AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

STUDY GUIDE: CHAPTER 9WATER RESOURCES

Key TermsAquifers (confined and unconfined)artesian aquifersimpermeable surfacedesalinationfloodplain

oligotrophic mesotrophiceutrophicspringsgroundwater rechargewater table

dams, levees, dikescone of depressionsaltwater intrusionaquaducthydroponic agricultureChapter Objectives

1. Identify the Earth’s natural sources of water (fresh and salt)

2. Describe freshwater distribution on Earth.3. Discuss ways that people manage water

distribution4. What are the major human uses of water?

5. Assess problems of water supply and propose solutions to address freshwater depletion.

6. Identify factors that will affect the future availability of water.

7. Describe the process of desalination and when/where it occurs.

From the Reading1. Identify the sources of

freshwater and the portion easily accessible for human use.

2. Describe the process which allows agriculture to thrive in floodplains.

3. Distinguish between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes and ponds.

4. Identify the significance of Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea.

5. Identify the role groundwater plays in meeting human water needs.

6. Define aquifer recharge zone.

7. Contrast between confined and unconfined aquifer.

8. Identify the significance of the Ogallala Aquifer.

9. Identify the benefits and drawbacks of irrigating cropland.

10. Identify at least two water diversion projects and reasons for each.

11. Identify the major benefits and costs of dams.

12. Identify two supply-side strategies for increasing water quantities.

13. Identify three strategies to improve efficiencies in farming.

14. Identify the benefits of using low-pressure irrigation and drip irrigations systems.

15. Identify the effects of subsidies for irrigation water on the effects of crop grown and water used.

16. Identify methods for reducing residential water use.

17. Identify methods for reducing industrial & municipal water use.

18. Identify the major drawbacks to implementing an economic-based approach to water conservation.

19. Contrast point-sources and non-point-sources of pollution.

21. Identify the nutrient usually responsible for eutrophication of freshwater systems and describe how this process dramatically changes aquatic ecosystems.

22. Identify the significance of biological pollution and discuss its impact on human health.

23. Identify the strategies to reducing risk of biological pollution.

24. Identify several of the

categories of toxic chemicals and negative impacts they have on the environment.

25. Identify anthropogenic causes of sediment influx into rivers and their effect clear-water rivers.

26. Identify the effects of thermal pollution on ecosystems.

27. Identify and list biological, chemical, and physical indicators of water pollution.

28. Identify challenges to maintenance of groundwater supplies.

29. Identify four naturally occurring chemicals that may be found in groundwater at high concentrations.

30. Identify the sources of groundwater pollution noted by the authors and, for each, list the health issues caused by each.

31. Summarize the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and the Clean Water Act of 1977.

32. Discuss why it is better to prevent pollution rather than mitigate it after it occurs.

33. Identify the sources of wastewater.

34. Identify and describe the steps in municipal wastewater treatment.