antonyms. definition of antonyms v.n. komissarov’s theory on antonyms classification of...

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ANTONYMS

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Page 1: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

ANTONYMS

Page 2: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

definition of antonymsV.N. Komissarov’s theory on

antonyms classification of antonyms conversives

Page 3: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Antonyms belong to the same part speech belong to the same semantic field identical in style nearly identical in distribution denotational meanings render

contradictory or contrary notions do not differ stylistically, in emotional

colouring

Page 4: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Contradictory or Contrary Notions

contradictory notions – mutually opposed and denying one another

e.g. alive – ‘not dead’ impatient – ‘not patient’

contrary notions – mutually opposed but they are gradable

e.g. old – middle-aged – young hot - warm – cool - cold

Page 5: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Antonyms (Ginzburg R.S.)

words different in sound-form characterized by semantic

polarity of denotational meaning characterized by

interchangeability in some contexts

Page 6: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Semantic Polarity

presence of some common presence of some common semantic components in the semantic components in the denotational meaningdenotational meaning

e.g. ashamed – ‘feeling unhappy or troubled’

proud – ‘feeling of happiness or assurance’

Page 7: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Antonyms usually appear in pairs – antonymic

pair a polysemantic word may have an

antonym for each of its meaningse.g. dull – interesting, amusing, entertaining

dull – clever, bright, capable

dull - active

Page 8: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Distribution of antonyms among parts of speech

adjectives

e.g. wide – narrow, strong – weak verbs

e.g. to lose – to find nouns

e.g. friend - enemy

Page 9: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Distribution of antonyms among parts of speech

adverbs

1. adverbs derived from adjectives

e.g. warmly – coldly, loudly – softly

2. adverbs proper

e.g. now – then, here – there set expressions

e.g. by accident - on purpose

Page 10: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

V. N. Kommissarov’s theory on antonyms

two words shall be considered antonymous if they are regularly contrasted in actual speech

if the contrast in their meanings is proved by definite types of contextual co-occurrence (typical contexts)

Page 11: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Typical Contexts A and (or) B = all

e.g. If you have obeyed all the rules good or bad

not A but (on the contrary) B

e.g. He was alive, not dead.

Page 12: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Typical Contexts A or B

e.g. You will see if you were right or wrong.

X is is A, and , and Y, on the contrary , on the contrary B

e.g. The whole was big, oneself was little

Page 13: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Criteria for distinguishing antonyms (by V.N. Komissarov)

1. regular and frequent co-occurrence in typical contexts

2. the possibility of substitution and identical lexical valency

Page 14: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Identical Contexts e.g.

There is so much good in the worst of us,

and so much bad in the best of us. e.g.

Where most I Iost, there most I won.

Page 15: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Identical Lexical Valency valency – power to combine with

different wordse.g. hot ‘angry, exited’ anger,

resentment, cold scorn

(unpleasant emotions)

Page 16: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Classification of Antonyms

1. absolute or root antonyms (contrary notions)

e.g. to love – to hate

Page 17: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Classification of Antonyms

2. derivational antonyms (express contradictory notions)

formed with negative prefixes (un-, non-, dis-)

e.g. to please – to displease antonymous suffixes –ful and –less

e.g. painful - painless

Page 18: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

R.S. Ginzburg’s Classification

contradictories – to use one of the words of this pair is to contradict the other. To use NOT before one of them means to make them semantically equivalent

e.g. single - married

Page 19: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

R.S. Ginzburg’s Classification

contraries – admit the possibility of some intermediate members which are also antonymic

e.g. cold - hot

cool - warm

Page 20: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

I.V. Arnold’s Classification

antonyms proper – the semantic polarity is relative, the opposition is gradual, it may have several elements characterized by different degrees of the same properties. They always imply comparison

e.g. large - small

Page 21: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

I.V. Arnold’s Classification

complementarity antonyms – form binory opposition. The denial of one member implies the assertion of the other

e.g. male - female

Page 22: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Conversives

denote one and the same referent viewed from different viewpoints: a) viewpoint of a subject b) viewpoint of an object

e.g. to sell – to buy, left – right, husband – wife

Page 23: ANTONYMS.   definition of antonyms   V.N. Komissarov’s theory on antonyms   classification of antonyms   conversives

Conversives

the substitution of a conversive does not change the meaning of a sentence if it is combined with morphological and syntactical changes

e.g. He gives her flowers.

She receives flowers from him