antidiabetic medicinal plants

Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants

Dept.of Chemistry, K.S.K.V.Kachchh University

Diabetes

“Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterised by disordered metabolism and

abnormally high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) resulting from low levels of the

hormone insulin with or without abnormal resistance to insulin’s effect”.

Diabetes is a defect in the body’s ability to convert glucose (sugar) to energy.

Glucose is the main source of fuel for our body. When food is digested it is changed

into fats, protein, or carbohydrates. Foods that affect blood sugars are called

carbohydrates. Carbohydrates, when digested, change to glucose. Examples of some

carbohydrates are: bread, rice, pasta, potatoes, corn, fruit, and milk products.

Individuals with diabetes should eat carbohydrates but must do so in moderation.

Glucose is then transferred to the blood and is used by the cells for energy. In order

for glucose to be transferred from the blood into the cells, the hormone - insulin is

needed. Insulin is produced by the beta cells in the pancreas (the organ that produces

insulin).

In individuals with diabetes, this process is impaired. Diabetes develops when the

pancreas fails to produce sufficient quantities of insulin. Diabetes is a condition that

is related to problems of insulin production or absorption. Insulin is a hormone that

is fundamental to transporting glucose from digested food to the body’s cells. When

the body cannot produce enough insulin, the glucose cannot be transported to the

cells and remains in the blood stream. This causes Type 1 diabetes. When the body

produces enough insulin but does not have enough receptor cells to absorb the

insulin, Type 2 diabetes develops. 90% of people who have diabetes have Type 2. Its

symptoms are the same as Type 1 diabetes.

http://antidiabeticpills.com/index.php/type-2-diabetes



History

This article was originally published in Diabetes Health in November, 1996.

For 2,000 years diabetes has been recognized as a devastating and deadly disease. In

the first century A.D. a Greek, Aretaeus, described the destructive nature of the

affliction which he named "diabetes" from the Greek word for "siphon." Eugene J.

Leopold in his text Aretaeus the Cappodacian describes Aretaeus' diagnosis: "...For

fluids do not remain in the body, but use the body only as a channel through which

they may flow out. Life lasts only for a time, but not very long. For they urinate with

pain and painful is the emaciation. For no essential part of the drink is absorbed by

the body while great masses of the flesh are liquefied into urine."

Physicians in ancient times, like Aretaeus, recognized the symptoms of diabetes but

were powerless to effectively treat it. Aretaeus recommended oil of roses, dates, raw

quinces, and gruel. And as late as the 17th century, doctors prescribed "gelly of

viper's flesh, broken red coral, sweet almonds, and fresh flowers of blind nettles."

http://www.diabeteshealth.com/



Motivation and overview of diabetic research

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The

World Health Organization (WHO) warns that the deaths due to diabeteswill

increase all over the world by 80% in some regions, over the next ten years.

Among these, India host to the largest diabetes population in the world with an

estimated 35 million people, amounting to 8% of the adult population. WHO also

predicts that the diabetes currently affects almost two hundred million people

worldwide. International Diabetes Federation estimates that this figure will increase

to 333 million people by 2025. Only 5% of the diabetes in the world is type 1

(IDDM). The remaining 95% is type 2 (NIDDM).

Diabetes epidemic in India

The first national study on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in India was done

between 1972 and 1975 by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR, New

Delhi) (Ahuja, 1979). Screening was done in about 35,000 individuals above 14 year

of age, using 50 g glucose load. Capillary blood glucose level >170 mg/dl was used

to diagnose diabetes. The prevalence was 2.1 % in urban population and 1.5% in the

rural population while in those above 40 year of age, the prevalence was 5% in

urban and 2.8% in rural areas. Subsequent studies showed a rising trend in the

prevalence of diabetes across different parts of India. In 1988, a study done in a

small township in south India reported a prevalence of 5% (Ramachandran et al.,

1988).This study also revealed that the prevalence in the southern part of India to be

higher-13.5 % in Chennai, 12.4 % in Bangalore and 16.6 % Hyderabad; compared to

eastern India (Kolkatta), 11.7 %; northern India (New Delhi), 11.6 %; and western

India (Mumbai) 9.3 % (Mohan et al., 2007).



Types of diabetes

Diabetes in general, has been classified into three types namely type I, type II,

Gestational and other specific types of diabetes. Type I diabetes, which accounts

for 5-10% of all cases of diabetes, is affected with various microvascular and

macrovascular Complications that leads to the major morbidity and mortality

associated with it .Type 1 diabetes can start at any age and the pathogenecity is

strongly associated to the Autoimmune problems against the ß cells of islets of

Langerhans that ultimately result in Decreased insulin production.

♦Diabetes Type 1:

It Was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-

onset diabetes. Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys

pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin that

regulates blood glucose. This form of diabetes usually strikes children and

young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age. Type 1 diabetes may



account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors for type 1

diabetes may include autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.

In type 1, the pancreas stops producing insulin due to autuimmune response or

possibly viral attack on pancreas. In absence of insulin, body cells don’t get the

required glucose for producing ATP (Adenosin Triphosphate) units which results

into primary symptom in the form of nausea and vomiting. In later stage, which

leads to ketoacidosis, the body starts breaking down the muscle tissue and fat for

producing energy hence, causing fast weight loss. Dehydration is also usually

observed due to electrolyte disturbance. In advanced stages, coma and death is

witnessed.

♦ Diabetes Type 2:

It Was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or

adult-onset diabetes.Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90% to 95% of all

diagnosed cases of diabetes.It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in

which the cells do not use insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises, the

pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.Type 2 diabetes is associated

with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes,

http://diabetesinformationhub.com/SymptomsofDiabetes.php



impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.African

Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian

Americans and Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders are at particularly high

risk for type 2 diabetes.Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in children

and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, lifelong disease that is due to

insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity, combined with reduced insulin

secretion. Insulin is a hormonereleased by the pancreas in response to the

increased glucose level in the blood. The abnormality is reduced insulin

sensitivity, characterised by reduced level of insulin in the blood.

♦ Gestational Diabetes

A form of glucose intolerance that is diagnosed in some women during pregnancy.

Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently among African Americans, and

American Indians. It is also more common among obese women and women with

a family history of diabetes. During pregnancy, gestational diabetes requires

treatment to normalize maternal blood glucose levels to avoid complications in the

infant. After pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with gestational diabetes are found

to have type 2 diabetes.

The White classification, named after Priscilla White who pioneered in research on

the effect of diabetes types on perinatal outcome, is widely used to assess maternal

and fetal risk. It distinguishes between gestational diabetes (type A) and diabetes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_White_(physician)



that existed prior to pregnancy (pregestational diabetes). These two groups are

further subdivided according to their associated risks and management.

The two subtypes of gestational diabetes (diabetes which began during pregnancy)

are:

Type A1: abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), but normal blood glucose

levels during fasting and two hours after meals; diet modification is sufficient to

control glucose levels

Type A2: abnormal OGTT compounded by abnormal glucose levels during fasting

and/or after meals; additional therapy with insulin or other medications is required

Signs and symptoms

Increased fatigue : Due to inefficiency of the cell to metabolize glucose, reserve fat

of body is metabolized to gain energy. When fat is broken down in the body, it

uses more energy as compared to glucose, hence body goes in negative calorie

effect, which results in fatigue.



Polydipsia: As the concentration of glucose increases in the blood, brain receives

signal for diluting it and, in its counteraction we feel thirsty.

Polyuria: Increase in urine production is due to excess glucose present in body.

Body gets rid of the extra sugar in the blood by excreting it through urine. This

leads to dehydration because along with the sugar, a large amount of water is

excreted out of the body.

Polyphegia: The hormone insulin is also responsible for stimulating hunger. In

order to cope up with high sugar levels in blood, body produces insulin which

leads to increased hunger.

Weight flactuation: Factors like loss of water (polyuria), glucosuria , metabolism

of body fat and protein may lead to weight loss. Few cases may show weight gain

due to increased appetite.

Blurry vision: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia nonketotic syndrome is the condition

when body fluid is pulled out of tissues including lenses of the eye, which affects

its ability to focus, resulting blurry vision.

Irritability: It is a sign of high blood sugar because of the inefficient glucose

supply to the brain and other body organs, which make us feel tired and uneasy.

Infections : The body gives few signals whenever there is fluctuation in blood

sugar (due to suppression of immune system) by frequent skin infections like

fungal or bacterial or UTI (urinary tract infection).

Poor wound healing: High blood sugar resists the flourishing of WBC, (white

blood cell) which is responsible for body immune system. When these cells do not

function accordingly, wound healing is not at good pace. Secondly, long standing

diabetes leads to thickening of blood vessels which affect proper circulation of

blood in different body parts.



Diabetes diagnosis

The diagnosis of diabetes is made by a simple blood test measuring blood glucose

level and urine test measuring urine sugar level.

Usually these tests are repeated on a subsequent day to confirm the diagnosis. A

diagnosis of diabetes is a frightening and bewildering experience because there is

so much information to take in and the diagnosis may come as a shock. People

with Type 2 diabetes may hear their condition described as “mild,” but Type 2

diabetes is not a “mild” medical condition. Both forms and all stages of diabetes

are serious, with many possible complications, including eye, heart, kidney, and

nerve damage.

Diagnostic Range of Blood Sugar Level

Normal Diabetes

Fasting blood sugar 80-99 mg/dl 126 mg/dl and above

Random blood sugar 80-139 mg/dl 200 mg/dl and above

2 hour glucose tolerance test 80-139 mg/dl 200 mg/dl and above

Treatment for diabetes

As yet, there is no “cure” for either type of diabetes, although there are many ways

of keeping diabetes under control. Diabetes treatments are designed to help the body

to control the sugar levels in the blood. Studies have shown that good control of

blood sugar is the key to avoiding diabetic complications.



Type 2 diabetes treatment will vary dependent on blood sugar levels. Many patients

are counseled to change their lifestyle and lose weight. It is important to work with a

diabetes educator and dietitian. Treatment begins with changing certain food choices

and beginning an exercise program. Diabetes is a progressive disease, and the

treatment may change over time, requiring oral medication.

Allopathic Medication

AGENT MECHANISM SITE OF

ACTION

ADVANTAG

ES ADVERSE

EFFECT

SULPHONYL

UREAS

Stimulating

insulin

production

by

inhibiting

the K-ATP

channel

Pancreatic

beta cells

Effective and

inexpensive

Hypoglycemia

, weight gain

METFORMIN Decreases

insulin

resistance

liver Does not

cause

hypoglycemia,

weight loss

Nausea and

diarrhea.

THIAZOLIDINEDI

ONES (TZDs)

Reduce

insulin

resistance

by

activating

glut 4

GI tract Low risk Increased

liver

enzymes,

weight

gain,

edema,

mild

anemia

α-GLUCOSIDASE

INHIBITORS

Reduces

intestinal

glucose

absorption

Fat,

muscle

Decreases

postprandi

al plasma

triglycerid

e levels

Diarrhea,

abdominal

pain,

Side effects of allopathic medications vary wildly from mild to severe and there are

many. They include insomnia, vomiting, fatigue, dry mouth, diarrhea, constipation,

dizziness, suicidal thoughts, hostility and difficulty sitting still, depression, mania,



seizures, coma, anemia, hair loss, high blood sugar, shoplifting, swelling, impotency,

panic attacks, confusion, fainting and death.

Problems with modern (Allopathic) drugs:

High cost and long time taken in development of new drug

Toxicity – A new branch of medicine is termed iatrogenic diseases

Non-renewable source of basic raw materials. Most synthetic drug utilizes fossil

resources like petrochemicals

Environmental pollution by the chemical industry.

Advantages of plant-based drugs:

Long history of use and better patient tolerance as well as public acceptance.

Renewable source

Cultivation and processing environmental friendly

Local availability, especially in developing countries

It is often difficult for seniors to keep track of multiple medications which further

increase likelihood of side effects due to allopathic medicines.

Allopathic medicines prevent the pain and symptoms only not the

problem. Allopathic works fast and people can feel relief but symptoms come back

once by stop taking Allopathic medicines. So, in this point of view people again turn

back to Traditional Medicines.

The use of herbs to treat disease is almost universal among non-industrialized

societies, and is often more affordable than purchasing expensive modern

pharmaceuticals. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent

of the population of some Asian and African countries presently uses herbal

medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Studies in the United States and

Europe have shown that their use is less common in clinical settings, but has become



increasingly more in recent years as scientific evidence about the effectiveness of

herbal medicine has become more widely available.

The use of plants as medicines predates written human history. Ethnobotany (the

study of traditional human uses of plants) is recognized as an effective way to

discover future medicines. In 2001, researchers identified 122 compounds used in

modern medicine which were derived from "ethno medical" plant sources; 80% of

these have had an ethno medical use identical or related to the current use of the

active elements of the plant. Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to

physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies.



The oldest written evidence for Natural Remedies

The oldest written evidence of medicinal plants’ usage for preparation of drugs has

been found on a Sumerian clay slab from Nagpur, approximately 5000 years old. It

comprised 12 recipes for drug preparation referring to over 250 various plants,

some of them alkaloid such as poppy, henbane, and mandrake.

The Chinese book on roots and grasses “Pen T’Sao,” written by Emperor Shen

Nung circa 2500 BC, treats 365 drugs (dried parts of medicinal plants), many of

which are used even nowadays such as the following: Rhei rhisoma,

camphor, Theae folium, Podophyllum, the great yellow gentian, ginseng, jimson

weed, cinnamon bark, and ephedra.

The Indian holy books Vedas mention treatment with plants, which are abundant

in that country. Numerous spice plants used even today originate from India:

nutmeg, pepper, clove, etc.

The Ebers Papyrus, written circa 1550 BC, represents a collection of 800

proscriptions referring to 700 plant species and drugs used for therapy such as

pomegranate, castor oil plant, aloe, senna, garlic, onion, fig, willow, coriander,

juniper, common centaury, etc.

According to data from the Bible and the holy Jewish book the Talmud, during

various rituals accompanying a treatment, aromatic plants were utilized such as

myrtle and incense.


In traditional medicine, diabetes mellitus is treated with diet, physical exercise and

medicinal plants. Even though, more than 1200 plants were used in the control of

diabetes mellitus, approximately 30% of the antidiabetic plants were

pharmacologically and chemically investigated (Alarcon et al., 2002). On the other



hand, potential hypoglycemic agents have also been detected in more than 100

plants which were used for antidiabetic therapy. Traditional treatments may

provide valuable clues for the development of new oral hypoglycemic agents and

simple dietary adjuncts. More than 100 medicinal plants were mentioned in the

Indian system of medicines including folk medicines for the management of

diabetes, which are effective either separately or in combinations (Kar et al.,

2003). As per the ethnobotanical literature on traditional phytotherapy of Indian

medicinal plants, the species like Asparagus racemosus, Butea monosperma,

Cathanranthus roseus, Coccinia indica, Gymnema sylvestre, Syzygium cumini and

Momordica charantia are consistently used by the tribal communities for the

treatment of diabetes (Rana et al., 1999) as well as in modern medicine.

Following Antidiabetic medicinal plants are taken for study purpose:

TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (giloy)

SWERTIA CHIRAYITA (Chirata)

AEGLE MARMELOS (Bael Tree)

BAUHINIA VARIEGATA (Orchid Tree)

SYZYGIUM CUMINI (Jamun)

GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE (Gurmar)

MOMORDICA CHARANTIA (Karela)

MURRAYA KOENIGII (Curry patta)

PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM (Vijaysar)

TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM (Methi)

MORINGA OLEIFERA (Sargavo)

COSTUS IGNEUS (Keukand)



Tinospora Cordifolia

Vernacular Information

English : Tinospora

Hindi : Guduchi

Gujarati : Gado

Sanskrit : Amruta

Scientific Classfication

Kingdom : Plantae

Division : Magnoliophyta

Class : Magnoliopsida

Order : Ranunculales

Family : Menispermaceae

Genus : Tinospora

Species : T. cordifolia

Parts Used: whole plant



Geographical Distribution

Globally the species is distributed in India, SriLanka and Bangladesh. Within India

it is distributed in Arunachal Pradesh and in South India. This species is globally

distributed in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Within India, it is found

throughout tropical India, ascending to an altitude of 300m. It is often cultivated.

Botanical Description

Tinospora is a big climber (glabrous) shrub generally climbs on large trees. It is a

twining, succulent-stemmed, fast growing with tuberous roots. Its branches are

grey-green, up to 40 mm in diameter, becoming brown with age. The leaves are

heart-shaped and 100 x 100 mm. Its flowers are tiny creamy-greenish and male

and female flowers are formed on different branches. It flowers in spring. The

female flowers are followed by oval red fruit up to 10 mm in diameter. These ripen

during summer and autumn. Its stems are Fleshy and roots are long thread like,

aerial, arise from branches. Bark is thin, greyish or creamy white in color, when

peeled fleshy stem is exposed. Its seeds are curved, pea sized. The extract obtained

from the root is pure white where as that obtained from the stem may be slightly

grayish. The freshly prepared Guduchi extract has a good taste.

Active Antidiabetic constituents

Name: Berberine

M. F.: [C20H18NO4] +



Extraction Method 1

An aliquot of Tinospora cordifolia was fractionated by TLC using silica gel as an

adsorbent. The system was sequentially eluted with CHCI3 and MeOH in a

polarity gradient fashion, by increasing polarity of MeOH from 0 to 100%. to

obtain 36 fractions.Fractions 10-16 were purified by Column chromatography

(silica gel) eluting with CHCI3-MeOH (6:1)to obtain compound 1 as yellow

needles Fractions 17-31 were subjected to Column chromatography (silica gel),

sequentially eluted with CHCl3-MeOH (4:1). After crystallization in MeOH,

compound 2 was obtained as orange plates.

The alkaline aqueous fraction was acidified with HC1 to pH 3.0 and treated with a

solution of picric acid for 24 h, forming a ppt.This ppt. was dissolved in MeOH,

treated with activated charcoal and filtered over celite. The methanolic solution

was passed through an ion-exchange column, evaporated and further purified by

preparative chromatography on silica gel (mobile phase: MeOH: water: NH3

(25%), 15:3:1) to obtain compound Berberin.

Extraction Method 2

Ultra pressure extraction of berberine



(1: plunger; 2:ultrahigh pressure vessel; 3: pressure-conduction media; 4: sealed plastic bag; 5:

plant materials and extraction solvent; 6: valve; 7: pipe; 8: supercharger; 9: lubricator groove; 10:

valve).

The Tinospora cordifolia - stem was crushed, with 24 mesh screened. 2.0 g of

plant materials was set in a plastic bag and added extraction solvent in proportion,

sealed and drained bubbles, increased the pressure to the required pressure to keep

pressure for 120 s, then removed the pressure and obtained extracts, filtered, with

0.22 μm filter membrane, and then stored at 4°C for spare.

Antidiabetic activity

The stem of Tinospora cordifolia is widely used in the therapy of diabetes by

regulating the blood glucose in traditional folk medicine of India. It has been

reported to mediate its anti-diabetic potential through mitigating oxidative stress

(OS), promoting insulin secretion and also by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and

glycogenolysis, thereby regulating blood glucose. Alkaloids, tannins, cardiac

glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids as the major

phytoconstituents of Tinospora cordifolia have been reported to play an anti-

diabetic role.

The isoquinoline alkaloid rich fraction from stem, including, palmatine,

jatrorrhizine, and magnoflorine have been reported for insulin-mimicking and

insulin-releasing effect both in vitro and in vivo. Oral treatments of root extracts

have been reported to regulate blood glucose levels, enhance insulin secretion and

suppress OS markers. Initiation and restoration of cellular defence anti-oxidant

markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and

glutathione (GSH), inhibition of glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1, 6-

diphosphatase, restoration of glycogen content in liver was reported in in

vitro studies.



The crude stem ethyl acetate, dichloromethane (DCM), chloroforms and hexane

extracts of Tinospora cordifolia inhibited the enzyme's salivary and pancreatic

amylase and glucosidase thus increasing the post-prandial glucose level and finds

potential application in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

T. cardifolia root extract (TCE) has been reported to cause an increase in body

weight, total hemoglobin and hepatic hexokinase and lowering hepatic glucose-6-

phosphatase, serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in diabetic rats thus having hypoglycemic and

hypolipidaemic effect.

Antidiabetic Medicines made from T.Cordifolia

Other action of Tinospora cordifolia

Astringent Blood purifier

Anti Inflammatory

Anti allergic



swertia chirayita


English : Chirata

Hindi : Chirayita

Gujarati : Kachnar

Sanskrit : Kirat tikta

Scientific Classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division : Angiosperms

Class : Eudicots

Order : Asterids

Family : Gentianaceae

Genus : Swertia

Species : S. chirata

Parts Used: Dried whole plant




Himalayas, India, Chin , Nepal,


The plant is an erect annual. The stems are robust, branching, cylindrical below

and 4-angled upwards, containing a large pith; the leaves are broadly lanceolate, 5-

nerved and sub-sessile; the flowers occur in large panicles, are lurid greenish

yellow, tinged with purple; the capsules are egg-shaped, many-sided, sharp-

pointed; the seeds are smooth and many- angled. The drug (chiretta) is obtained

from the dried plant.

Active Antidiabetic Constituents

Name

M.F.

Swechirin

C15H12O6

Other:

Xanthones

Mangiferin

Kairatenol (penta cyclic compound)



Extraction Method

Preparation of the crude sample

Whole plants (0.5 kg) were ground into a powder and extracted three times with

75% ethanol. The extraction times were 2 h, 2 h and 1 h, respectively. The extracts

were combined and evaporated to dryness by rotary evaporation at 60 C under

vacuum, which yielded 0.11 kg of dry powder.

The residues were then suspended in distilled water (3 L) and extracted with light

petroleum ether (b.p. 60–90 C, 6 L), chloroform (6 L) and n-butanol (6 L). After

the chloroform layer was concentrated to dryness, 26 g of extract was obtained.

The extract of chloroform (26 g) was subjected to silica gel (1000 g) CC eluted

with petroleum ether and increasing proportions of ethyl acetate to give five

fractions, and 6.4 g of crude sample was obtained from fraction 4 for

HSCCCseparation.

HSCCC Separation(High Speed Counter Current Chromatography)

Functionally, the high-speed CCC consists of a helical coil of inert tubing

which rotates on its planetary axis and simultaneously rotates eccentrically

about another solar axis. (These axes can be made to coincide)The effect is

to create zones of mixing and zones of settling which progress along the

helical coil at dizzying speed. This produces a highly favorable

environment for chromatography.




A xanthone was isolated from the hexane fraction of the Swertia chirayita plant

and identified as 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (swerchirin). It has a very

significant blood sugar lowering effect in fasted, fed, glucose loaded, and

tolbutamide pretreated albino rat models. The ED50 for 40% blood sugar lowering

in CF male albino rats (body weight 140-165 g) is 23.1 mg/kg/oral. The possibility

of its application in clinical therapy for diabetes mellitus needs exploration.

Mechanism of blood sugar lowering by the crude/impure swerchirin (SWI)

isolated from the hexane fraction of Swertia chirayita was investigated. Single oral

administration of SWI (50 mg/kg, body wt) to fed CF rats induced about 60%

(max.) fall in blood glucose by 7 hr post-treatment. This was associated with

marked depletion of aldehyde-fuchsin stained beta-granules and immunostained

insulin in the pancreatic islets. In vitro, glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis by

muscle (diaphragm) was significantly enhanced by the serum of SWI-treated rat.

At 100, 10 and 1 microM final concentration, SWI greatly enhanced glucose (16.7

mM)-stimulated insulin release from isolated islets. It is therefore concluded that

SWI lowers blood glucose level by stimulating insulin release from islets of

Langerhans.

Swerichin is known to increase Plasma immune reactive insulin (IRI levels) and

shows higher degree of beta cells degranulation.“Chiretta” (market name) is

ingathered in drug industry (Bentley and Trimen, 1880). It is called as elixir and

immersion in American and British pharmacopoeias.



Antidiabetic Medicines made from S.Chirayita

Other Action of Swertia chirayita :

Anti-inflammatory

anesthetic,

anticonvulsant properties

hypotensive

antipsychotic

antimalarial

antibacterial properties

antihistaminic



Aegle Marmelos

Vernaculra Information

English : Bael Tree

Hindi : bilva

Gujarati : Bili

Sanskrit : bilva

Scientific Classfication

Kingdom : Plantae



Order : Sapindales

Family : Rutaceae

Genus : Aegle

Species : Aegle marmelos

Parts Used: Roots, bark, Leaves, Ripe- Unripe fruits




India, Bangladesh, Egypt, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand

Forests of India, western Himalayas, andaman island.

Botanical Descrioption

Bael is a medium sized tree, reaching a height of 8 to 10 metres. It has a solid

trunk, branches with long straight offshoot. Its leaves are fragrant and sweet-

scented and greenish-white flowers. The fruit is woody and polished, 5 to 15 cm in

diameter. It has abundant seeds that are thickly covered with fibrous hair and are

implanted in a fat perfumed pulp. This is generally considered as sacred tree by the

Hindus, as its leaves are offered to Lord Shiva during Leaves, worship. According

to Hindu mythology, the tree is another form of Lord Kailashnath.fruit, stem and

roots of this tree at all stages of maturity are used as ethno medicine against

various human ailments.

Active Antidiabetic constituents :

Name : Marmelosin

M. F. : C16H14O4

M.W.: 270.27 gm/mole

Other:

Marmesin, Psoralin, umbelliferon



Extraction Method

Extraction by Continuous hot percolation (Soxhlet extraction)

The plant material 1st grinded. The powder is passed through mesh No.10.The

drug is packed in a paper cylinder made from a filter paper and it is placed in the

body of Soxhlet extractor.

Soxhlet Apparatus

Seperation of Marmelosin from Extract by Column chromatography

In column chromatography, the mobile phase is a solvent and the stationary phase

is Finely divided solid, such as Silica gel. slurry of the silica gel was prepared for

column by ethyl acetate, methanol, and hexane as an eluent in (1:1:1.5) ratio and

then carefully poured into the column. The eluent was collected in different test

tube with a volume of 2 ml in each test tube. The eluent was dried and marmelosin

was separated out.



Antidiabetic Activity

The administrations of AM extract significantly decreased serum triglycerides and

total cholesterol in diabetic mice. The levels of serum lipids are usually elevated in

diabetes mellitus and such an elevation represents the high risk of coronary heart

diseases. The marked hyperlipidemia that characterizes the diabetes status may be

regarded as consequences of the uninhibited action of lipolytic hormones on the fat

depots.

Glycogen is the primary intracellular storage form of glucose and its levels in

various tissues, specifically in liver and skeletal muscles, are a direct reflection of

insulin activity since it regulates glycogen deposition by stimulating glycogen

synthase and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase. Since streptozotocin causes

selective destruction of β-cells of islets of Langerhans resulting in marked decrease

in insulin levels, it could be predicted that glycogen levels in tissues (muscle and

liver) decreases as the influx of glucose in the liver is inhibited in the absence of

insulin. However, this alteration in hepatic and muscle glycogen content is

normalized by insulin treatment. supplementation of diabetic mice with AM

extract resulted in significant elevation in both muscle and hepatic glycogen

content.

Bael is used as an antidiabetic plant in folklore medicine. The hypoglycemic

effect of Bael is similar to insulin. During Diabetes there is increase in protein

catabolism, which feeds gluconeogenesis that results in hyper uremia and hypo

proteinemia. So, here Aegle marmelos enhance proteolysis in muscle and other

tissus, coupled with lower protein synthesis and give protective effect of the

extract on protein catabolism.

In hyperglycemia the activity of fructose -1,6-diphosphate is enhanced, which

concerned with gluconeogenesis. Aegle marmelos leaf has a corrective influence

on these altered enzyme activity.

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Antidiabetic Medicines made from A.mamelos

Other Action of Aegle Marmelos:

Every part of bale tree-stem, bark, root, leaves and fruit at all stages of maturity -

have medicinal merits and have been used as remedy for a long time. Fresh half

ripe Bael fruit is mildly astringent and used to cure dysentery, diarrhoea, hepatitis,

tuberculosis, dyspepsia and good for heart and brain. Roots have antidiarrhoetic,

antidote to snake venom, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties.

Constipation: Ripe bael fruit is regarded the best of all purgatives. It cleanses

and strengthens the intestines. Its everyday usage for 2 or 3 months disposes even

the old hoarded faecal matter.

Diarrhoea and Dysentery: The immature or half-ripe fruit is the most effective

remedy for continual diarrhoea and dysentery. The use of dried bael or its

powdered form gives the best result.

Peptic Ulcer: Bael leaves are considered an effective solution for peptic ulcer. The

leaves are doused overnight in water. This water is sieved and taken in the

morning.



Bauhinia variegata


English : Orchid tree

Hindi : Kachnar

Gujarati : orchid

Sanskrit : Kachnar


Kingdom : Plantae


Class : Eudicots

Order : Fabels

Family : Fabeceae

Genus : Bauhinia

Species : Bauhinia Variegata

Parts used : leaves, flowers




southern asia, southern china, himalayas, Pakistan, Nepal


It is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 10–12 m tall, deciduous in the dry

season. The leaves are 10–20 cm long and broad, rounded, and bilobed at the base

and apex. The flowers are conspicuous, bright pink or white, 8–12 cm diameter,

with five petals. The fruit is a pod 15–30 cm long, containing several seeds.


Stem bark : Tannins, Roseoside

Flower : octacosanol, Beta sitosterol, stigma sterol, myrecetol

Extraction Method

Cytochemical immunolocalization

Leaves were thoroughly washed, cut into pieces (0.5 x 0.5 cm) and fixed in 50 mm

sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.1% glutaraldehyde and 4%

paraformaldehyde for 2 hr at room temperature. Samples were washed three times

for 10 min with the same buffer and dehydrated in 50% (30 min), 70% (60 min),

and 90% methanol (60 min). After dehydration the pieces were embedded in LR

Gold resin (50, 70, and 100% resin in methanol) for a total of 6 days. For

immunocytochemical localization, sections of approximately 60 nm were cut from

the resin blocks and collected on Formvar films. The sections were treated with 50

mm ammonium chloride for 1 hr and with PBS (10 mm sodium phosphate, 150

mm sodium chloride) containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 2 hr. The

sections were then incubated with a guinea pig anti-human insulin antibody

(1:200) in the above buffer for 2 hr. The sections were then washed six times each

for 5 min with PBS plus 1% BSA as blocking buffer and four times (5 min each)



with PBS alone. After washing, sections were incubated with a guinea pig anti-IgG

antibody conjugated with colloidal gold (10 nm) at 1:350 dilution for 2 h and

washed again. The sections were then contrasted with 5% uranyl acetate followed

by 1% lead citrate for 1 min.

Crystalline inclusions

The crystalline inclusions in leaves of B. variegata were analyzed by energy-

dispersive X-ray microanalysis. After fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 4%

paraformaldehyde and 50 mM cacodylate the samples were dehydrated in ethanol

and critical point dried in CO2- covered carbon in a Balzer Apparatus. Samples

were analyzed.

Chloroplast purification

Five grams of B. variegata leaves was gently homogenized at 4ºC in a mortar with

two volumes (w/v) of a grinding buffer containing 0.35 M sucrose, 3 mM EDTA,

0.1% (w/v) BSA, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, and 10 mM mercaptoethanol. The

homogenate was filtered through four layers of cheesecloth and the filtrate was

centrifuged at 250 g for 10 min at 4ºC. The supernatant was then centrifuged at

3000 g for 10 min at the same temperature. The pellet containing chloroplasts was

resuspended in 2 mL of grinding buffer and the quality of the preparation was

analyzed by phase contrast light microscopy.

Extraction of proteins from electrophoresis gels

Chloroplast proteins were extracted from 2-mm thick 15% SDS-PAGE gels by the

syringe maceration extraction method (15). After electrophoresis (ten gels) the

band, with a mass similar to that of bovine insulin, was sliced horizontally into

0.5-cm sections. The gel slices (~1 g of gel material) were placed in a 3-mL

syringe and forced through the opening into a second syringe. This procedure was



repeated five times. Next, the gel material was collected into a 2-mL Eppendorf

tube and 1 mL of water was added. The mixture was vortexed for 30 s and left at

room temperature for 5 min. The gel material was pelleted by centrifugation at

12,000 g for 1 min and the supernatant was collected. Ten microliters of the above

solution containing the chloroplast insulin-like protein fraction extracted from

SDS-PAGE gels was diluted 1:10 in 50% acetonitrile and used for measuring the

absorption spectrum from 220 to 900 nm in a Specord M500 spectrophotometer.


The hypoglycemic activity of the protein isolated from leaf extracts. The leaves of

the many Bauhinia species are used in antidiabetic treatments by many populations

of the world.

In India, stem bark is used as an antidiabetic in the Ayurvedic system of

medicine.In a recent in-vitro study, the ethanolic extract of B. variegata and its

major constituent, roseoside, have demonstrated enhanced insulin release from the

beta-cell lines .

In view of these facts, this work studied the influence of the stem bark of B.

variegata on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats.

There is no medicines available in market as antidiabetic made from B.variegata.

Other action of B. variegate

Anti T.B.

Also used in Asthma, Pilles, Diarrhoea, Goitre, Skin –disease



Syzygium Cumini


English : Black Plum

Hindi : Jamun

Gujarati : Jambu

Sanskrit : Mahaphala


Kingdom : Plantae



Order : Myrtales

Family : Myritaceae

Genus : Syzygium

Species : Syzygium Cumini

Parts Used : Fruit, Seed Powder




Jambul is native to Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, thePhilippines,

and Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia , Native to Africa, China,

Bhutan, India,


A fairly fast growing species, it can reach heights of up to 30 m and can live more

than 100 years. Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its

ornamental value. At the base of the tree, the bark is rough and dark grey,

becoming lighter grey and smoother higher up.The leaves which are an aroma

similar to turpentine, are pinkish when young, changing to a leathery, glossy dark

green with a yellow midrib as they mature. Jambul trees start flowering from

March to April. The flowers of jambul are fragrant and small, about 5 mm in

diameter. The fruits develop by May or June and resemble largeberries. The fruit

is oblong, ovoid, starts green and turns pink to shining crimson black as it matures.

A variant of the tree produces white coloured fruit..

Active Antidiabetic Constituent

Phytochemical : Ferulic Acid

IUPAC Name : (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid

M.F. : C10H10O4

M.W. : 290.0 g/mol

O

HO

O

OH



Extraction Method

Preparation of plant extract :

The jamun fruits are 1st washed and pulp is removed from seeds. Seeds were

washed, dried and coarsely powdered.

The powder was extracted with hexane to remove lipids. it is then filtered and

residue is successively extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol using cold

percolation method. Then phytochemical screening give results of extract.

Isolation of Active Compound :

5 gm of seed Methanolic extract is mixed with silica gel (60-120 mesh) and

loaded in a column packed with silica gel using hexane as a solvent. The column is

eluted with increasing order of polarity.

The fraction eluted at 100% MeOH, yield of 350mg obtained as pale brown

semisolid. It is characterized by spectroscopic techniques.


Jambu extracts, solutions, and other preparations from plants with a putative

antihyperglycemic effect have a worldwide utilization in the treatment of diabetes.

Among them, the tea prepared from leaves of jambolan [Syzygium jambos (L.) Alst

or Syzyguium cumini (L.) Skeels] is largely used. An antihyperglycemic effect in

patients with diabetes, however, could not be ruled out, since its mechanism of

action could depend on specific abnormalities of diabetes in humans.

tea prepared from leaves of Syzygium cumini (two grams per liter of water, taken

as water substitute)Fasting blood glucose levels decreased.

Significant blood glucose lowering activity was observed in fasted rats at a single

oral dose of 250mg/kg body weight, along with marked degranulation in



pancreatic β-cells and increase in muscle glycogen store of normal rats. Whole

fruit extract was lowered the blood glucose concentration probably by stimulating

insulin secretogouge activity and increasing the glycogen store in muscles of

normal rats. These observations indicate that the S. cumini whole fruit definitely

possess hypoglycemic potential, which has not been reported earlier.

Oral administration of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed significant

decrease in blood sugar level. It showed an incerased activity of hexokinase and

decreased activity of glucose 6- phosphate in liver.The isolated compound of seed

extract at a dose level of 50 mg/kg showed significant decrease in blood sugar

level. However leaves of plant does not contain antidiabetic activity.The effect

exerted by s.cumini are more potent than that of Glibenclamide.

Antidiabetic medicines made from s.cumini



Other action of s.cumini

The bark is acrid, sweet, digestive, astringent to the bowels, anthelmintic and used

for the treatment of sore throat, bronchitis, asthma, thirst, biliousness, dysentery

and ulcers. It is also a good blood purifier. The fruit is acrid, sweet, cooling and

astringent to the bowels and removes bad smell form mouth, biliousness,

stomachic, astringent, diuretic and antidiabetic. The fruit has a very long history of

use for various medicinal purposes and currently has a large market for the

treatment of chronic diarrhea and other enteric disorders. The seed is sweet,

astringent to the bowels and good for diabetes. The ash of the leaves is used for

strengthening the teeth and gums. Vinegar prepared from the juice of the ripe fruit

is an agreeable stomachic and carminative and used as diuretic and it is also useful

in spleen enlargement and an efficient astringent in chronic diarrhea.

Juice of tender leaves of this plant, leaves of mango and myrobalan are mixed and

administered along with goat's milk and honey to treat dysentery with bloody

discharge, whereas juice of tender leaves alone or in combination with

carminatives such as cardamom or cinnamon is given in goat's milk to treat

diarrhoea in children. Traditional medical healers in Madagascar have been using

the seeds of jambolan for generations as the centerpiece of an effective therapy for

counteracting the slow debilitating impacts of diabetes. The seed extract is used to

treat cold, cough, fever and skin problems such as rashes and the mouth, throat,

intestines and genitourinary tract ulcers (infected by Candida albicans) by the

villagers of Tamil Nadu. Jambolan fruit can be eaten raw and can be made into

tarts, sauces and jams. Good quality jambolan juice is excellent for sherbet, syrup

and “squash”, an Indian drink



Gymnema sylvestre


English : small indian ipecac

Hindi : Gurmar

Gujarati : Madhunashini

Sanskrit : Meshshringi


Kingdom : Plantae



Order : Gentianales

Family : Asclepiadaceae

Genus : Gymnema

Species : G.sylvestre

Parts used: Leaves




G. sylvestre is native to the tropical forests of central and southern India had wider

distribution and it grows in the plains fromthe coast, in scrub jungles and in

thickets at an altitude ranging from 300 - 700m. The genus Gymnema comprises

40 species distributed from Western Africa to Australia. They are mainly

distributed in the Deccan peninsula parts of northern, western India, Tropical

Africa, Australia,Vietnam, Malaysia and Sri Lanka.


Gymnema sylvestre (GS) is a slow growing, perennial, woody climbing plant

(Asclepiadaceae family), which grows in tropical forests of central and southern

India. Leaves are opposite, usually elliptic or ovate (1.25–2.0 inch × 0.5–1.25

inch); flowers are small, yellow, in umbellate cymes.


Name : Gymnemagenin Basic structure of Gymnemic Acid

M.F. : C30H50O6.

M.W. : 506.72gm/mole



Extraction Method

EXTRACTION OF GYMNEMIC ACID BYHOOPERS’S METHOD

Soxhlet apparatus

Step1: Extraction with petroleum ether

1 kg of dry leaf powder was packed into a clean soxhlet extraction unit. Seven

liters of petroleum ether (60-800C) was added and extracted for 24-36hours till all

the components are soluble in petroleum. Petroleum extract is collected and

distilled in a distillation unit. Then a net weight of250 gm of petroleum ether

extracts was obtained. Petroleum ether extraction was used for defatting dried leaf

power.

Step2: Extraction with 90% methanol

The plant material is then extracted with 90% methanol. 90% methanol was added

and the extraction was carried out for 24-36 hours till the total methanol soluble

extract was obtained. The methanol soluble extract was distilled and finally175gm

of the thick paste were obtained.



Step3: Isolation of pure gymnemic acid frommethanol extract

175gm thick paste of methanol soluble extract was dissolved in 1% aqueous KOH

solution oncontinuously stirring for 45min to 1 hour. Thesolution is then filtered

through filter paper to separate the un-dissolved particles. Diluted HCl was added

slowly under constant stirring, during which the gymnemic acids were

precipitated. Precipitated solution was filtered under suction and precipitate was

dried. The pure gymnemic acid was obtained.


The variety of theorized mechanisms is a based on the fact that the atomic

arrangement of gymnemic acid molecules is similar to that of glucose molecules.

There are some possible mechanisms by which the leaves extract of GS or

gymnemic acid possess their hypoglycemic acid effects.

It causes inhibition of glucose absorption from intestine: gymnemic acid molecules

fill the receptor location in the absorptive external layers of the intestine thereby

preventing the sugar molecules absorption by the intestine, which results in low

blood sugar level. Receptor blockade is established quickly and persists for about 5

hours, decreasing sugar absorption of about 50%.



It increases utilization of glucose as it increase the activities of enzymes

responsible for utilization of glucose by insulin-dependent pathways, determines

an increase in phosphorylase activity and decrease in gluconeogenic enzymes and

sorbitol dehydrogenase; moreover increases cell permeability to insulin.

It increases secretion of insulin by stimulating β-cells and/or increasing their

number (in pancreatectomized animals it has no hypoglycemic effect, indicating

that its effect may require some residual β-cell function).

It promotes regeneration of islet cells, ensuring adequate hormonal support and

response.

Besides all that, gymnemic acids and gurmarin (another constituent of the leaves)

have been shown to block sweet taste in humans: almost certainly gymnemic acid

molecules fill the receptor locations on the taste buds thereby preventing its

activation by sugar molecules present in the food, thereby curbing the sugar

craving.

One of the mechanisms responsible for adult onset diabetes mellitus is a form of

insulin resistance,which is attributed to the inability of insulin to enter cells via the



insulin receptor. Should this effect beproven, Gymnema may prove useful in both

adult onset (NIDDM) and juvenile onset diabetes mellitus(IDDM) to help insulin

enter cells.

The leaves are also noted for lowering serum cholesterol and triglycerides. The

primary chemicalconstituents of Gymnema include gymnemic acid, tartaric acid,

gurmarin, calcium oxalate, glucose,stigmasterol, betaine, and choline. While the

water-soluble acidic fractions reportedly provide thehypoglycemic action, it is not

yet clear what specific constituent in the leaves is responsible for thesame. Some

researchers have suggested gymnemic acid as one possible candidate, although

furtherresearch is needed.

Antidiabetic Medicines made from G.sylvestre



Other Action of G.sylvestre

Liver tonic

Cardiotonic

Antioxident

Astringent

Antimicrobial

Antiulcer

Hepatoprotective

Antioxident

Ant fertility



Momordica Charantia


English : Bitter Gourd

Hindi : Karela

Gujarati : Karela

Sanskrit : Karvellak


Kingdom : Plantae


Order : Cucurbitales

Family : Cucurbetaceae

Genus : Momordica

Species : Charantia

Parts Used: Fruits, Seeds, Leaves.




parts of South America and the Amazon basin including Brazil, Guyana and the

Caribbean, East Africa and Asia including India, China, Philippines, Pakistan,

Nepal and Sri Lanka.

Botanical description

This herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine grows to 5 m. It bears

simple, alternate leaves 4–12 cm across, with three to seven deeply separated

lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow male and female flowers. In the Northern

Hemisphere, flowering occurs during June to July and fruiting during September to

November.

The fruit has a distinct warty exterior and an oblong shape. It is hollow in cross-

section, with a relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding a central seed cavity filled

with large, flat seeds and pith. The fruit is most often eaten green, or as it is

beginning to turn yellow. As the fruit ripens, the flesh (rind) becomes tougher,

more bitter, and too distasteful to eat. When the fruit is fully ripe, it turns orange

and mushy, and splits into segments which curl back dramatically to expose seeds

covered in bright red pulp.

Active Antidiabetic constituents

Product Name : Charantin

M.F. : C35H58O6



Extraction Method

Sample preparation

The fruits of bitter melon were cleaned and cut into small pieces, and then oven

dried at 50 C for a day. The dried sample was then pulverized into fine powder in

a grinder,which was then stored at 4 C until use.

Subcritical water Extraction (SCWE) of M.Charantia

Diagram of experimental setup subcritical water extraction.

The subcritical water extraction was carried out in a laboratory-built apparatus

shown in Figure. The extraction system consisted of two HPLC pumps used to

deliver the water and solvent through the system at constant flow rates, a degassing

instrument an oven where the extraction vessel was mounted, a pressure gauge,

and a back pressure regulator valve. All connections were made with stainless steel

capillaries.

Water was passed through a degassing degassed water was then delivered to



Equipment to remove dissolved oxygen, The preheating coil, made from 3 m

length stainless steel tubing, installed in the oven, and delivered through to the

extraction vessel, which was preloaded with 1.0 g of sample. The back pressure

regulator valve placed at the outlet of the extraction system was used to maintain

the system pressure to ensure that the water was in liquid state at the temperatures

tested.

Before starting the extraction, all connections were checked for possible leakage.

The second pump was then turned on to deliver ethanol at constant flow rate of 1

ml/min to wash off any residual product in the outlet line behind the extractor. The

extract was cooled in a coil immersed in a water bath to prevent possible product

degradation, and the extract was collected in fractions in sample collecting vials

every 10 minutes in a first hour and every 20 minutes in the second hour. After

extraction, the compound remained in the sample residue was extracted repeatedly

in 30 ml methanol until the extract was clear. The samples were then evaporated

under vacuum to remove the water and methanol until volume of the samples was

about 10 ml and stored at 4 C until analysis.


M. charantia, its extracts and isolated components are believed to exert their

hypoglycaemic effects via different physiological and biochemical processes.

These include insulin secretagogue like effect, stimulation of skeletal muscle and

peripheral cell glucose utilization, inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake,

inhibition of hexokinase activity, suppression of key gluconeogenic enzymes,

stimulation of key enzymes, HMP pathway and preservation of pancreatic islet

cells and their functions.

M. charantia and its various extracts and components have been reported to exert

hypoglycemic effects, studies have shown that both the aqueous and alcoholic

extracts of the fruit of M. charantia can inhibit the activities of fructose 1, 6-



diphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase and at the same time stimulating the

action of glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase. It was previously reported

that M. charantia and its various extracts can stimulate peripheral cell glucose

uptake.

In addition to its insulin-like effects on skeletal muscle cells, daily oral intake

of M. charantia fruit juice over a period of 10 weeks significantly reduced the

amount of Na+ and K

+-dependent

14C-D-glucose absorbed by rat jejunum brush

border membrane vesicle compared to vesicles obtained from STZ-induced

diabetic rats.Taken together, these results clearly demonstrated that M.

charantia and its extracts can directly regulate blood glucose via two mechanisms.

Firstly, it can regulate how much glucose is absorbed by the gut into the blood

following a meal and secondly, it can stimulate glucose uptake into skeletal muscle

cells just like insulin. Moreover, it seems to exert its effect via the same

intracellular signaling pathways as insulin in regulating glucose metabolism in the

body.

M. charantia fruit juice may have a role in the renewal of β cells in treated diabetic

rats or alternatively, the juice may permit the recovery of partially destroyed β

cells. Physiological experiments have also shown that M. charantia can stimulate

insulin secretion from the endocrine pancreas and elicit glucose uptake in the liver.

Current evidence therefore indicates that the recovery and subsequent increase in

the number of insulin producing cells followed by the release of insulin may be

part of the several pathways by which M. charantia exerts its hypoglycemic

effects. In addition to the properties mentioned above, M. charantiaand its extracts

may possess cell-like proliferation and growth-like properties similar to that of

insulin. Nevertheless, further experiment are required, at least at the molecular

level, to determine the precise mechanisms whereby M. charantia can either repair

damaged β cells or prevent their death.



Antidiabetic Medicines made from M.charantia

Other Action of M.charantia

Antimicrobial

Antiulcer

Hepatoprotective

Antioxident

Anti fertility Anti bacterial

Anti emetic

Diuretic

Chemopreventive

Antioxident



Murraya koenigii


English : Curry tree

Hindi : Kadhi Patta

Gujarati : Mitho Limdo

Sanskrit : Kaidarya


Kingdom : Plantae


Class : Eudicots

Order : Sapindales

Family : Rutaceae

Genus : Murraya

Species : M.Koenigii

Parts used : leaves



Geographical distribution

Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Native to Africa, China, Bhutan, India,

pakistan.


Murraya koenigii or sweet neem is a small tree, growing 4–6 m (13-20 feet) tall,

with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter. The leaves are pinnate, with 11-21 leaflets,

each leaflet 2–4 cm long and 1–2 cm broad and highly aromatic. The flowers are

small, white, and fragrant. The small black shiny berries are edible, but their seeds

are poisonous


Name : Mahanimbine

M.F. : C23H25NO

Other

Curryanin

Murrayline



Extraction Method

Soxhlet Apparatus

Extraction and isolation

The dried plant powder of Murraya koenigii leaves were extracted with petroleum

ether (60-80ºC) in a Soxhlet apparatus for 72 h. at room temperature. The total

extract was concentrated under reduced pressure and kept at room temperature. A

greenish solid was separated out.

This was dissolved in petroleum ether (60-80ºC) and chromatographed using silica

gel (60-120 mesh) column and eluted successively with petroleum ether and

chloroform mixture.

The fractions obtained with 50% petroleum ether (60-80ºC) in chloroform afforded

compound-I (mahanimbine). The compound-I was subjected to preparative TLC

gave pure mahanimbine


The dose of mahanimbine (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p) once in a week for30 days is

given to the alloxan rat. it may be suggested that the mechanism of action of

mahanimbine is similar to glibenclamide.



The possible mechanism by which the mahanimbine decreases blood sugar level

may be by potentiating of insulin effect either by increasing the pancreatic

secretion of insulin from beta cells of islets of langerhans or by increasing the

peripheral glucose uptake.

The possible protective effect of M. koenigii leaf extract against cell damage and

antioxidant defense system of plasma and pancreas in streptozotocin induced

diabetic

rats was carried out and suggested that M. koenigii treatment exerts a protective

effect in diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress and pancreatic Cell damage.

Hypoglycaemic effect of extracts of M. koenigii leafs along with the number of the

spices were studied which proved that they can be used as potent antidiabetic

diet.The aqueous extract of the M. koenigii leaves has evaluate the hypoglycaemic

activity in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rabbits with the effect of a standard

hypoglycaemic drug, tolbutamide. Curry leaf extract posseses the property to

decrease blood cholesterol and blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and reduces

the body weight after its treatment.

There are no medicines available in market as antidiabetic from

M.koenigii.

Other Action Of M. Koenigii

Murraya koenigii or Sweet neem leaves has been used as medicine for more than

2000 years. The leaves of are also used as a herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Their

properties include as an anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-

inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-hypercholesterolemic and contain iron.



Eyes: The juice extracted from curry leaves brightens the eyes and delays

cataract.

Diarrhea: Drinking the juice of 15-20 curry leaves mixed with a teaspoon of

honey serves as an efficient curry leaf for diarrhea.

Constipation: Take one teaspoon of dried curry leaf powder with a teaspoon of

honey in it. Consume this for about two to three times in a day to get rid of

constipation.

Nausea: Drinking a cup of water mixed with one tablespoon of roasted curry

leaves serves as one of the most effective for nausea.

Curry leaf benefits the body by stimulating digestive enzymes, reducing body heat,

relieving kidney pain, controlling Diabetes, making the eyes appear brighter,

retaining the natural pigmentation of hair,. Curry leaves are known to be good for

hair, for keeping them healthy and long.



Pterocarpus marsupium


English : Indian kino tree

Hindi : Beeja

Gujarati : Vijaysar

Sanskrit : asana


Kingdom : Plantae


Class : Eudicots

Order : Fabels

Family : Fabeceae

Genus : Pterocarpus

Species : P.Marsupium

Parts used: bark, wood, Gum



Geographical Distribution:

Native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, where it occurs in parts of the Western Ghats in

the Karnataka-Kerala region.


The tree grows to 10-15 meter in height, smoky Gum is red in color. Leaves and

foliage bear wavy margin. Flowers- yellowish. Legumes- contain two seeds.


Name: 3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxystilbene;

M.F.:C16H16O3

M.W.:256.3gm/mole

Name:(-) Epicatechin

M.F.:C15H14O6

M.W.:290.27 gm



Extraction Method

Extraction Using HPLC

The bark sample of P. marsupium was ground to powder. The ground sample was

extracted using MeOH as a solvent.

The extract (0.2g) was further extracted with 100 ml water. The sample was then

centrifuged for 10 min at 16˚C.

The test samples was passed through 0.2 µm filter syringe and 20µl of test solution

was injected to HPLC using C-18 reversed phase column with a reversed phase

guard column.

The mobile phase consisted of A: B (80:20) in which A was 2.5% aqueous acetic

acid and B was acetonitrile .It was degassed and filtered and used for separating

the target marker with a flow rate of 1 ml/min.The chromatogram was scanned up

to 20 min, which was detected at 280 nm.




Pancreatic beta cell regeneration - a novel antidiabetic mechanism of

Pterocarpus marsupium

A flavonoid fraction (XE) extracted from the bark of pterocarpus marsupium

Roxb. (Leguminoceae)was studied for the hypoglycaemic activity normal and

alloxanised albino rats. The drug XE did notshow a consistent effect on normal

blood sugar levels but it effectively reversed the alloxan-inducedchanges in the

blood sugar level and the beta-cell population in the pancreas. It also showed

protective effect when it was given prior to alloxan administration. The novel

action of drug on the pancreatic beta-cells and absence of acute toxicity may offer

a new hope to the diabetics in future.

Hypoglycemie activity of Pterocarpus marsupium wood

Feeding of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of an absolute ethanol extract of

Pterocarpus marsupium wood for 5 days significantly lowered blood sugar levels

with a corresponding increase in the blood insulin level in alloxan-diabetic rats.

A Constituent of Pterocarpus marsupium, (-)-Epicatechin, as a Potential

Antidiabetic Agent.

Pterostillbene (phenolic constituent) of the heartwood of P. marsupium

significantly lowered the blood glucose level of hyperglycemic rats, and the effect

was comparable to that of 1,1 dimethylbiguanide (metformin).

An active constituent of P. marsupium, (-)-epicatechin has been reported as a

potential antidiabetic agent to reverse hyperglycemia in alloxan diabetic.

A flavonoid fraction (XE) extracted from the bark of p. marsupium was studied for

the hypoglycaemic activity normal and alloxanised albino rats. it effectively

reversed the alloxan-induced changes in the blood sugar level and the beta-cell

population in the pancreas.



An active constituent of Pterocarpus marsupium, (-)-epicatechin (1), has been

reported to reverse

Hyperglycemia in alloxan diabetic rats when given before or within 24 hr after the

dose of alloxan. However, when doses of (-)-epicatechin are begun 92 hr after

alloxan, there is no significant difference in blood glucose levels between control

and (-)-epicatechin treated rats. These data suggest that, although (-)-epicatechin

may protect against alloxan toxicity under certain conditions, the usefulness of (-)-

epicatechin appears minimal in the treatment of already established diabetic states.

Effect of aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium wood on alloxan-induced

diabetic rats.

An aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium wood was screened for

hypoglycemic

Activity on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. During both acute and sub-acute tests,

the water extract, at an oral dose of 250 mg/kg, showed statistically significant

hypoglycemic activity.

Effect of feeding aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium on glycogen

content of tissues and the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism.

The Indian traditional system of medicine prescribed plant therapies for diseases

including diabetes mellitus called madhumeh in Sanskrit. One such plant

mentioned in Ayurveda is Pterocarpus marsupium (PM). In the present study,

aqueous extract of PM was assessed for its effect on glycogen levels of insulin

dependent (skeletal muscle and liver), insulin-independent tissues (kidneys and

brain) and enzymes such as glucokinase (GK), hexokinase (HK), and

Phosphofructokinase (PFK). Administration of PM led to decrease in blood

glucose levels by 38 and

60% on 15th and 30th day of the experiment.



Antidiabetic Medicines made from P.Marsupium

Other Action of P.Marsupium

Rejuvenator

Anti polyurea

Cooling

In skin diseases

Astringent

Antibacterial

Anthelmintic

Analgesics

Carminative

Digestive



Trigonella foenum-graecum


English : Fenugreek seed

Hindi : Methi

Gujarati : Methi

Sanskrit : Methika


Kingdom : Plantae


Class : Eudicots

Order : Fabels

Family : Fabeceae

Genus : Trigonella

Species : T. foenum-graecum

Parts Used: leaves, seeds




This plant is native to India, Middle East and Mediterranean countries, northern

Africa and the United States.


Annual erecct herb containing light green leaves, pod 5-7cm, each pod contains

10-20 small hard yellowish brown cylindrical seeds.


Name : 4- Hydroxy isoleucin Name : Trigonelline

M.F. : C6H13N03 M.F. : C7H8NO

M.W. : 147.17gm/mole M.W. : 132.0 gm/mol

The seeds are rich in leucine, valine, lysine and phenylalanine. Manganese,

magnesium, zinc and copper contents.



Extraction Method 1

Extraction of Trigonelline and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine

100 g of both the Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds and cultured cells (control &

treated) were separately homogenized in 10 M HCl, filtered, and the acid aqueous

solution was then stirred with zinc dust overnight, filtered with CH2Cl2 to yield the

total alkaloids. The residues were re-dissolved in 10 ml acidulated methanol for

phytochemical study and HPLC analysis.

Isolation and Identification of Trigonelline and 4-Hydroxyisoleucine

A preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out using thin-layer

chromatography (TLC) for detecting the presence of trigonelline and 4-

hydroxyisoleucine. The two major spots related to Trigonelline and 4-

Hydroxyisoleucine were separated by preparative TLC using CH2Cl2 - MeOH – 25%

NH4OH (85: 15: 2 v/v) as a solving system. Furthermore, co-chromatography (TLC &

HPLC) with reference compounds was performed.

Extraction Method 2

General procedure for preparation of Fenugreek extract

Fenugreek seeds were air dried and ground in a grinder so that the powder could pass

through a 0.8 mm mesh sieve. Fenugreek powder is then defatted with hexane at 40ºC

for 2 h under stirring and filtered through a Whatman filter paper and dried. Defatted

Fenugreek seeds are stirred with extracting solvent at 55-60 ºC for 1 h and filtered

over Whatman filter paper

Selection of solvent for defatted Fenugreek powder

With water Fenugreek seeds swells and it is difficult to filter. Therefore extraction was

tried with increasing methanol concentration in water. The extracts were subjected for

colour development with ninhydrin and absorbance was measured.




The hypoglycemic activity of a fenugreek seed extract (FSE) was studied in alloxan

(AXN)-induced diabetic mice and found to be comparable to that of insulin.

The mechanism by which FSE attenuated hyperglycemia was investigated in vitro.

FSE stimulated glucose uptake in cells in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was

shown to be mediated by the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from the

intracellular space to the plasma membrane. These effects of FSE on GLUT4

translocation and glucose uptake were inhibited by (PI3-K) inhibitor.

Fenugreek is a dietary supplement that may hold promise in this regard. Insulin

stimulates cellular glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues by inducing the

translocation of glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) from an intracellular pool to the

plasma membrane. In the diabetic state, because of deficiency of insulin, Glut-4

translocation does not take place efficiently and Glut-4 transporters remain inside,

where they are not functional. This results in decreased uptake of glucose by muscle

cells, which contribute significantly to the elevated blood glucose levels. Therefore,

restoration of Glut-4 will achieve norm glycaemia.

In humans, fenugreek seeds exert hypoglycaemic effect by stimulating glucose-

dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, as well as by inhibiting the

activities of α-amylase and sucrose. Fenugreek seeds also lower serum triglycerides,

total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). These effects

may be due to sapogenins, which increase biliary cholesterol excretion in liver,

leading to lowered serum cholesterol level. The effectiveness of the antidiabetic

compounds vanadate and Trigonella have been successfully used to reverse the

diabetes effect on the Glut-4 transporter to normal levels in experimental diabetes.



Antidiabetic Medicines made from T.Foenum- Graceum

Other Action of Fenugreek seeds

Fenugreek or Methi seeds are used in colic flatulence, dysentery, diarrhoea, dyspepsia,

chronic cough and enlargement of liver and spleen, rickets, gout and diabetes. It is

also used as a carminative, tonic, and aphrodisiac.

Fenugreek oil is used in the manufacture of hair tonics. Diabetes or hypoglycemia:

Fenugreek reduces blood glucose levels, and in the few studies using it as a

hypoglycemic, also reduces blood cholesterol.

Fenugreek is often cited as a natural remedy for asthma,

Migraines. Fenugreek herb has been known to help reduce fever when taken with

lemon and honey, since it nourishes the body during an illness.

Heartburn and Acid Reflux: Fenugreek seeds contain a lot of mucilage, which helps

sooth gastrointestinal inflammation by coating the lining of the stomach and intestine.



Moringa oleifera (Miracle tree)


English : Drumstick tree

Hindi : Sahajan

Gujarati : Sargavo

Sanskrit : surajana


Kingdom : Plantae


Class : Eudicots

Order : Fabels

Family : Moringaceae

Genus : Moringa

Species : Moringa Oleifera

Parts Used: Leaves, Fruits




It had spread to most part of Asia, nearly the whole of Africa, South America,

southern part of North America and some pockets in Europe.


A medium sized delicate tree with 20 – 25 feet height; leaves tripinnate compound;

leaflets small; ovate flowers white in panicle, seeds winged white papery fruits long

capsule.


Name : Cryptochlorogenic acid

M.F. : C16H18O9


Name : Isoquercetin

M.F. : C21H20O12




Extraction Method

Soxhlet Apparatus

Methanol extract of Moringa leaves was prepared by Soxhlet method with 50 gm

powder + 300 ml methanol. Leaves of Moringa oleifera were shade dried.

The extract was stored in desicator for use in subsequent experiment.

TLC was carried out on precoated silica gel GF254 sheets. Pure compounds,

isoquercetin, astragalin, and crypto-chlorogenic acid, isolated and identified.


Moringa oleifera leaves have been shown to have glucose lowering effect in studies

on normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats.study showed hypoglycemic and

antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in normal

and alloxan induced diabetic rabbits respectively

Such a phenomenon of less hypoglycemic response at higher doses is common with

indigenous plants and has already been observed in Psidium guajava , Trichosanthes

dioica , Cynodon dactylon and Cinnamomum tamala..

Phytochemical screening of Moringa oleifera extract revealed the presence of

flavinoids, tannin, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides alkaloids, triterpenoids,



saponins, and reducing sugars.

A number of investigators have shown that coumarin, flavonoid, terpenoid and a host

of other secondary plant metabolites including arginine and glutamic acids posses

hypoglycemic effects in various experimental animals model.

Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of the leaves of Moringa oleifera may

be probably due to the presence of terpenoids, which appears to be involved in the

stimulation of the β-cells and the subsequent secretion of preformed insulin. One or

more of the other chemical constituents of the plant especially flavonoid is also likely

to have played a crucial role in the hypoglycemic action of the plant extract. Further

studies are required to isolate and characterized the active components of the extract

of this plant.

Antidiabetic Medicines made from M. Oleifera

Other Action of Moringa oleifera

Appitizer

Anthlemintic

Hypotensive

Cardiac tonic

Anti ulcer



Costus Igneus (Insulin plant)


English : Fiery costus

Hindi : Keukand

Gujarati : pakarmula

Sanskrit : pushkarmula


Kingdom : Plantae


Class : Eudicots

Order : Fabels

Family : Costaceae

Genus : Costus

Species : Costus igneus

Parts used : leaves, flowers




Insulin plant is native to Southeast Asia, America specially on the Greater Sunda

Islands in Indonesia. It is a relatively new entrant to Kerala and India.


The large, smooth, dark green leaves of this tropical evergreen plant have light

purple undersides and are spirally arranged around stems, forming attractive,

arching clumps, arising from underground root stocks (Fig .1.1). Plants reach to

about two feet tall, with the tallest stems falling over and lying on the ground.

Beautiful, 1.5 inch diameter, orange flowers are produced in the warm months,

appearing on cone-like heads at the tip of branches.


Name : Quercetin

M.F. : C15H10O7

M.W : 302.23 gm/mole

Other

Beta-carotene,

flavonoids,

insulin precursors.



Extraction Method 1

The vacuum dried,concentrated EtOH extract of C.igneus was treated by acid

hydrolysis to determine if any glycosides were present. The concentrates were

spotted on activated TLC plates. To elute quercetin, the plates were developed

with toluene : ethyl acetate : acetic acid : MeOH (2 : 7.5 : 0.25 : 0.25). The

developes plates were air dried, sprayed with 20% SbCl2 in CHCl3 and dried in a

chromatographic oven at 105˚c for 10 min. Rf value were calculated.

Extraction Method 2

Solvent extraction

Leaf, stem and rhizome of Costus igneus were cleaned and shade-dried. The dried

each part of Costus igneus were pulverized by a mechanical grinder and passed

through a 20-mesh sieve. A powdered samples (500g) were separately extracted

with petroleum ether, hexane, methanol and ethanol using a soxhlet apparatus. The



extraction was carried out for 24h at room temperature with mild shaking. The

extracts were filtered and concentrated at 35°C and it is used for further analysis.

Preparation of crude sapogenin extract

Freshly harvested leaf and rhizome each weighing 50g were chopped and refluxed

with 3.5M HCl (115ml) for 3h. The solution was filtered, the residue washed with

water to neutrality and the filter and the residue were dried at 65°-70°C for

overnight. The dried residue was then extracted with petroleum ether in a soxhlet

apparatus for 6h and the petroleum ether extract was concentrated. The resulting

solid which precipitated was filtered and dried to give the crude sapogenin extract.


The leaves of insulin plant reduced the fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels,

bringing them down towards normal. Reduction in the fasting and the postprandial

blood sugar levels with leaves of insulin plant was comparable with that obtained

with Glibenclamide 500 μg/kg at 250 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day of powdered

leaves

of the insulin plant.

The hypoglycemic action can be due to release of insulin, insulin-sensitizing action

or a combination of both. Hence further studies need to be undertaken to determine

the mechanism of action by measurement of either insulin or 'C' peptide level.



Antidiabetic Medicines made from Costus igneus

Other Action Of Costus Igneus

Antiviral

Blood purifier



Refrences

antidiabetic medicinal plants

Documents

scientific classification kingdom

potential antidiabetic agent

alloxanised albino rats

antidiabetic medicinal plants

active antidiabetic constituents

guinea pig anti

antidiabetic medicines made

blood sugar level