animal ways of life

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Scott Foresman Science 3.2

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content

Nonfiction Sequence • Labels

• Diagram

• Glossary

Animals

ISBN 0-328-13812-6

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Vocabulary

adaptation

hibernate

inherited

larvamigrate

pupa

trait

vertebrate

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23 (CR) ”Jerry Young/DK Images.

Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 10 Jerry Young/DK Images; 12 Jerry Young/DK Images;

19 (T) Natural History Museum/DK Images; 20 (T) Senckenberg Nature Museum, Frankfurt/DK Images.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright © of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson.

ISBN: 0-328-13812-6

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by Erika Alexander



2

Animal

GroupsThere are lots of different

animals in the world. When

animals are grouped together,

we can see the things they have

in common. You can learn many

different things about animals

when you group them. This isbecause animals can be grouped

in so many different ways.

3

What All Animals Need

All animals need food, water, oxygen,

and shelter.

Animals need food and water for theirsystems to work. Oxygen is a gas that animals

breathe. They need oxygen to stay alive.

Animals that live on land use their lungs to

breathe. Animals that live in the water use

their gills. Shelter provides animals with a safe

spot to rest or to hide from other animals.



4

Ways of Grouping Animals

The way you group animals should

depend on what you want to learn

about them. If you want to learn aboutanimals’ environments, group them by

where they live. If you want to learn if

animals are herbivores or carnivores,

then group them by what they eat.

Animals can also be grouped

by the traits they share. A trait

is a feature that is passed on to

a living thing from its

parents. Webbed feet

or fins are traits that are passed

from parents to their young.

5

Animals with a Backbone

A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone.

Reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds, and mammals

are all vertebrates.Reptiles have lungs. Their skin can be dry

and scaly.

Amphibians spend time in the water and

on land. They have gills when they are young.

When they get older, they usually grow lungs.

Fish have gills, never lungs. They live only in

the water.

Mammals have hair during some part of

their lives. All mammals breathe through lungs.

Birds have lungs too. They also have wings,

beaks, feathers, and light bones.



6

Animals Without a Backbone

Most animals in the world do not have a

backbone. Sea jellies, worms, mollusks, and

arthropods are all animals without a backbone.

Insects and spiders do not have backbones.

Animals without a backbone usually do not

grow very big. Think about how small mostinsects and spiders are when compared to a

mammal.

Some animals have a shell or outside skeleton

instead of a backbone. A shell or outside

skeleton can give the animal support.

7

Animals Growand Change

As animals grow and change,

they go through life cycles. Every

animal’s life cycle has a set order.

Animals grow and change in a

certain order.

Certain life cycles take

a long time. Other life cycles

are very short.



8

Life Cycles

All animals come from eggs. Sometimes

the egg grows inside the animal’s mother.

The mother then gives birth to the animal.Other times, the mother lays the egg. The animal

then hatches from the egg. The first stage of an

animal’s life cycle is birth.

An animal grows bigger during its growth

stage. Then it develops into an adult. Adults give

birth to young animals through reproduction.

An animal’s life comes to

an end with death.

9

A Butterfly’s

Life Cycle

A butterfly is an insect.

It goes through many changesduring its lifetime.

First an adult butterfly lays a

very small egg on a plant. A caterpillar

hatches from that egg. It does not

have wings.

Next the caterpillar eats and grows.

It sheds its skin many times. During

this stage the caterpillar is called a larva.

Then a hard shell, or chrysalis, forms

around the caterpillar. The caterpillar

becomes a pupa. Inside the chrysalis,

the caterpillar keeps changing.

Finally a butterfly comes out of

the chrysalis. Now the butterfly is

an adult. After it lays eggs, thebutterfly completes its life cycle.



10

Other Life Cycles

Snakes are a kind of reptile. Some snakes

live on the land and in the water.

When a female snake is ready, she lays

her eggs in a warm, damp, and dark place.

A young snake uses its egg tooth to cut through

its eggshell. The egg tooth will fall off later.

Snakes can grow very fast. After a baby snake

has grown enough, it sheds its old skin and grows

a new skin.

Most snakes become adults by the timethey are two to four years old. Once a female

snake becomes an adult, she is ready to lay eggs

on her own. The snake life cycle starts again.

11

Mammals go through smaller changes during

their life cycles. They give birth to their young.

Young mammals grow inside their mother’s body.

When mammals are born, they usually have fur

or hair. Young mammals get milk from theirmother’s body. Some mammals grow up quickly.



12

AdaptationsHelp Animals

You have learned that animals need food,water, oxygen, and shelter to stay alive.

Animals also have special features

that help them survive in their

environment. Every environment

is different, so each animal

has adapted to the

environment where

it lives.

13

Adaptations

An adaptation is a special trait that helps

animals survive where they live. The camel’s

long thick eyelashes are an adaptation forthe desert. They protect the camel’s eyes

and keep out blowing sand.

A male lion has a

very thick mane around

its neck for protection.

These body part

adaptations are inherited.

Things that are inherited

get passed from adults

to their young.



14

Adaptations

For Getting Food

All animals need food to

survive. Sometimes they develop

adaptations that make catching

or eating their food easier.

An animal may be adapted to

run very quickly, like a cheetah.

Cheetahs need to chase their

food to catch it.

An animal may have very goodeyesight and hearing. Owls use both

of these senses to hunt at night.

Giraffes have very long necks

so they can eat leaves that grow

in tall trees.

15

Adaptations

For Protection

Many animals have developed

adaptations to protect themselves.Skunks are small animals that

release a strong-smelling spray

when they are scared.

Other animals use camouflage

to hide from their enemies.

Polar bears are adapted to use

camouflage in their snowy

environment. It is very difficult to

see a polar bear because the color

of its coat blends in well with snow.

Skunk



16

Behaviors That Help Animals

Animals behave in many different ways.

A behavior is something that a living thing

does. Animals are born knowing some

behaviors, but animals must learn otherbehaviors.

A baby bird is born with wings, but that

does not mean the bird can fly right away.

The bird must learn to fly.

Baby birds

17

Instincts

An instinct is a behavior that does not

have to be learned. Animals have instincts.

When the weather changes, some animals

have an instinct to migrate, or move.Snow geese migrate in large groups during

the winter. They fly from areas that get

very cold to areas that are warmer.

Other animals hibernate or rest for long

periods of time. When animals hibernate,

they go a long time without waking up, eating,

or drinking. Black bears hibernate during

the winter. They hibernate because the food

they eat is harder to find in the winter.



18

Learning

Animals are able to learn different ways to

survive in their environment too. Sometimes

an animal will learn a behavior from its parents.

Young wolves learn how to hunt by watchingadult wolves. In the same way, young beavers

learn how to build beaver dams and homes

by watching their parents cut and

move branches and logs.

19

Animals Then

And NowSometimes looking at the past can help

explain the present. By learning about

animals from the past, you can

also learn about the animals

of today. Today’s animals are

alive because they were able

to adapt. Animals from thepast provide clues about the

changes to animals over time.

Fossilized

reptile



20

Animals ThatLived Long Ago

We learn about animals from long ago

by looking at fossils. Fossils are signs of past

life. Fossils can be whole skeletons or a single

bone. Sometimes an impression of a skeleton

or bone is found in a rock. By looking at fossils,fossil molds, and casts, scientists can tell how

big an animal was. Scientists may also be able

to tell whether an animal ate plants or meat, just

by looking at fossils.

21

Ancient Insects

Sometimes scientists

will find more than just fossil

bones. Whole animals, such as small insects, get

caught in tree sap. Over time, the sap turns into a

hard yellow or brownish substance called amber.

Because we can see through amber, scientists

Spider in amber

Fossilized

pterodactyl

have been able to

look at insects from

long ago.



22

How Today’s Animals Compare

With Those of Long Ago

Scientists like to

study both plant andanimal fossils. From

fossils, scientists can

often figure out what the

weather was like. Using

all of the clues that

fossils give, scientists

are often able to figure

out how today’s animals

adapted to the Earth’s

changes.

Fossilized plants

23

Grouping animals helps you

learn more about them. There

are many ways to group animals.

By grouping animals, you canlearn about how animals are the

same and how they are different.



24

Glossaryadaptation a trait that helps a living thing meet

its needs in the place it lives

hibernate to rest during the winter or for a

long period of time

inherited passed on from a parent to

its young

larva a stage in the life of an insect when

it hatches from an egg and does not

have wings

migrate to move to another location for

a season or other period of time

pupa the stage an insect goes through

between being a larva and an adult

trait a feature passed on to a living thing

from its parents

vertebrate an animal with a backbone

1. What are the vertebrates that live in

your area? What do they look like?

2. What are the different stages of ananimal’s life cycle?

3. What adaptation helps a cheetah

get food?

4. Animals can be

grouped in different ways. Usingyour own paper, describe some of

the ways animals can be grouped.

Use details from the book to support

your answer.

5. Sequence Describe the life

stages of a butterfly in order. Use

the words first, next, then, andfinally in your answer.

What did you learn?

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animal ways of life

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