anger and disgust. angerrrrrrr! video video start around :45 seconds what are the events that...

Anger and Disgust

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1oXx4delIY

ANGERRRRRRR! Video Start around :45 seconds

What are the events that make us angry?

http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/American-Airlines-Apologizes-For-Weather-Delayed-Flight-294743671.html

Top 9 Things that make people angry (at least in the U.K.) People who smell Rude shop assistants Foreign call centers Stepping in dog poo People driving close behind you People who cough without covering their

mouths People who eat with their mouth open Slow internet connections Poor customer service

Anger’s 4 Components Physiology:

SNS Activation Brain Areas: amygdala, prefrontal cortex

Subjective Feelings: high arousal, high unpleasantness

Appraisals: goal obstruction, controllability, unpleasantness

Behavior: Approach and Facial Expression

Today’s Outline Distinct Emotions – Looking for universality.

Classic Appraisal Theories Strain Theory Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Are appraisals necessary? Frustration, Closeness in Time, External Causation

Recent Appraisal Theories Cognitive Neoassociationistic Model of Anger General Model of Affective Aggression

Basic Emotions ―Universal Facial Expressions

Brow Lowerer

Upper Lid Raiser

Lid Tightener

Lip Tightener

(Scherer, 1997)

Basic Emotions ―Universal Cognitive Appraisals?

Two Classic Theories of Anger Strain Theory

(Cloward & Ohlin; Merton, 1957)

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer & Sears, 1939)

Strain Theory Social system prevents people from attaining

economic and social goals

This causes anger and crime

Relative, Deprivation (not absolute deprivation)

(Cloward & Ohlin; Merton, 1957)

Dollard’s (Yale Approach) Frustration-Aggression HypothesisFrustration: an unexpected external blockage of an anticipated goal attainmentAggression: in response to blocked goal, an action in which the goal is to injure another

(Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer & Sears, 1939)

Frustration-Aggression HypothesisPerception that we are being prevented from obtaining a goal increases the probability of anger and aggression.


Frustration

Aggression

F-A Hypothesis: What determines intensity of aggression? Strength of drive that was blocked

Degree of interference

Number of times experience the frustration The Angry Elf


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQ_dL_IMPP4

F-A Hypothesis: Direct or Displaced Aggression Direct: anger directed toward source of

frustration

Displaced: anger directed toward lower status target Lynchings and Cotton Prices, r = -.72

(Hovland & Sears, 1940; Green, Glaser, & Rich, 1988)

Stressors and child abuse (Straus, 1980; Berkowitz, 2003)


Criticisms of Dollard’s F-A Hypothesis Focused on hostile (“emotional”) aggression

Instrumental Aggression All aggression does not stem from frustration The goal of aggression is not always to inflict harm

Not every frustration causes anger

Goal obstruction is not the only appraisal External, Closeness in Time, Unfairness

Modifications to F-A Hypothesis – It’s not just frustration!

Weiner (1985)

Lazarus et al. (1970)

Berkowitz (1989)

Aversive Event

Negative affect Anger

Aversive Event

Intentional Controllable

Anger

Aversive Event

Threat to well-being Anger

Appraisals Cause Anger…but…are they necessary? Frustration / Goal Obstruction

Closeness in Time

External Cause

Not every frustration causes anger Justified Frustration condition

Confederate’s interference legitimate (i.e., hearing defect)

NonJustified Frustration Condition Confederate’s interference not legitimate (i.e., no hearing

defect)

No Frustration Control Condition

End of Study: Participants evaluated confederate in 3 formats Public evaluation in front of group Private Self-report, with punishment Private Self-report, without punishment

(Burnstein & Worchel, 1962)

% Participants who rejected confederate

Not Justified

Justified(hearing defect)

No Frustration (Control)

Public Rejection with

punishment29% 0% 0%

Private Rejection with

punishment100% 27% 0%

Private Rejection w/o punishment

100% 50% 0%

(Burnstein & Worchel, 1962)

Find a line…Then, cut in front of the last and the first person.Last Person

First Person

Behavior changes?

Subjective feelings?

Physiological changes?

Emotion?

Behavior changes?

Subjective feelings?

Physiological changes?

Emotion?How did the emotion components vary for the person last in line versus the second in line?

Closeness in Time -Goal-Gradient Principle Experimenter deliberately cut into line

Manipulation #1: Person was at front or rear of line

Assumptions for people at front of line

Subjects in front more aggressive – WHY?

(Harris, 1974)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Go1yiQhO5Bw

Is an External Cause Required? Many say Yes!

An external event must be perceived of causing the offense

Dollard, Lazarus, Appraisal Theorists

Some say No! Anger can be caused even when we do not

perceive an external entity as the cause of the offense.

Ex: headaches, pain People who attribute failure to the self, report

anger Berkowitz, Anderson

Is an External Cause Required? Ps’ worked on a jigsaw puzzle in the presence of a

confederate posed as a participant Manipulation #1:

Group 1: confederate disturbed participants (external cause)

Group 2: puzzle unsolvable (internal cause) Group 3: control, nonfrustrated

DV: Later, participants given opportunity to shock confederates (similar to Milgram’s study)

Results by Greatest Level of Shocks: Group 1, 2, 3

Is an External Cause Required? Can we be angry toward ourselves?

Shame Elicited by negative judgment of entire self Positively correlated with anger indices

Guilt Elicited by bad act Negatively correlated with anger indices

Two Recent Models of Anger Cognitive Neoassociationistic Model of Anger

(CNA; Berkowtiz, 1989) Focuses on Negative Affect

General Model of Affective Aggression (Anderson, 1995) Primary Appraisals (quick, automatic) Secondary Appraisals (slower, conscious)

Berkowitz’s Modifications to F-A Hypothesis

More unpleasant conditions, greater anger Lab and Naturalistic Studies

After goal blocked, pleasant experiences reduce aggression

NA greatest predictor of anger (beyond controllability and intentionality)

Aversive

Negative

affect

Anger /

Aggression

Cognitive Neoassociationistic Model of Anger (CNA; Berkowtiz, 1989) Associative Network links following components

together Feelings Thoughts Memories Behavioral reactions, including facial expressions Physiological reactions Aggressive cues in situation

Activation of one component in network leads to activation of remaining components

We experience associative networks for fear and anger at the same time!

AVERSIVE EVENTNEGATIVE AFFECT

AGGRESSION-RELATED TENDENCIES

ESCAPE-RELATED TENDENCIES

RUDIMENTARY ANGER (blends of feelings, irritation-

annoyance-anger)RUDIMENTARY FEAR

IRRITATION OR ANNOYANCE OR ANGER

FEAR

Lower-Order, Automatic Processing

Higher-Order ,Controlled Processing

Differentiated Feelings







FEAR

Unpleasantness is the only cognitive

appraisal!Lower-Order, Automatic Processing









FEAR

Approach and avoidance tendencies

activated at same time










FEAR

Genetics, past learning, and

situational influences

determine strength of each tendency










FEAR

Basic feelings of anger and fear – not completely

developed emotions!










FEAR

Appraisals, social norms, expected

consequences determine anger

OR fear










FEAR

Differentiation, intensification, suppression of rudimentary experiences




Pushed off bikeAppraise as

unpleasant/painful

Thoughts about aggression, memories about fighting, increase in arousal, angry

face

Thoughts about fleeing, memories of being hurt,

increase in arousal, fear face

RUDIMENTARY ANGER (irritation-annoyance-anger)

RUDIMENTARY FEAR


N/A




Example


unpleasant/painful


face




RUDIMENTARY FEAR


N/A




Genetic predispositions

make aggression tendencies for anger

stronger than fear


unpleasant/painful


face




RUDIMENTARY FEAR


N/A




I interpret the event as intentional and controllable – This

must be anger!

Cognitive-Neoassociationistic Model Goal obstruction not required

Negative affect is the main source of anger and affective aggression

Initial appraisal of unpleasantness required

Other cognitive appraisals not required

Anger, irritation, annoyance represent different intensities of the same emotion

CNA Evidence

Physical discomfort activates other components of anger network

Manipulation #1: Physical Discomfort Low: rested nondominant arm on table for 6 min High: held nondominant arm outward and unsupported for

6 min

Manipulation #2: After 3 minutes, asked to describe themselves in one of following situations Frustrated Anxiety-provoking Neutral

DV: Coded story for anger and fear references At end of 6 minutes, rated current feelings

(Monteith et al., 1990, unpublished)

CNA Evidence

Physical discomfort activates angry thoughts, and then angry feelings

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Low Discom-fort

High Discom-fort

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Anger ReferencesFear References

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CNA Evidence


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CNA Evidence

In frustration conditions, high or low discomfort

did not influence number angry references.


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CNA Evidence

In anxiety conditions, experience of high

discomfort decreased fear references.


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CNA Evidence

In anxiety conditions, experience of high

discomfort increased anger references.


Physical discomfort activated ideas and feelings related to anger

Thoughts about being in the unpleasant situation made anger-related ideas more available…

…So, people felt more anger and less fear in high discomfort-anxiety situation

High discomfort participants reported highest level of angry feelings


CNA Evidence

Pain, discomfortFrustration

Attack

Behavioral Choice

Interpretation of Situation and

Of Affect

Primary Appraisals

Re-examine situationCoping alternativesLikely consequences

Secondary Appraisals

AngerHostility

Affect

Physiological and Perceived

Arousal

Hostile thoughtsHostile memoriesAggression scripts

Aggressive Cognitions

Acute Situational Variables

(Anderson, 1995)

General Model of Affective

Aggression

Comparing Anger Theories Strain Theory – Relative deprivation causes anger

Classic F-A Hypothesis (Dollard et al., 1939) Frustration causes anger!

Berkowitz’s CNA Model Negative affect causes anger!

Anderson’s General Model of Affective Aggression Primary appraisals (and later secondary appraisals)

cause anger!

anger and disgust. angerrrrrrr! video video start around :45 seconds what are the events that...

Documents

goal of aggression

wellbeing anger slide

unfairness slide

frustrationaggression

disgust slide

intensity of aggression

anger goal obstruction

facial expression slide