Program

AP® United States GovernmenZ and Politics2010 Free-Response Oue tlons

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2010 A2a® UNITED STATES GOVERNI’VIENT AND POLITICSFREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Time~--I hour and 4~} ~utes

Directions: Yon have I00 minutes to answer all four of the following questions. Unless the d-;zections indicateotherwise, respond to all parts of all four questions. It is suggested that you take a few minutes to plan arid outlineeach answer ~roxlmately one-fourth of your time (25 minutes) on each question. ~ your response, usesubstantive examples wher~ appropriate. Make certain to number each of your answers as the question is numberedbelow.

Individuals often form groups in order to promote their interests. The Constitution contains several provisionsthat protect ~e rights of individuals who try to promote their interests in a representative democracy.

(a) Explain two provisions in the Bill of Rights that protect individuals who try to influence politics.

(b) Interest groups engage in a variety of activities to affect public policy. Explain how each of the following isused by interest groups to exert influence over policy.

~ Grassroots mobilization

* Lobbying of govermmant institofions

~, Litigation

(c) Describe one specific federal govermnentM regulation of interest groups.

2. The federal bureaucracy as part of the executive branch exercises substantial independence in implementinggovermmontal policies and programs. Most workers in the federal bureaucracy are civil-service employees whoare organized nnder a merit system.

(a) Describe one key characteristic of the merit system.

(b) For each of the fol!owing, describe one factor that contributes to bureaucratic independence.

The structure of the federal bureaucracy

~ The complexity of public policy problems

(c) For each of the following, explain one Constitutional provision that it can use to check the bureaucracy.

. Congress

~ The courts

~ Interest groups

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2010 AP® UN’IT~D STATES C~OVERNNIENT .a£qD POLITICS

SOUTHERN STATE PARTISANSHIP !N UNITED STAIESHOUSE AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

2t)-

0-1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Year

Pe~ce~ of southern stateelectoral votes forDemocratic presidentialcandidate

Percent of southern stateseats in United StatesHouse held by Democrats

3. Over the last several decades, the composition of the Democratic and Republican parties has changed inimportant ways. A major partisan s!fift has occurred in the South, but Other demographic changes have alsobeen identified. Changes in party composition are reflected at different rates in presidential elections thanin congressional elections.

(a) Identify one specific trend evident in the figure above.(b) Choose two of the following mad use each to explain why southern voters from 1948 to 2000 were electing

Democratic candidates to Congress more frequently than choosing Democratic candidates for thepresidency.

+ Lucumbancy advantage

(c)

+ Oe~dering

+ Differences between state and national parties

Several other changes in party composition have emerged in the past few decades. Select three of thefollowing groups and for each explain how parties have changed in composition with respect to thatgroup,

~ CdtholicsLabor un~on members

Women

Social conservatives

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2010 AP® UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT A!~"D POLITICSFREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS

4. The framers of the Constitution created a political system based on 1krcdted govermmant. The originalConstitution and the Bill of Rights were intended to restrict the powers of the national goverm~aent.Later constitutional developments also limited the powers of state goverr~nents.

(a) Expladn how each of the following limits the powers of the nat!onal executive.

* Federalism

* Checks and balances

(b) Explain hgw each of the foIlowing two provisions in the Bil! of Rights 1krnits the powers of the nationalgovernment.

~ Establisb~naent clause

. Guarantee of a public trial

(c) Choose one of the following and explai~ how it limits the power of state governments.

Citizenship chiuse of the Fourteenth Amendment

~ Selective incorporation

STOP

END OF EXA~

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2010 ~CO~N~ GUIDE~N~$

One point for each of two provisions of the Bfl! of R~ghts. Each provision must be identifiedand include a discussion of what the provision protects.

Answers may inciude, but axe not limited to:

Speech - a~ows citizens to say almost ~nyth~g they wantPress - ~ows ~e~ access to ~o~afion, each ohhez, ~d ~o poh~ m~kezs;

p~ed advoca~~se~ly - ~ows ~ens ~o come ~ogetherPetition - ~ows ci~e~ ~o ad~ess gove~en%V~o~ due process/~ justice pro~io~ (e.g., ~d j~ in~en%, j~ ofpeers, se~ch ~d.se~e) - pro~ects ci~e~ ~om re~ufio~assment ~omgove~ent

b. One point for each of three explanations - explanation n~st include a desc~.ptlon of theinterest group actiVity and how that actiVity may i~z~luence the action of a govenlmenta!

body, o~cial, or policy.

e Orassroots -interest groups orga~-dzfing citizens who ac~ io influence po]ic-l-makerse Lobbying -direct contact with policy makers for the pzzrpose of persuasion through

the provision of information, political benefits, etc.e I/riga|ion - the use of cozies to gain policy preferences through cases or axaicus

ciuiae

Pad (=): I poi~c. One poin~ for a describing a regulation - Regalafion does not need to be identified by its

formal title

Disclosure - of con~-ibufions, funding or activities

Registration - of lobbyists, PACsCampaign finance lawsLhnits on gfft~I/nits on revolving door[dn’dts on honorariaProhibits b~bery .... ,Any named law or regulation v~th a descnptlon of whet it does to regulate interestgroups

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A score of zero (0) is assigned to an answez that is attempted but which earns no points.

A scoxe of dash (--) is assigned to an ansvcer that is blank ox off-task.

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6 po~.%~s

One point for a description of a characteristic of the meat system. Answers may i~cinde:

~ HMing or promotion based on merit/e~peAence/quahfications~ Hiring based on testing

One point for each of two descriptions of factors contributing to buxeaucratic independence.Answers may "include:

Str"ec~reo Laxgeo Speciahzed units!expertiseo Tenuxe protections/hard to fkeo Based on merito Independent agencies/independent regu!ato~ commissions

Comple~dty of pubhc policy pzoblemsSpecialized units!expertiseDelegated authority: Since Congzess and president cannot handleeverything, they delegate authority to the buxeaucracyDiscretiona-~y authori~: Since ~egis!a~ion lacks de~ails, the b~eaucracyfiH in the gaps

One point for each of t~h~ee explanations of a constitutional p~ovision that can check thebu~eauaracy. Answers may include:

Congresso AppropAations - ca~ rewaxd or punish agenc~o Legislation: can pass legislation affecting the buxeaucracyo Rejection of presidential appointments ~o the bareauczacyo tmpeack~aent of executive o~_cials

Co~_~tso Cou_~t nfl~gs that limit buxeaucratic practiceso Judicial review can dec!~e b~ea~c~a~ic ac~io~ ~consti~tion~ ’o Injections ag~st feder~ agencies

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Inleresl g~oupsUse of 1~t 7trnendmen!:

~ Lobbying~ Protests~ ~V~edia %Isege~ Speech

Litigation

Score of zero (0) for attempted answer tha~ earns no pohnts,

Score of dash (--) for b.~.ank or off-task answer.

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One po~t for identh~/ag one specific trend evident in the fi9~xe:

e Percent of House seats for Democrats has trended down

~ Percent of electoral/Presidential votes for Democrats has trended down

One point for each explanation of why, from 1948-2000, souihen~ voters elected Democraticcandidates to Congress more frequently than they elected Democratic candidates to the

presidency:

Incumbency advantage: Even though southern voters were voting for Republicanpresidential candidates, they continued to vote for incumbent Democratic congressionalcandidates due to incun-~bency advantage

Gerrymandering: District lines created safe seats/majorib!-minority districts .whichprotected Democratic seats even though there were more Republican voters mstatewide presidenti!l elections

State and national par~ies: Because national and state par~ies were Iaxgely independentof each other, to get votes Democratic congressional candidates responded to localinterests, while Democratic presidential candidates responded to a nationalconstituency

One point for each explanation of how, over the past few decades, party composition has changed

with respect to tkree of the four groups:

Catholics - they have become less reliable Democratic voters

Labor union members - they have become less reliable Democratic voters; decreasedin nzzmber thus there are fewer Democratic supporters; smaller percentage of the

Democratic voting bloc

Women - they have become more reliable Democratic voters; increased in number thusthere are more Democratic supporters; a larger percentage of the Democratic votingbloc

Social conservatives - they were previously nonexistent and have now crystallized to¯ ¯ " " party andbecome more reliable Repubhcan voters; prewously found m the Democratic

have moved to the Republican pal~y

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score of zero (0) is assigned to am answer that is attempted but vcbich earns no points.

score of dash (--) ~s assigned to an answer that is blank or off-task.

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One point for each of two explanations of how each of the fol!o-vving limits the powers of thena~iomal exertS"re

Federalism - federalism divides powe~ betc~-een national and state governments which limitsthe authority of the national executive

Checks and balances- m°ast, explain how other branches of government can check (limit,~estrict) what the executive can do. -~- corzec~ example of a check o~ balance on the nationalexecutive is acceptable for ~he explanation point

One point for each of two explanations of how each of the following bruits the powers of the

Est~s~en/Clause- prevents the nafion~ gove~ent ~om est~s~g a nation~re~gion or t~g ~y action tha~ wo~d show p~efe~entiA treatmen~ for one ~e~9-ion over

Galilee of a p~HC tA~- ~e~ng ~As ~o be open ~o ~he p~c ~s ~he gove~ent’s~ to ~ola~e the Aghts of ci~ens

Pa~t (c): l poh~t

One point for an explanation of how one of the following limits sta~e gove~eats

C£izenship- pro~’ides a national definition of citizenship that states c~-nnot v~oIa~e; requiressta~es �o provide citizenship guarantees to all who meet the defiz’ition of c~tizen

Selective incorporation - prohibks states ~rom denying Bill of Rights pro~risions regardingf~eedom of expression, ~dghts of the accused or privacy

Score of zero (0) for attempted answer that earus no points.

Score of dash (--) for blank or off-task a~’aswer.

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UNITED STATES GOVERix~NT AND POLITICSSection t

Time--45 minutes

60 Questions

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is f~)tlowed by five suggested answers orcompletions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.

t. Which of the following is an example of checks and balances, asestablished by the Constitution?

" (A) A requirement that states lower their legal drinking age to eighteenas a condition of receiving funds through federal highway grantprograms

(13) Media criticism of public officials during an election campaignperiod

(C) ri~e Supreme Court’s ability to overturn a lower court decision(D) The requirement that presidential appointments to the Supreme

Couq be approved by the Senate(E) The election of the President by the electoral college rather than

by direct election

Questi?n: We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. I’m going to show you a seven-pointscale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal--poin~-1--toextremely conservative--point 7. ~’~here would you place yourself on this scale? (Point 4 not shown on scale.)

MY POLITICAL VALUES ARE.,.Liberal Conservative

(Points 1-3) By Income: (Points 5-7)30%30%

26%25%

23g,

25%

23%23%

220/21o/

Lessthan $5,000

$5,000-$9,999

$10,000-$12,499$12,500-$14,999

$15,0002517,499

$t7,500-$19,999$20,000-$22,499$22,500-$24,999

$25,000-$34,999$35,000-$49,999$50,000 and over

24% NationM

34%

28%29%

33%35%

37%35%

t41%

51%36%

2. The graph above supports which of the following statements?

(A) PeopIe with higher incomes are more likely to think of themselves as conservative than are thosewith lower incomes.

(B) Americans with incomes under $10,000 are twice as likely to think of themselves as liberalthan as conservative.

(C) A majority of people whose incomes fall between $10 000 and $50,000 think of themselves asconservative.

(D) No income group contains more people who think of themselves as liberal than people who thinkof themselves as conservative.

0E) People wit*h higher incomes are less likely t~ think’of-themselves as either iib~ral or conservativethan are those with lower incomes.

3. A primary election in which voters are requiredto identify a party preference before the electionand are not allowed to split their ticket is called

(A) an open primary(B) a blanket primary(C) a closed primary(D) a ranoff primary(E) a presidential preference primary

When selecting a vice-presidential candidate,a presidential nominee is usually concernedprimarily with choosing a tanning mate who

(A) }~as significant personal wealth(B) adds balance and appeal to the national ticket(C) comes from the same ideological wing of the

party as the President(D) can serve as the most important domestic

policy adviser to the President(E) can effectively preside over the Senate

5. The pfimar~ function of political action commit-tees (PAC’s) is to

(A) serve as fund-raising organizations forchallengers

(B) provide members of ConFess with unbiasedinformation regarding proposed legislation

(C) consult with the President regardingdomestic policy

(D) encourage broader participaiion in politicsamong the eiectorate

(E) raise campaign funds to support favoredcandidates

DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AMONG FAMILIES(percentage share by economic love1)

1980 t984 1988Lowest fifth 5.1 4.7 4.6Second fifth 11.6 11.0 10.7Xt~ird fifth 17.5 17.0 16.7Fourth fifth 24.3 24.4 24.0Highest fifth 41.6 42.9 44.0.

6. Which of the following conclusions about income distribution during the Reagan administration issupported by the table above?

(A) Thd share of income received by the lowest fifth increased, whereas the share received by thefourth fifth decreased.

(B) The share of-income received by the second fifth increased, whereas the share received by thefourth fifth decreased.

(C) The share of income received by the highest fifth increased, whereas the share received by thelowest fifth decreased.

(D) The number of people earning high incomes increased.(E) The middle class disappeared.

7. Registered voters directly elect which of thefollowing?

I. The President and Vice President’II. Supreme Court justices

IIt. Members of the SenateIV. Members of the House of Representatives

(A) I only(B) IV only¯(C) I and II only(D) Ill and IV only(E) II,’III, and IV only

8. The role of a conference committee in Congressis to

(A) hold hearings on proposed legislation(B) oversee the actions of the executive branch.

of the government(C) decide which bills should be considered by

the full Senate(D) conduct hearings that make information

_, available to the public(E) reconcile differences in bills passed by the

Hdnse and Senate

9. Supreme Cour’justices Were given tenure subjectto good behavior by the framers of the Constitu-tion in order to ensure that

(A) justices are free from direct politicalpressures

(B) justices remain accountable to the public(C) justices a,re encouraged to make politically

popuI~ decisions(D) cooperation between the judicial and legis-

lative branches is assured(E) Presidents are encouraged to seek younger

nominees for the Supreme Court

-6-

10. The committee system is more important in theHouse than in the Senate because

(A) the seniority system plays no rote in theHouse and therefore committees must playa larger role

(B) the Constitution mandates the type of corn-mittee structure in the House

(C) committee members are appointed by thePresident

(D) the House is so large that more work can beaccomplished in committees than on thefloor

(E) the majority party in the House prefers togive priority to the work of the committees

11. The most important source of the Supr,emeCourt’s caseload is

(A) its origin!l jurisdiction(B) its appellate jurisdiction(C) instruction from the solicitor general(D) the special master’s certification of cases for

review(E) Congress’ certification of cases for review

12. A President attempting to influence ~ongress topass a legislative program might employ all of thefollowing strategies EXCEPT

(A) using the media to draw attention to thelegislative program

(B) assigning legislative liaisons in the ExecutiveOffice of the President to lobby legislators

(C) denying campaign reelection funds tolegislators who 8ppose the President’spoIicy stand

(D) exploiting a partisan majority for thePresident’s party in both the House andSenate

(E) reminding legislators of high popularityratings for the President in public opinionpolls

!3. Presidents have had the most success inchanging the direction of decisions of thefederal judiciary by

(A) threatening to ask Congress to impeachspecific judges

. (B) using the media to build consensus for thePresident’ s position

(C) requesting,that Congress reduce the termof office that judges may serve

(D) using the appointment pr0~ess to selectjudges with judicial philosophies similarto those of the President

(E) pressuring Congress to pass the appropriatelegislation to override judicial opinions

14, Which of the following did the most to expandcivil rights in the 1950’s?

(A) State legislative decisions desegregatingpublic accommodations

(B) State court decisions outlawing poll taxes(C) The passage of voting-fights legislation by

Congress(D) Executive orders mandating affirmative

action(E) The Supreme Court decision declaring state-

mandated school segregation to be uncon-stitutional

15. Which of the following is tree about the right offree speech, as currently interpreted by theSupreme Court?

(A) It protects the right to express opinions evenwithout the actua! use of words.

(B) It protects the use of ltnguage deemedobscene by the couffs.

(C) It allows citizens to disobey laws that theybelieve to be unjust.

(D) It is protected from infringement by thefederal government but not from infringe-ment by state governments.

(E) It cannot be limited in any manner.

16. The impoi~ance of Shays’ Rebellion to thedevelopment of the United States Constitutionwas that it

(A) revealed the necessity oflSoth adding the Billof Rights to the Constitution and creating anew system of checks and balances

(B) demonstrated the intensity of antiratificationsentiment within the thirteen s;ates

(C) indicated that a strong, constitutionallydesigned national government was needed "to protect property and maintain order

(D.) convinced the delegates attending theConstitutional Convention to accept theConnecticut Plan

(E) reinforced the idea that slavery should beoutlawed in the new Constitution "

I7. In a federal system of government, politicalpower is primarily

(A) vested in local governments(B) vested in the regional governments(C) vested in the central government(D) divided between the central government and

regional governments(E) divided between regional governments and

local governments

18. Which of the following generalizations aboutgroup voting tendencies is trne?

(A) Jewish voters tend to 9ore Republican.(B) Protestant voters tend to be more liberal than

Roman Cathdlics on economic issues.(C) More women,than men identify themselves

as Republicans.(D) Rural voters are more likely to support

Democratic candidates than are urbanvoters.

(E) African American Democrats tend to supportthe more liberal candidates within theirparty.

19. A corporate lobbyist would b~ LEAST likely tohave an informal discussion about a pendingpolicy matter with which of the following?

(A) A member of the House in whose districtthe corporation has a plant

(B) A member of the White House staffconcerned about the issue

(C) A member of the staff of the Senatecommittee handtin~a matter of concernto the corporation

(D) A federal judge in whose court a easeimportant to the corporation is being .heard

(E) A journalist for a major newspaperconcerned about the issue

20. Which of the following is a significant trend inthe presidential nominating p~:ocess over the pastthree decades?

(A) Replacement of national party conventionsby national prirnarfes for egch party

,,(B) Increasing importance of presidential-_ primaries rather than state conventions(C) A sharply declining role for political action

committees (PAC’ s)(D) Decreasing cost of carnpaigns(E) Increasing control by political party leaders

over outcomes

Congressional standing committees are bestdescribed as

(A) speci~IIy appointed investigative bodies(B) joint committees of the two houses of

Congress .(C) committees created for each session(D) permanent subject-matter committees(E) advisory staff agencies

22. AII of the following powers are granted to thePresident by the Constitution EXCEPT

(A) commissioning officers in the armed %rces(B) addressing the Congress on the state of the

union(C) receiving ambassadors(D) granting pardons for fed£ral offenses(E) forming new cabinet-level departments

23. In which of the following did C,ongress move toregain powers previously lost.to the executivebranch?

(A) Budget and Impoundment Control Act(B) Gramrn-Rudrnan-Hollings Act(C) Presidential Disability Act(D) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution(E) Persian Gulf War ResoIution

1958I960196219641966/19681970197219741976!97819801982198419861958-1986

(mean percentage)

COMPETTTION KN CONC-R2ESSIONAL ELECTIONS, 1958-1986

Members ReelectedAverage Vote

W(fn by MemberMembers Reelected

b-,/60% or More

House

90%9392878897959488969491909598

Sense House Senate

64% 61,2% 57.5%97 . 60.6 54.583 62.1 54,885 61.7 60,388 62.7 52.671 64.2 52.977 65.4 56,374 65.6 60.585 64.0 52.564 65.8 50.860 65.8 52.555 66,1 50.193 65.0 58.690 65.6 61.975 69.5 59.1

House Senate

63.1% 71~3%58.9 71.863.6 40.058.5 63.067.7 59.372.2 ’58,977.3 45.877.8 55.066.4 47.871.9 68.778,0 53,372.9 56.268.9 50.075.1 73.081.2 71.4

93 77 64.4 55.7 70.2 59.0

24. The data displayed in the table above best support which of thefollowir]g statements?

(A) The reelection rate is higher in the Senate tSan in the House.(13) ~1"ne average vote won by Senate members surpasses that won

by House members.(C) House seats are safer from election turnover than are Senate

seals.

(D) House members serve more terms than do Senators.(E) More members of the Senate win reelection by 60% or more

of the vote than do members of the House.

25. Which of the following actions can Congress takeif the Supreme Court finds a federal law unconsti-mtionaI?

(A) Appeal the Court’s decision to the District ofColumbia’s Court of Appeals.

(B) Formally request the President to veto theCo rt s decismn.

(C) Remove certain members of the Court andreplace them with riew members.

(D) Try to amend the Constitution.(E) Rednact the same law.

26. Which of the following statements aboutCongress is tree?

(A) Members of Congress only occasionallyare interested in and pay attention toconstituents.

(B) The legislative process is frequently lengthy,decentralized, and characterized by compro-mise and bargaining.

(C) Lobbyists and political action committees(PAC’s) successfully induce most members9f Congress to trade their votes for cam-paign contributions.

(D) The growth in the size of Congress as anorganization is the principal cause of growthin the federal budget deficit.

(E) Debate in both houses is structured byelaborate mles enacted by leaders of themajority party.

27. Which of the following is articulated in the WarPowers ResoIution?

(A) The President may declare war.(B) The President must finance any war efforts

from a special contingency fund.(C) The President must bring troops home from

hostiIities within 60 to 90 days unlessCongress extends the time.

(D) The President may not nationalize statemilitias without congressional consent.

(E) ,The President may not send troops intohostilities without a declaration of warfrom Congress or a resolution from theUnited Nations.

In the t992 election, the membership of Congresswas altered significantly by an increase in the "number of

(A) conservative Democrats’ (B) liberal Republicans(C) third-party representatives(D) political independents(E) minorities and women .

29. Discrimination in public accommodations wasmade illegal in the United States as a direct resultof the

(A) Supreme Cour~ decision in Brown v. Boardof Education of Topeka

(B) Supreme Court decision in Sweatt v. Painter(C) Civil Rights Act of 1964(D) Montgomery bus boycott(E) Voting Rights Act of i965

30. Most of the individual protections of the Bill ofRights now apply to the states because of theSupreme Court’s interpretation of the Consti-tution’s

(A) Preamble(B) necessm7 mad proper clause(C) supremacy clause(D) Tenth Amendment(E) Fourteenth Amendment

31. In McCulloch v. MaryIand, the supreme Court

established which of.the following principles?(A) States cannot interfere with or tax the

legitimate acti~)ities of the federalgovernment.

(B) The judicial branch cannot intervene inpolitical disputes between the Presidentand Congress.

(C) The federal Bill of Pdghts pIaces ~oiimitations on the states.

(D) The federa! government has the power toregulate commerce.

(E) It is within thejudiciary’s authority tointerpret the constitution.

-11-

32. Political socialization is the process by which

(A) the use of private property is regulated by thegovernment

(B) governments communicate with each other(C) public attitudes toward govemment are

measured and reported(D) political values are passed to the next

generation(E) children are trained for successful occu-

pations

33. Which of the following {s the most importantinfluence on the choice made by voters inpresidential elections?

(A) Partisan identification(B) Pa~y platform adopted at the national

convention(C) Vice-presidential running mate(D) Endorsement by political incutubents0E) Appeal of the candidates’ spouses

34. The advantages of incumbency in congressionalelections include which of the following?

I. Incumbents receive more campaign"contributions than do challengers.

It. Incumbents are able to provide importantservices for individual voters.The government provides campaign f~ndsfor incumbents.The President usually endorses incum-bents for reelection.Most American voters betieve Congressdoes a good job,

III.

V.

(Ai I and II only(B) III and IV only(C) I, IV, and V only(D) LI, IK, and V only(E) III, IV, and V only

35. Whic>h of the following statements al~out pales ofprocedure in the House and Senate is correct?

(A) Debate by a determined minority in eitherchamber cannot be halted.

(B) The rules in each chamber are determined bythe majority whip.

(C) The mles are specified in Article I of theConstitution.

(D) The mles can be changed by the Presidentduring a national emeigency.

(E) The House operates more by formal rules,while the Senate operates more on infornsalunderstandings.

36.

37.

Which of the fo]lowing procedures results ir~ theremoval of the President from office?

(A) The House and Senate vote for impeachment,and the Supreme Court reaches a guiltyverdidt.

(B) The House votes for impeachment, and theSenate conducts a trial and reaches a guiItyverdict.

(C) The House and Senate both vote for a bill ofimpeachment.

(D) 0nly the House votes for a bill of impeach-ment.

(E) A criminal court finds the President guiity of"high crimes and misdemeanors."

Interest groups and political parties both promoteUnited States demecracy by

(A) expressin~ detailed, ideologically distinctprograms

(B) centralizing public authority(C) linking citizens to the political process(D) increasing domination Of the political

process by elites(E) lobbying members of Congress

38. Which of the following statements accuratelydescribes the selection of the caseload for theUnite~l States-Supreme Court?

(A) The United States Constitution spells out allif the categories of cases that the SupremeCourt must hear.

(B) The Chief Jusficc of the Suprem~ Court hasthe authority to setcct the cases that theCourt will hear.

(C) The Solicitor General in the Department ofJustice determine[ the Supreme Court’sagenda.

(D) Me Supreme Court is free to choose thecases it hears with only a few limitations.

(E) The Attorney General screens cases forconsideration by the

39. The boundaries of United States congressional¯ districts are usually determined by

(A) the Federal Election Commission (FEC)(B) the state legislatures

~:(C) the HouseRutes Committee:(D) a conference committee of the House and

Senate(E) the director of the United States Censtis

Bureau

40. Public monies are used to help finance which ofthe following campaigns?

L PresidentialII. Congressional

I!I. Gubernatorial

(A) I only(B) II onIy(C) I and II only(D) II and III only(E) I, tI, and III

41.

42.

43.

Diversity of public policy throughout the UnitedStatesi~s primarily a consequence of

(A) federalism(B) separation of powers(C) innovation within bureaucratic agencies(D) decentralization in the Senate(E) lack of party discipline in the House

All of the following have contributed to anincrease in presidential power in the post-1945era EXCEPT .-

(A) tensidns between the United States and theSoviet Union during the Cold War period

(B) an increase in public expectations forservices from the federal government

(C) economic and domestic problems such asinflation, unemployment, and civil rightsissues

(D) increasing United States involvement ininternational affairs

(E) legislation granting the Pregident the powerto impound funds appropriated by Congress

One of the formal tools used by Congress foroversight of the bureaucracy is

(A) the line-item veto(B) authorization of spending(C) impoundment bills(D) private bills(E) senatorial courtesy

44. Decisions reached by the S~preme Court underthe leadership of Chief Justice Ear! Warren(1953-1969) did all of the following EXCEPT

(A) rule against malapportionment in statelegistatum~

(B) void state statutes that permitted schoolsegregation

(C) invalidate state abortion statutes(D) expand the rights of criminM defendants(E) increase protection for First Amendment

freedoms

45. 32qe "Miranda warning" represents an attempt toprotect criminal suspects against

(A) unfair police interrogation(B) biased jury selection(C) imprisonment without trial(D) illegal wiretapping(E) unjustified police surveillance

46. The reserved powers of the state governments canbest be described as those powers.

(A) not specifically granted to the nationalgovernment or denied to the states

(B) implied in the Fifth Amendment(C) Iisted specifically in the Tenth Amendment(D) exemised by both national and state

governments(E) granted to states as part of the implied

powers doctrine

47. Critical elections in the United States typicallyhave occurred

(A) as a result of a temporary shift in the popularcoalition supporting one or both parties

(B) whenever a third par~y has secured more thanfifteen percent of the presidential vote

(Cj each time a Republicap has been electedPresident

iD) when voter turnout has declined significantlyfrom the previous election

(E)" when groups of voters have changed theirtraditional patterns of party loyalties

48. When 18 to 2I year olds received the right to votein 1971, in the i972 national elections they didwhich of the following?

¯ (A) Voted overwhelmingIy for Republicancandidates.

(B) Voted overwhelmingly for Democraticcandidates.

(C) Voted ove~vheImingly for radicalcandidates.

(D) Turned out at a lower rate than the rest ofthe electorate. :

(E) Turned out at the same rate asthe rest ofthe electorate.

49. Th~ largest amount of political coverage innewspapers during presidential campaignsis devoted to

(A) day-to-day campaign activities(B) the platforms of the major parties(C) candidates’ policy stands on domestic issues(D) candidates’ stands on foreign policy issues(E) candidates’ experience and qualifications

50. A state has 11 electoral votes. In a presidentialelection, the Democratic candidate receives48 percent of that state’s popular vote, the Repub-lican candidate receives 40 percent of the vote,and an indepepdent candidate rdceives 12 percentof the vote.

If the state is simiIar to most other states, howwill the electoral v.otes most likely be allocated?

(A) The Democratic candidate wll! receive5 electoral votes, the Republican, willreceive 4, and the independent willreceive 2.

(B) The Democratic candidate will receive6 electoral votes and the Republic:an wiIlreceive 5.

(C) The Democratic candidate’:will receive all11 electoral votes.

(D) The votes wilI not be allocated until there hasbeen a runoff election between theDemocratic and Republican candidates.

(E) The House of Representatives will determinethe allocation of the electoral votes.

51. Which of the following is the most accuratestatement about political parties in the UnitedStates?

(A) Parties increasingly identify themselves withcoherent ideologies to attract large blocs ofvoters.

(B) The percentage of voters identifying them-selves as either Democrats or Republicanshas been declining since the 1970’s.

(C) National party organizations are generallythe strongest party organizations.

(D) It is increasingly difficult for third parties togain more than two percent of the popularvote.

(E) Most candidates prefer to run as indepen-dents rather than as Democrats orRepublicans.

52. The congressional power that has been contestedmost frequently in the federal courts is the power to

(A) establish post offices.~ (B) coin money: (C) levy taxes

(D) regulate commerce with foreign nations(E) regulate interstate commerce

53. Which of the following is an accurate statementabout committees in Congress?

(A) The work of a committee ends when itsubmits a bill to the fulI House or Senatefor consideration.

(B) An individual representative or senator canserve on only one committee and onesubcommittee.

(C) Membership on key committees such asHouse Rules and Senate Finance is limitedto fixed tetras.

(D) Standing committees oversee the bureau/cracy’s implementation of legislation.

(E) Committee recommendations tend to havelittle influence on floor voting.

54.

55.

56.

The request of recent Presidents for the line-itemveto is a challenge to which of the followingprinciples?

(A) Separation of powers(B) Senatorial courtesy(C) Eminent domain(D) Executive privilege(E) Congressional oversight

Which of the following form an "iron triangle"?

(A) President, Congress, Supreme Court(B) President, House majority leader, Senate

majority leader(C) Interest group, Senate majority leader, House

majority leader(D) Executive department, House majority

leader, President0E) Executive department, Congressional

committee, interest group

An electicin involving more than two candidatesin which the person who receives the most votesis the winner is called

(A) a majority election(B) a proportional election(C) a-plurality election(D) a simple election(E) an indirect election

57. Cabinet members often do not have a dominantinfluence on presidential decision-ms~kingbecause

(A) cabinet members generali)~ maintain closeindependent ties to Congress

(B) cabinet members generally view their positiononly as a stepping-stone to further their ownpolitica! ambitions

(C) cabinet members are not permitted todisagree pnbIicly yvlth the President "

(D) presidential goals often conflict with theinstitutional goals of individual cabinet-level agencies

(E) only half of all cabinet members can bemembers of the President’s party

58. A fundamental source of power for the federalbureaucracy lies in its

(A) role in moving legislation out of sub-committees

". (B) role in mediating interstate conflicts’ (C) ability to convince Congress to fund most

projects it supports(D) ability to mobilize public opinion in support

of legislative initiatives(E) abitity t6 set specific guidelines after

receiving a genera1 mandate from Congress

-15-

59. The establishment cIause in the First Amendmentdoes which of the following?

(A) Guarantees freedom of speech to at! citizens.(B) Prevents prior restraint of the press.(C) Prohibits the setting up of a state church.(D) Defines the concept of duaI citizenship.(E) Allows citizens to enter freely into contracts

with other citizens.

60. Griswold v. Connecticut and Roe v. Wade aresimilar Supreme Court cases in that both casesare based on the

(A) rights of gay men and lesblan women(B) right of privacy(C) right to an abortion(D) right to freedom from creel and unusua!

punishment(E) right of women to equal protection before

the law

END OF SECT(ION I.

PF YOU FINISH BEFORE TiME IS CALLED, YOU MAYCHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION, "

DO NOT GO ON TO SECTION ]I UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

MAKE SURE YOU HAVE PLACED YOUR AP NUMBER LABEL ON YOURANSWER SHEET AND HAVE WR!TTEN AND GRIDDED YOUR AP NUMBERCORRECTLY KN THE APPROPRIATE SECTION OF YOUR ANSWER SHEET.

UI¢ITED STATES GOVERNMENT Ai’/D POLITICS

Two hours and twenty-five minutes are allotted for this examination: 45 minutes for Section I, which consists ofmultiple~choice questions; and 100 minutes for Section II, Which consists of four mandatory essay questions. Sectionis printed in this examination booklet¯ Section II is printed in a separate bookIet.

¯ SECTION I

Time -- 45 minutes

Number of questions -- 60

Percent of total grade -- 50

Section I of this examination contains 60 multiple-choice questions. Therefore, please be careful to fillin only the ~?vals that are preceded by numbers 1 through 60 on your answer sheet.

General Instra.ctions

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE INSTRUCTED TO DO SO.

INDICATE ALL YOUR ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS IN SECTION I ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET¯No credit will be given for anything written in this examination booklet, but you may use the booklet for notes orsasatchwork. After you have decided which of the suggested answers is best, COMPLETELY fil! in the correspondingoval on the answer sheet. Give only one answer to each question. If you change an answer, be sure that the previousmark is erased completely. ’

Chicago is a

(A) state(B) city(C) country(D) continent(E) ~llage

Sample Answer

Many ~andida~tes wonder whether or not to guess the answers to questions about w~ich they are not certain. In thissection of the examination, as a correction for haphazard guessing, one-fourth of the number of questions you answerincorrectly will be subtracted from the number of questions you answer correctly. It is improbable, therefore, that mereguessing will imprdve your score significantly; it may even lower your score, and it does take time¯ If, however, you arenot sure of the best answer but have some knowledge of the question and are able to eliminate one or more of the answerchoices as wrong, your chance of getting the r~ght answer is improved, and i! may be to your advantag~ to answer s~ch aquestion.

Use your time effectively, working as rapidly as you can without Iosing accuracy. Do not spend too much time onqu.estions that are too difficult. Go on to other questions and come back to the difficult ones later if you have time. It isnot expected that everyone will be able to answer all the multiple-choice questions.

I.N. 468765

I PLACE SEAL HERE!

~ORMDO NOT seat answer sheet inside. ~VBP 57

UNIXEDSTATES GOVERNMENT ANDPOLITICS

Section I

Time--45 minutes

60 Questions

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or comple-~ons. SeIect the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.

I: The framers of the Constitution all believed thatone of the primary functions of government is

(A) educating citizens(B) protecting individual property rights(C) protecting new immigrants from persecution(D) expanding the borders of the nation(E) ensuring that anyone accused of a crime has

the right to legal representation

In The Federalist papers, James Madisonexpressed the view that political factions

(A) should be nurtured by a free nation(B) should play a minor role in any free nation(C) are central to the creation of a free nation(D) are undesirable but inevitable in a free

nation(E) are necessary to control the masses in a free

nation

3. Agreement among four justices on the SupremeCour~ is always sufficient to

(A) decide the outcome of the case(B) write a majority opinion(C) ’set a precedent(D) overturn a lower court’s opinion(E) accept a case for consideration

Which of the following is true of nominees forfederal judgeships?

(A) They are recruited from the current pool ofUnited States attomeys.

(B) They are nominated by the Senate andapproved by the House of Representatives,

(C) They are elected in popular elections inindividual states.

(D) They must receive the approval of theAmerican Bar Association uponnomination.

(E) They are appointed for life by the Presidentwith the advice and consent of the Senate.

In selecting members of the White House staff,Presidents primarily seek people who

(A) give the White House ideological balance(13) are personally loyal to the President(C) have extensive governmental expetience(D) wiIl help the President develop a good

working relationship with Congress(E) can bring a nonpartisan perspective to policy

deliberations

II1[]

One vie’a, o/-theexclusionary rule.

Reprinted by permission.

6. The author of the cartoon above would most likelyagree with which of the following?

(A) Only the exclusionary rule can protect the rightsof those accused of violating the law.

(B) The exclusionary rule has been detrimental tothe maintenance of law and order.

(C) Plea bargaining is an effective means ofreducing court backlogs.

(D) The Warren Court advocated social order at theexpense of civil liberties.

(E) The Rehnquist Court has been too lenienttoward criminals.

presidential veto are true ~u~" ~1

(A)~ Coi~gress overrides fewer than ten percentof presidential vetoes.

(B) A vetoed bill is often revised and passed inanother form.

(C) Presidents often threaten to veto bills toincrease their leverage with Congress.

(D) A President may veto part of a bill.(E) Congress often places provisions the

President wants into a bill the Presidentdislikes to make a veto less likely.

Which of the following is a.correct s~t~t,~entabout political action committees (PA ~.

(A) The number of PAC’s has remained stableover the past decade.

(B) Most PAC money is distributed to .challengers in an effort to unseat hostileincumbents.

(C) The amount of money that PAC’s cancontribute directly to an individualcandidate is limited by law.

(D) PAC’s are illegal in most states.(E) PAC’s rarely attempt to influence

legislation through lobbying activities.

A "cloture motion" passed in the Senate doesWhich of the following?

(A) Returns a bill to committee.(B) Cuts off debate on a bill.(C) Criticizes a senator guilty of improprieties.(D) Removes a President who has been

impeached by the House.(E) Brings a bill directly to a vote without

formal committee approval.

candidates results in which of the following ~

I. A weakening of party control overnominations

II. A reduction in the costs of electioncampaigns

III. An increase in the number of people involvedin the choice of candidates

IV. An increase in voter mcaout in midtermelections

(A) I and ILl only(B) II and IV only(C) III and IV only(D) I, II, and ]~I only(E) I, II, III, and IV

Which of the following factors best accounts forthe rise of interest groups and the decline ofpoliticaI parties in recent years?(A) National parties have become too c!osely

identified with controversial issues.(B) Court decisions have restricted the political

patties’ abilities to recruit new members.(C) It is less expensive to join an interest group

than to join a politica! party.(D) Interest groups have been more successful in

avoiding negative press coverage than havepolitical parties.

(E) Interest groups are better able to articulatespecific policy positions than are politicalparties.

12. Which of the following best characterizes theinfluence of the news media on public opinion inthe United States?

(A) They alter the public’s views on issues.(B) They affect which issup.s the public thinks are

important.(C) They determine how citizens wil! vote.(D) They are most able m influence people with

the highest level of education.(E) X1ney are most able to influence the urban

sectors of society.

13. Of the following, which group voted mostheavily Democratic in presidential electionsbetween 1964 and 19927

(A) Mexican Americans(B) Chinese Americans(C) Jewish Americans(D) Black Americans(E) Roman Catholic Americans

14. To enforce the Fourteenth Amendment moreclearly, Congress passed the

(A) Civil Rights Act of 1964(B) Oramm-Rudman-Hollings Act(C) Social Security Act(D) Twenty-sixth Amendment(E) War Powers Resolution

15. In the United States, most criminal cases end in

(A) a plea bargain negotiated by the defenseand prosecution

(B) an appeal to the United States Court ofAppeals

(C) an appeal to a state court of appeals(D) a trial by judge(E) a trial by jury

_Questions 16-17 refer to the following clause from theConstitution.

The Congress shal! have power.., to make alllaws which shall be necessary and proper for carryinginto execution the foregoing powers, and all otherpowers vested by this Constitution in the governmentof the United States, or in any department or officerthereof.

16.

17.

Interpretations of this clause have been central toattempts to define the nature of which of thefollowing aspects of the United States politicalsystem?

(A) RepubIicanism(B) Pluralism(C) Due process of law(D) Federalism(E) Judicial review

The practical effect of this clause has been to

(A) make the legislature the most powerfulbranch of the national government

(B) allow the national government to extend itspowers beyond those enumerated in theConstitution

(C) allow state governments to nullify federallaws within their borders

(D) give the President uncontested powers in thearea of foreign policy

(E) ensure that any powers not delegated by theConstitution to the United Statesgovernment are reserved to the states andthe people

18. Those who believe that the Supreme Court in itsrulings should defer to the elective institutions ofgovernment are advocating

(A) ~’Social Darwinism"(13) "judicial activism"~C) ’’judicial restraint"(D) "incorporation"(E) "nullification"

19. In genera!, Congress is most likely to defer tothe President

(A) in the area of foreign policy(B) in the area of fiscal policy(C) in the area of social policy(D) late in the President’s term(E) when the economy is strong

20. In trying to influence legislation, the President isgenerally more successful than congressionalleaders in

(A) using the legislative schedute to pofiticaladvantage

(B) enforcing party discipline(C) satisfying interest group demands for access

to the policy process(D) effectively using formal parliamentary

powers rather than persuasion(E) using the media to set the policy agenda

21. Supporters of granting the President a line-itemveto would most likely argue that this powerwould increase a President’s ability to

(A) work effectively with the cabinet(B) negotiatE understandings with foreign heads

of government(C) control federal spending(D) avoid costly disputes with the judiciary(E) provide effectively for national defense

22. Which of the following is true of an executiveagreement made between a United StatesPresident and another head of state?

(A) It does not require Senate approval, but mayrequire congressional allocation of fundsfor implementation.

(B) !t does not require congressiona! fundingbecause the President can.use the power ofthe purse to raise implementation funds.

(C) It has more legal force than a treaty.(D) It is binding on all succeeding Presidents and

Congresses.(E) It has been used extensively to end armed

conflicts.

Over the past 20 years, reforms of the presidentialnomination process bave had which of thefollowing effects?

(A) The nomination process in both parties hasbecome less democratic and open.

(B) ~I~e number of Black delegates at Republicannational conventions has grownsubstantially.

(C) The number of candidates willing and able toseek the nomination has decreaseddramatica!ly.

(D) The number of female delegates andminority-group delegates at Democraticnational conventions has grownsubstantially.

(E) State and local party organizations haveincreased their control over the process.

[]15[]

25.

All of the following are reasons incumbents inthe House Of Representatives enjoy an electoraladvantage over challengers EXCEPT thatincumbents

(A) get substantial financial support from theirparty’s national committee

(B) are better known to voters than arechallengers

(C) find it much easier to raise campaign fundsthan do challengers

(D) can use staff members to do constituentservice "

(E) often serve on committees that enable themto help the constituency

The Office of Mauagement and Budget has theprimary responsibility for doing which of thefollowing?

(A) Implementing federal unemployment policy(B) Preparing the budget(C) Auditing the budget(D) Appropriating funds for the budget(E) Approving the budget

¸26.

27.

The boundary lines of congressional districts aredrawn by

(A) the United States House of Representatives(B) the United States Senate(C) United States district courts(D) state go-vemors(E) state legislatures

The most common form of political activityundertaken by United States citizens is

(A) lobbying to influence decisions by pubficofficials

(B) campaigning for candidates for office(C) contributing money to a political party(D) votLng in local elections(E) voting in presidential elections

[]16[]

Question: Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as a Republican, Democrat, Independent, or what?

Generally think of self as

Democrat

44%

49°£

42%

39%

36%

36%

42%

41~,

35%

26%

By Income:Less than $5,000

$5,000-$9,999

$10,000-$12,499

$12,500-$14,999

$15,000-$17,499

$17,500-$19,999

$20,000-$22,499

$22,500-$2~,,999

$25,000-$34,999

$35,000-$49,999

$50,000 and over

Republican

18%

20%

23%

23%

28%

27%

31%

23%

26%

33%

43%

Note: "Independent" not shown.

28. 22qe graph above supports which of the followingstatements about partisanship?

(A) The higher people’s incomes, the less likelythey are to be Republicans.

(B) At all income levels, people are divided aboutequally between the Democratic andRepublican parties.

(C) Only in the highest income group are peoplemore likely to be Republicans thanDemocrats.

(D) As income leve! increases, people are less likelyto identify with either political party.

(E) Income level accurately reflects presidentialelection voting patterns over the past twenty

W17[]

29. Which of the fo!lowing statements best describeshow United States citizens regard the rights offree speech and assembly?

(A) A majority agrees in principle with theserights, but in practice many people areoften intolerant of views they do notsupport.

(B) A majority actively supports these rightswithout any reservations.

(C) A majority opposes these rights in principle.(D) 211e average citizen is more supportive of

these rights than are members of the elite.(E) Conservatives have traditionally been more

supportive of these rights than haveliberals.

30.The Fourieenth Amendment to the Constitutionhas been interpreted by the Supreme Court to

(A) expand presidential power(B) restrict the appIication of judicial review(C) make most rights contained in the Bill of

Rights applicable to the states(D) prevent states from taxing agencies of the

federal government(E) limit the use of the legislative veto

31. The legislative process at the national levelreflects the intent of the framers of theConstitution to create a legislature that would

(A) be less pQwefful than the executive(B) be cautious and deliberate(C) involve as many citizens as possible(D) ensure that all groups be equally

represented(E) allow majorities virtually unlimited control

over policy

32. All of the following are consequences of thefederal system in the United States EXCEPT

(A) inequality in government services acrosssubnational entities

(B) opportunities for experimentation ingovernment programs

(C) multiple points of access for interest groups(D) decentralization of political conflict(E) a strict division of power among levels of

government

33. Which of the following is true about divided partycontrol of the presidency and Congress?

(A) It is a natural occurrence due to theconstitutionaI system of checks andbalances.

(B) It rarely occurs in United States elections,because of straight-ticket voting.

(C) It promotes quick action by the President andCongress on such issues as the federalbudget.

(D) It reflects a frequent election pattern over thepast three decades.

(E) It results from the reapportionment of Houseseats after the decennial census.

34. The Freedom of Information Act was designedprimarily to give

(A) Congress access to information from citizens(B) police access to information from criminal

suspects(C) the courts access to information from

reporters(D) citizens access to information from the

executive branch(E) Congress access to information from the

executive branch

35. Which of the following is true of the electoralcollege system?(A) It encourages the emergence of third parties.(B) It encourages candidates to concentrate their

campaigns in competitive, populous states.(C) It ensures that the votes of all citizens count

equally in selecting the President.(D) It requires that a candidate win a minimum

of 26 states to obtain a majority in thecollege.

(E) It tends to make presidential elections appearcloser than they really are.

[]18[]

The congressional system of standing committeesis significant because it

(A) fosters the development of expertise bymembers

(B) helps Congress reduce staff costs(C) insulates decision-making from the

influence of special interests(D) weakens Congress in its dealings with the

President(E) prevents Congress from effectively

processing its large legislative workload

37. Elections for the House of Representativesprovide

(A) approximately equal representation forevery voter

(B) an equal chance of getting elected for bothincumbents and challengers

(C) a system in which only those candidateswho receive a majority of the votes castwin on the first ballot

(D) proportional representation based on thepementage of votes cast for each party

(E) proportional representation of racial andethnic minorities

38. In contrast to revenue sharing, categoricalgrants-in-aid provide state and local governmentswith

(A) substantial discretion in deciding how to usethe grants to solve their problems

(B) aid that reflects tap base and population(C) the power to impose regressive taxes(D) funds sufficient to support a high level of

IocM service(E) funds to administer programs clearly

specified by the federal government

39. Which of the following is empowered to createnew federal courts and specify the number ofjudges who will sit on them?

(A) The Supreme Court(B) Congress(C) The President(D) The Department of Justice(E) The attorney general

40. The War Powers Resolution (1973) was designed to

41.

42.

(A) allow the Joint Chiefs of Staff to advise thePresident during periods of conflict

(B) allow Congress to suspend certain civilliberties during times of war

(C) require a congressional declaration of warbefore alIowing military forces to be usedoverseas

(D) assure congressional involvement in decisionscommitting military fomes in hostilesituations overseas

(E) ensure funding for military operations lastingmore than 60 days

43.

The primary reason for the current existence ofonly two major political parties in the UnitedStates is that

(A) the Constitution puts severe restrictions onother parties

(B) third parties are usually far to the right orleft, and Americans are moderates

(C) a winner-take-all electoral system makes itdifficult for new parties to emerge andsurvive

(D) voters naturally think of themselves as eitherliberals or conservatives

(E) presidential electors can vote for only twocandidates

An interest group would Iikely have the greatestinfluence on policy matters involving

(A) narrow issues, only a few interest groups, andteohnicai information

(B) broad, highly visible national issues(C) broad foreign policy issues(D) major constitutional questions about civil

rights and liberties(E) areas in which members of Congress have

considerable expertise and commitment

Which of the following has the most influence onthe outcome of a congressional eIection?

(A) Local performance of a candidate’s party inthe presidential race

(B) A candidate’s incumbency status(C) The amount of a candidate’s campaign

spending relative to that of his or heropponent

(D) The level of support from local party leaders(E) The level of voter turnout

INtgN

44.Which of the following is an accurate statement

about the voter turnout rate in the United States?

(A) It is high because of the large numbers ofelective offices.

(B) It is significantly higher among men thanamong women.

(C) It is lower than in most other Westerndemocracies.

(D) It increased sharply when eighteen year oldswere given the right to vote.

(E) It has been steady over the last 30 years.

45. Which of the following is an accurate statementthat could be used to refute the argument that arealignment took place in the 1980’s?

(A) Although the Republicans had success innational elections, they did not attractmembers of traditionally Democraticgroups.

(B) Republican identifiers were less likely tovote their partisanship than wereDemocratic identifiers.

(C) The Republicans had been the dominantparty since the late 1960’s.

(D) The decline in voter turnout slowedsteadily.

(E) .Republican dominance in presidentialelections did not extend to congressional,state, and local elections.

46. Compared to voters in a general election, votersin presidential primary elections are

(A) less likely to be members of political parties(I3) less likely to be well educated(C) likely m be a larger percentage of the

voting-age population(D) more likely to be members of ethnic or

racial minority groups(E) more likely to be affluent

47. Which of the following was an argument used bythe Supreme Court in upholding fedaral statutesoutlawing segregation in public accommodations?

48.

(A) Such segregation affected interstatecommerce, and Congress therefore had theauthority to outlaw it.

(B) Such segregation was wrong in principle, andCongress had moral authority to outlaw iteven though the statutes lacked a strictc~nstitutionaI basis.

(C) Such segregation yiolated the FirstAmendment’s protection of the right to freeassembly, and Congress therefore had theauthority to outlaw it.

(D) Such segregation violated the TenthAmendment’s reservation of power to stategovernments, and Congress therefore hadthe authority to outlaw it.

(E) Since such segregation affected citizens ofdifferent states, it fell under the originaljurisdiction of the federal courts and couldtherefore be outlawed by Congress.

Xt~e clear-and-present-danger test devised by theSupreme Court was designed to define theconditions under which public authorities could

(A) ban obscene mateldals(B) suspend habeas corpus protections(C) mobilize the National Guard(D) limit free speech(E) commk troops to situations of potential

foreign combat

49. As originally ratified, the United StatesConstitution included provisions designed to

(A) limit the importation of foreign manufacturedgoods

(B) increase the economic importance of theagrarian sector relative to that of themanufacturing sector

(C) increase the economic powers of the centralgovernment

(D) expand the states’ powers to regulate theirown commerce with foreign countries

(E) guarantee the states a greater role ineconomic policy-making

50. Which of the following accurately characterizesthe main difference between elite theories andpluralist theories of politics in the United States?

(A) Elite theories concentrate on the role ofinterest groups; pluralist theoriesemphasize the role of individuals.

(B) Elite theories argue that a single minoritydominates politics in all policy areas;pluralist theories argue that manyminorities compete for power in differ4ntpolicy areas.

(C) Elite theories argue that social status is themajor source of political power; pluralisttheories argue that wealth is the major

(D) Elite theories emphasize the multiple accesspoints that interest groups have to punicofficials; pluralist theories stress the limitsin the number and effectiveness of suchaccess points.

(E) Elite theories view government as efficient;pluralist theories view it as slow andwasteful.

5!. A committee chair in the House of Representativesis always

(A) the member with the longest service on thecommittee

(B) the member with the longest service in theHouse

(C) a representative of the Speaker(D) a member of the majority party in the

chamber(E) a trusted ally of the President

52. Which of the following is tree of independentregulatory agencies?

(A) They tend to have larger budgets thancabinet departments.

(B) They are directly supervised by cabinetdepartments.

(C) They provide a product or service directlyto the public.

(D) They are insulated from contact withinterest groups.

(E) They tend to be freer from presiden6alcontrol than are cabinet departments.

53. Which of the foll0wing are differences betweenthe legislative process in the House ofRepresentatives and that in the Senate?

54.

¸55.

56.

I. Debate is more restricted on the House floorthan on the Senate floon

II. The amendment process is more restricted inthe House than in the Senate.

III. Bills are more likely to bypass committeeconsideration in the House than in theSenate.

IV. A Rules Committee sets the guidelines forfloor debate in the House but not in theSenate.

(A) III only(B) I and H only(C) II and IV only(D) I, 12, and IV only(E) I, lI, Ill, and IV

Communication between congressionalrepresentatives and constituents occurs mainlythrough

(A) committee hearings(B) the media(C) the personal staffs of representatives(D) the federal bureaucracy(E) staff members of congressional committees

The Supreme Court’s decision about abortion inRoe v. Wade was based on

(A) the right to privacy implied in the Bill ofRights

(B) guarantees of freedom of religion containedin the First Amendment

(C) the due process clause in the FifthAmendment

(D) the equal protection clause in the FourteenthAmendment

(E) a federal statute legalizing abortion

Which of the following trends was evident inpresidential elections in the 1980’s?

(A) The decline of Republican par~y strengthamong Black northerners

(B) The decline of Democratic party strengthamong White southerners

(C) The gradual decline of Democratic partystrength among suburban voters

(D) A Democratic majority in partisan self-identification

(E) A gender gap, With women’s support ofRepublicans sharply declining

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57. Which of the following statements aboutincumbent senators running for reelection iscorrect?

(A) The senators with the best chances ofreelection are t~hose who have served thelongest.

(B) The amount of money spent by a challengerhas little bearing on an incumbent’sreelection chances.

(C) Incumbent senators are less likely to bereelected than are incumbent members ofthe House of Representatives.

(D) An incumbent senator is equally likely to bereelected or defeated.

(E) The most important factor influencing thereelection chances of senators is whetherthey belong to the President’s party:

58. An important change in political culture since

1950 is that United States citizens have become

(A) more likely to believe that their actions caninfluence government policy

(B) more trusting of nongovernmental institu-tions and leaders

(C) less trusting of governmental institutionsand leaders

(D) less supportive of school integration(E) less likely to think of themselves as

ideologically moderate

59.

60.

The most common criterion that people use whenvoting for a presidantial candidate is thecandidate’s

(A) views on specific issues(B) party identification(C) ideological position(D) personal appearance(E) fiscal policy

Protection of the legal rights of women has beenfacilitated by the passage of which of thefollowing?

I. The Equal Rights AmendmentII. The Equal Pay Act of 1963III. The Civil Rights Act of 1964IV. The Education Amendments Act of 1972

(A) II only(B) I and 11I only(C) I and IV only(D) II, III, and IV only(E) I, II, III, and IV

END OF SECTION I.

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAYcHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION.

DO NOT GO ON TO SECTION II UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

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