ankle sprain by back 2 fitness
DESCRIPTION
Ankle Sprain discussed in plain language for therapists.TRANSCRIPT
Ankle Sprain
Presented By:-Kunal Vashist,PT
Back 2 Fitness
Background• Ankle Sprain is an injury to the ligaments around the
ankle.• Typically caused by sudden, strong
contraction ,direct impact, or by a sudden, forceful twist.
• Presenting with pain and swelling but ability to walk on foot with discomfort usually excludes a fracture.
• The typical ankle sprain is an inversion injury that occurs in the plantar-flexed position. (85%) – aka Inversion Sprain or supination Sprain.
• Predisposing factors : • H/o Prev. Ankle Sprain• Chronic Ankle Instability• Rigid Supinated Foot
• Reccurence may lead to osteoarthritis and articular degeneration.
• Residual symptoms affect 72% of patients (6wks to 18 months)
• Longstanding Symptoms diagnosed as “sprained ankle syndrome.”
• 55% patients don’t visit health care proffessionals.
• Underestimating severity of ankle sprain may lead to reccurent injuries / residual symptoms.
Anatomy
Lateral Ligaments
Medial Ligaments
Muscles around Medial Malleolus
Muscles around lateral Malleolus
Functional Anatomy
• Ankle Complex – 3 ArticulationsTalocrural JointSubtalar JointDistal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
Movements occurs in 3 Cardinal Planes:
• Sagittal Plane Motion – Plantar Flexion – Dorsi Flexion
• Frontal Plane Motion – Inversion – Eversion• Transverse Plane Motion – Internal / External
Rotation.
Coupled Rearfoot Motion
Pronation – Dorsi flexion+ Eversion+ External Rotation.
Supination – Plantar flexion + Inversion + Internal Rotation
• Congruity of the articular surfaces when the joints are loaded
• Static ligamentous restraints• Musculo-tendinous units, which allow for
dynamic stabilization of the joints
Ankle Stability
Patho-Physiology
Sign/symptom Grade I Grade II Grade IIILigament tear None Partial Complete
Loss of functional ability
Minimal Some Great
Pain Minimal Moderate Severe
Swelling Minimal Moderate Severe
Ecchymosis Usually not Common Yes
Difficulty bearing weight
None Usual Almost always
TABLE 1
Grades of Ankle Sprain
• Lateral Ankle Sprain – • Excessive supination of rear foot on externally
rotated leg during gait or landing from a jump.• Excessive inversion and internal rotation of
the rearfoot, coupled with external rotation of the lower leg, results in strain to the lateral ankle ligaments.
Patho-Mechanics
• First Ligament to be damaged – Anterior Talo-Fibular Ligament followed most often by Calcaneo-Fibular Ligament.
• Ruptured ATFL increases Transverse plane motion stressing the ligament further. (Rotational Instability)
• Damage to Talocrural Joint Capsule with ligamentous stabilizers of subtalar joint.
• Increased Supination moment at Subtalar joint leads to excessive inversion and internal rotation of rear foot in closed kinetic chain.
• May happen with rigid supinated foot or with more laterally deviated subtalar joint axis.
• Then if supination moment > compensatory Pronation (Peroneals), Leads to Excessive inversion and internal rotation.
• Further, Predisposition to first time ankle sprain includes:
• Structural – Tibial Varum• Functional –
» poor postural control performance » Impaired Propriocepton» Eversion > Inversion» Plantarflexion strength > Dorsiflexion Strength
• Acute Ankle Sprain – Tender & swollen ankle – Painfull Movements but full weight bearing.
WHY most individuals who suffer an initial ankle sprain are prone to recurrent
sprains ???