants, II.Apparatus or Material, and III.Procedures.

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General APA Guidelines

public recognition, and/or participation (Business Balls, n.d.). Once this is identified, then it would become a lot easier to direct them towards what is required of them, in this case efficiency and effectiveness.

MethodParticipants

Participants were selected from the newly hired employees of different banks who had one year or less job experience with the same organization.

Materials

This was the study of a stochastic relationship, the level of job satisfaction was measured, with relation to the job experience, & managerial behavior to new employees

Employees’ job satisfaction 5so no particular materials were required or used. A questionnaire was used as a tool of primary data collection from the respondents.

Procedure

Participants were given the questionnaire individually. After giving informed consent, each participant completed a general demographic/personal history questionnaire to collect information such as age, gender, details of job activities, and job tenure with the company. The questionnaires were recollected after being filled by the respondents and the data was transferred to the computer software for further statistical analysis.

AN APA STYLEMETHOD SECTION

End of introductionNo new Page

Center

Italics & flush left

Describe participants

Describe Apparatus &/or Materials used

Describe process of conducting study

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General APA Guidelines

THE RESULTS SECTION

The results section of a research report presents a summary of the data and the statistical analysis.

It begins with a statement of the primary outcome of the study,

Followed by the basic descriptive statistics (usually mean and standard deviation) then

The inferential statistics (usually the results of hypothesis tests) and finally the measure of effect size

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THE RESULTS SECTION

Reports of statistical significance should be made in a statement that identifies;

I. The type of test, II.The degrees of freedom, III.The outcome of the test and IV.The level of significance

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Were tested individually, so that the responses be kept unbiased.

ResultsA multiple regression model was used to determine the relationship between the independent variables i.e. planning (PLN), organizing (ORG), controlling (CTRL) & motivating (MTV), and the dependent variable i.e. job satisfaction (SAT) of employees. A scale was developed, 3 being the highest, and 1 being the lowest score, to measure the practices of the supervisors – independent variable. Summary of the model in table – 3, indicates R Square value of 0.294 with F statistics value of 11.301 significant at 0.000. It means that the model (independent variables: planning, organizing, controlling & motivating) has explained almost 30 per cent of the influencing factors that affect job satisfaction. However, this also indicates a 70 per cent unexplained variation, showing that there are some significant variables missing in the model. This may call for a further study in the same area. The significance of F value suggests that the model calculation of R Square is correct.

Employees’ job satisfaction 6Table – 4 shows Sum of Squares for the total variance of the phenomena, i.e. 3264.640, with regression showing variance explained by the model framed in this research. Mean while, the residual value depicts the variance unexplained by the model.The F statistics value of 11.301 has a significance of 0.000.The t value states the significance of the parametric values. While, Sig of t, shows that planning and motivating are the two functions that have greater impact on the level of satisfaction of employees with a significance of 0.047 and 0.000 respectively. Where as, organizing and controlling have a significance of 0.808 and 0.297 respectively which states that these two variables do not contribute immensely to the level of satisfaction of employees.

DiscussionsAfter surveying hundred bank employees using a questionnaire based on managerial functions and its subsequent effect on the level of satisfaction of employees, a

AN APA STYLERESULTS SECTION

End of method Section, no new page

Descriptive statisticsIn a table placed at The end of manuscript

Inferential Statistics

Center

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General APA Guidelines

THE DISCUSSION SECTION

The discussion section of the research report restates the hypothesis, summarizes the results, and then presents a discussion of the interpretations, implications and possible applications of the results.

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General APA Guidelines

organizing and controlling have a significance of 0.808 and 0.297 respectively which states that these two variables do not contribute immensely to the level of satisfaction of employees.

Discussion After surveying hundred bank employees using a questionnaire based on managerial functions and its subsequent effect on the level of satisfaction of employees, a regression model was formulated to determine what functions (independent variable) have a greater effect on the level of satisfaction (dependent variable). The results partially supported the hypotheses that the level of satisfaction of employees’ is affected by the four managerial functions: planning, organizing, controlling & motivating.Employees are considered to be more receptive when their supervisors engage them in the planning process and/or provide them with incentives to enhance their work performance. Where as when supervisors demonstrate control over their subordinates, and/or pursue more organizing techniques, it results in lower level of job satisfaction of employees. The way supervisors treat their subordinates is obviously very important. A supervisor who tries to dominate his workers and insults them only creates bitterness. On the other hand, a considerate supervisor who treats his workers as human beings, respects their dignity, is prepared to help them is respected. (Parkinson, Rustomji & Sapre, 1986)Similarly, participation in the decision-making process (planning) can increase job satisfaction (Parkinson, Rustomji & Sapre, 1986). Within superior-subordinate exchanges, subordinates' perceptions of the exchange affect their attitudes about the job itself (Wesolowski & Mossholder, 1997).Besides the four researched factors, there are various other variables that have a significant effect on the level of satisfaction of employees. Table – 2 provides a summary of the model. It indicates the R Square value of 0.294 with F statistics value of 11.301 significant at 0.000, meaning that the model has explained almost 30 per cent of the influencing factors that affect job satisfaction. The significance of F value suggests that the model calculation of R Square is correct. The table also indicates that there is a 70 per cent unexplained variation, showing that there are almost 70% other unexplained variables present that may have a significant effect on the level of satisfaction of employees that are not touched upon in this research.

AN APA STYLE DISCUSSION SECTION

End of resultsNo New page

Restate hypothesis

Relate to Other Research

Implications or Applications

Center

Restate Results

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General APA Guidelines

References APA style requires that you provide, in your text, brief parenthetical references identifying each work referred to. (Baker, 2008)

At the end of your paper, provide an alphabetized "Reference List" containing complete citations for all works cited or referred to in your paper.

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General APA Guidelines

References

General Guidelines

When citing two or more authors within the text, do not use an ampersand (&); always spell out the word "and".

Use an ampersand (&) when referencing two or more authors within parentheses (e.g., Baker, Smith, & McAfee, 1992).

Insert a comma after citing an author name(s) and year of publication within parentheses (e.g., Baker, 1992).

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When citing references using six or more authors in the text and within parentheses, cite the source as et al. (in every instance even the first citation)

When citing multiple authors and year of publication within parentheses, list the authors in alphabetical order, not chronological order (e.g., Alexander, 1999; Messman-Moore & Resnick, 2002; Veazey, 2003; Yanagita, 2002).

Every reference cited in the text must also be included in the reference section.

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Reference From a Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of book. Location: Publisher

Example:

Holmberg, D., Orbuch, T., & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice-told tales: Married couples tell their stories.

Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

General Format:

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General APA Guidelines

CHAPTER IN A BOOK

General Format: Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (p./pp. nnn-nnn). Location: Publisher.

Examples: Stein, A. (1997). “The post effects”': From taxonomy to post structuralism. In D. Owen (Ed.), Sociology after postmodernism (pp.158-172). London: Sage.

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General APA Guidelines

JOURNAL ARTICLES

General Format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author. C. C. (2004). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume, page-numbers.

1-McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto: The conservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy. Social Problems, 50, 348-373.

2-Stein, H. F. (2003, Spring). The inner world of workplaces: Accessing this world through poetry, narrative literature, music, and visual art. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55(2),84-93.

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General APA Guidelines

MAGAZINE ARTICLES

General Format: Author, A. A. if named or Article title if no author. (2004, Month day). Title of article if not given before [useful descriptive information]. Title of Magazine, volume if given, page-numbers.

Example: Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitive control. Science, 303, 969-970.

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General APA Guidelines

WEBSITES

General Format: Author. (2004). Title of webpage:

Subtitle if needed, Retrieved Month day, year, from source.

Example: NCAA Committee on Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct. (n.d.). Operations plan 2001-02 and 2002-03: Strategic planning and budgeting for the 2002-03 and 2003-04 (Academic Years). Retrieved February 9, 2004,From:http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/governance/assoc-wide/sportsmanship_ethics/index.html

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General APA Guidelines

ONLINE BOOK

General Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004).Title of book. Publisher, Retrieved Month day, year,

from source.

Example: Coward, H. G., & Maguire, D. C. (Eds.). (1999). Visions of a new earth: Religious perspectives on population, consumption, and ecology. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Retrieved February 9, 2004, from the Net Library database.

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General APA Guidelines

0NLINE ARTICLE IN PERIODICAL

General Format: Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume, page-numbers. Retrieved Month day, year, from source.

Example: Fredrickson, B. L. (n. d.). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved February 9, 2004,from:http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

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Employees’ job satisfaction 2

References

Holmberg, D., Orbuch, T., & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice-told tales: Married couples tell their stories. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitive control. Science, 303, 969-970.

McCright A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto: The conservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy. Social Problems, 50, 348-373.

Stein, A. (1997). “The post effects”': From taxonomy to post structuralism. In D. Owen (Ed.), Sociology after postmodernism (pp.158-172). London: Sage. McCright,

Stein, H. F. (2003, Spring). The inner world of workplaces: Accessing this world through poetry, narrative literature, music, and visual art. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55(2),84-93.

Book reference

Journal Articles

Book Chapter

Magazine Articles

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General APA Guidelines

Some Elements of Writing Style

Impersonal Style Verb, Tense Biased Language Citations

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General APA Guidelines

Guidelines for Typing or Word Processing

The General APA guidelines require that manuscript be ;

Double spaced With no more than 27 lines of text per page

(8.1/2 X 11 inch page), With at least a one inch margin on all sides The text should have a straight left-hand margin

but an uneven or ragged right-hand margin without hyphenation breaking words at the ends of lines

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General APA Guidelines

Guidelines for Typing or Word Processing

Indentation should be consistent throughout the

manuscript. Indent the first line of each paragraph 5 to 7 spaces; The preferred typefaces (Fonts) are 12 point, Times

Roman or 12 point Courier.

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General APA Guidelines

Page Numbers & Page HeadersEach page of the manuscript, except the “Figures” page, is numbered and identified with a page header. The page number should be positioned in the upper “right-hand” edge.