andhra pradesh state report
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a report on the state - AP!!TRANSCRIPT
A REPORT ON
ANDHRA PRADESH
A LUCRATIVE BUSINESS DESTINATION
BY
BHANU TEJASWINI .K 09031E1B10
ARUN KUMAR .N 09031E1B08
PRATHYUSHA .Y 09031E1B31
DIVYA .K 09031E1B14
PADMAVATHI .L.S 09031E1B28
OF
MBA- INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF
DR. E. MURALI DARSHAN
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
JAWAHARLAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD
AP, INDIA.
YEAR: 2010
ANDHRA PRADESH
A LUCRATIVE BUSINESS DESTINATION
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CONTENTS
Sl.No Chapter Page no1 STRATEGIC GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ADVANTAGE 42 ANDHRA PRADESH ADVANTAGE
a. WHY ANDHRA PRADESH IS ON THE GLOBAL RADAR?b. LARGE BASE FOR AGRO AND FOOD PROCESSINGc. ANDHRA PRADESH IS A MINERAL HOUSE OF THE
COUNTRY d. BULK DRUG CAPITAL OF INDIA e. FAST GROWING IT/ITES ECONOMYf. HUGE GAS FINDINGS IN KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASINg. WORLD CLASS INFRASTRUCTURE h. PORTi. ROAD j. RAILWAY k. EDUCATION l. TOURISM m. INDUSTRY n. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT o. SPECIALIZED INDUSTRIAL PARKS
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3 ANDHRA PRADESH – MACRO AGGREGATES 13
4 RESOURCES a. FOOD AND AGRICULTUREb. MEAT, POULTRY & EGGc. FISHERIESd. FORESTRYe. WATERf. MINERAL STRENGTHS
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5 GROWTH SECTORSa. FOOD AND AGRO PROCESSING b. PHARMA AND BULK DRUGSc. MARINE INDUSTRYd. HANDICRAFTSe. IT
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6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 115
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STRATEGIC GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ADVANTAGE
Andhra Pradesh is strategically located in India. It has easy access to all parts of the country. Country’s capital, New Delhi is less than two hours fly from Hyderabad. Populous and Business states like Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamilnadu and Karnataka are at just 1 to 1½ hours flying distance. Strategic location of the state is very advantageous for the business to have the best domestic market in country, easy to reach all corners of the country.
Andhra Pradesh is known as Gate of South-East Asia. Easy access to the most economically developed countries like Japan, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, New Zealand, and Australia. Andhra Pradesh is richly endowed with natural resources and competitive advantages with geographical area of 274.40 lakh hectares being the fourth largest state accounting for 8.37% in India with population of 81.60 million being the fifth most populous state accounting for 7.4% in the country. The state lies between 12041’ and 220 longitude and 770 and 84040’ latitude and is bounded by Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Chhattisgarh in the north and caressed by Bay of Bengal in east.
The state also shares its boundaries with Tamilnadu and Karnataka in the south and with Maharashtra in the west. Hyderabad, the State capital is centrally located and exudes a huge potential to be transformed into a transit hub of South Asia. It has in the recent years become prominent as preferred destination for leading software services companies.
Visakhapatnam port in AP is the largest cargo handling port in the country which provides a major share of cargo to south east Asian countries and Australia. The State have easy access of less than 4 hours fly to Global Oil capitals of Gulf countries and another 4-5 hours fly to European majors. Strategic geographic location of the State is very advantageous for the trade promotion and creates sustained global potential market.
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India's fourth largest state by area Fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Has the second longest coastline (972 km) among all the States in India. Lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude Bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal
in the East, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west. Andhra Pradesh is historically called the "Rice Bowl of India". More than 77% of
its crop is rice; Andhra Pradesh produced 17,796,000 tonnes of rice in 2006. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna run across the state. The small
enclave (12 sq mi (30 km²)) of the Yanam district of Puducherry (Pondicherry) state lies in the Godavari Delta in north-east of the state.
In Country-India Districts-23 Established-November 1, 1956 Capital-Hyderabad Largest city-Hyderabad
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Governor- E.S.L.Narsimhan Chief minister- K.Rosaiah Legislature(seats) bicameral(294) Population 81.60 million(5th) Density-277/ km2 (717 /sq mi) Official languages-telugu Time zone-IST(UTC+5:30) Area-275,045 km2 (106,195 sq mi) Website- www.ap.gov.in State language-telugu State symbol-poorna kumbham State song- maa telugu thalliki(sankarambadi sundarachari) State animal-black buck State bird-Indian roller State tree-neem State sport-kabadi State dance-kuchipudi State flower-water lily
ANDHRA PRADESH
ADVANTAGE-
ANDHRA PRADESH, THE BUSINESS STATE IS MOST PREFERRED INVESTMENT DESTINATION IN THE COUNTRY
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WHY ANDHRA PRADESH IS ON THE GLOBAL RADAR?
Andhra Pradesh is a fifth populous state in India with a population of 7,62,10,007, which is 7.43% of the country’s population. It is fourth largest state with an area of 2,75,045 Sk. Kms constituting 8.37% of the country’s area. Andhra Pradesh is strategically located in the Country having an easy access to all parts of the country and Gateway to South East Asia & Australia. The State is blessed with seven agro climatic conditions and variety of soils poised to large agriculture production. The state has 23 districts with Hyderabad city as the Capital, 7 Municipal Corporations, 79 Revenue Divisions, 1126 Mandals and 21,908 Gram Panchayats.
The total Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is Rs 2,258 billion. Andhra Pradesh one among the five large and progressive economy states and its fast growing economy is first in the country. The percapita income of the State increased from Rs 17932 in 2001-02 to Rs 25,526 in 2005-06.
LARGE BASE FOR AGRO AND FOOD PROCESSING
Andhra Pradesh is primarily an agro based state and employs 65% of the state’s population. It has about 115.32 lakh operational land holdings out of which 94.41 lakh are marginal farmers and 25.18lakh are Small farmers. The contribution of primary sector is 27%.
Andhra Pradesh ranks 2nd in producing Value Added food products and beverages with country 10% share.
Per worker output in the food-processing sector in Andhra Pradesh is very high. The state has highest egg and broiler production in the country. Largest sheep production. Pioneer in Oil palm cultivation. Highest in production of Mango, Chillies and turmeric. Highest in brackish water shrimp and fresh water prawn production. Highest productivity in coarse cereals, Jowar, Maize and Bengal gram. Second highest fresh water fish production. Second Largest producer of Horticulture products. Second longest coastline, Andhra Pradesh becomes the pioneer in the marine
exports in the country. The State is the first maritime.
The state has about Rs 5,000 crores investment in the food processing sector contributing 20% of the total existing investments in the state. The annual production in this sector is about Rs.9260 crores contributing 20% of the total industrial production in the state. .Agriculture will experience a quantum leap in growth, achieving an average annual growth rate of 6 per cent in real terms over the next 20 years.
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ANDHRA PRADESH IS A MINERAL HOUSE OF THE COUNTRY
World’s largest single deposit of Barytes in Kadapa 1st in granite reserves in the country 1st in production and promoting various colours of lime stone slabs for flooring. 2nd largest store house of mineral resources in India 2nd in value of mineral production - 910% of country’s mineral revenue. 2nd largest Bauxite deposits in the country 2nd in occurrence of uranium deposits in the country 2nd longest coastline of 974 kms – rich beach sand resources 2nd largest producer of cement – 59 plants with 23 million tones p.a.
Andhra Pradesh is very strong in the mineral sector resulting in creating strong base for Thermal Power plants, Steel plants, Aluminum plants, ceramic industries, Cement plants, Granite industries etc.
BULK DRUG CAPITAL OF INDIA
Due to the presence of world class Research & Development Institutions in the state and availability of large pool of skilled manpower at competitive prices Hyderabad became the Bulk Drug Capital of India with a contribution of more than 1/3 rd of the country’s Bulk Drugs production.
FAST GROWING IT/ITES ECONOMY
Strong business presence of Global Software giants like Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, GE Capital, Satyam, Wipro, Infotech, Infosys, Metamor, Motorola, Ericsson, Keane, Portal Player, ICICI, Vanenburg, Computer Associates etc. Andhra Pradesh has become a leading state in promotion of Software industry in the country. It is registered that the country’s highest growth rate of 65% in Software exports. The state was committed in creating IT infrastructure, HRD and investment climate.
Andhra Pradesh is a leading producer of Cotton with average production 2.6 million bales annually. 2nd rank in production of Paper and Machinery Equipment, 3rd rank in production of chemicals, 4th rank in production of Wood, Rubber and Plastic products in the country.
Andhra Pradesh is the 3rd largest power utility in the country. APGENCO’s Hydel Installed Capacity is highest in India. The power installed capacity is 11,134 MW.
During the last 3 years the capacity addition of 2080 MW is highest in the Country. The state achieved highest Plant Load Factor of 89.7% in the country. Andhra Pradesh is consistently strong in the power sector in India due to advantageous mix of Thermal, Hydro and Gas power
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general. Availability of huge resources of Natural Gas, Coal and perennial rivers with good monsoons are the major advantages for the power generation in the State.
HUGE GAS FINDINGS IN KRISHNA-GODAVARI BASIN
Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) struck 9 trillion cubic feet (tcft) of gas reserves in Krishna Godavari basin which was found the biggest gas find in the country constituting 50% in the country. RIL is proposed to produce 40 MMSCMD gas for the next 20 years.
WORLD CLASS INFRASTRUCTURE
Hyderabad International Airport is the first green field Airport in the country. It is being designed to handle 12 million passengers per annum with 4.2 Kms run way, the longest in the country. The project is in the area of 5,400 acres of land in Shamshabad, which about 20 Kms from the existing Hyderabad Airport with the project cost of Rs 2283 crores and scheduled to completed by 2008.
PORT
Visakhapatnam Port is a prestigious major port in the country for its largest cargo handling of more than 60 million tons per annum. Kakinada deep sea water Port in East Godavari District is a state port which is presently reducing the cargo load of Visakhapatnam. The port can handle 10 million tonnes of cargo. The upcoming Gangavaram port which is 15 kms from Visakhapatnam port to handle 35 MTPA will be the deepest port in the country scheduled its operations in 2008. Krishnapatnam port in Nellore District is a Rs 1,432 crore project has commenced its operations in 2008 committed to export 14 million tons per annum. All minor ports of Andhra Pradesh handle 15 million tonnes of cargo which is 2nd highest cargo handling state in India. The state has planned to develop ports in the State to handle 173 million tons of cargo in the next 15 years.
ROAD
The State has an excellent road network with backbone of 4-lane roads. All industrially developed areas are well connected with National Highways / State Highways. Andhra Pradesh has 1,78,747 Kms Roads out of which the length of National Highways is 4,014 Kms and State Highways is 8,763 Kms. Road network of Andhra Pradesh is very large and connects all small villages in the State. Golden corridor project of Government of India covered 1014 Kms of NH - 5 in the State
RAILWAY
Secunderabad is the Head Quarters for the South Central Railway network and covers a railway network of 4752 Kms in the State and surroundings. Numbers of Super fast Trains are operated
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to all major metro cities in the country. 3754 Kms of Broad Guage, 508 Kms of Meter Guage and total 748 Railway Stations are covered in the state railway network.
EDUCATION
AP is home to many specialized and internationally renowned academic institutions like Indian School of Business (set up in collaboration with Kellog Institute, USA), producing World-Class management graduates. The Administrative Staff College of India has been India’s oldest advanced management training institute for senior managers in reputed companies and senior bureaucrats in the Government. The other prestigious institutions are National Institute of Fashion Technology, National School of Law, and International Institute of Information Technology.
TOURISM
Andhra Pradesh is the best tourist place. There are number of tourist places in the state covering historical structures, Heritage & Culture, Arts & Crafts, Cuisine, Fairs and Festivals which include
Hyderabad - Charminar, Golconda, Salarjung Museum, Ramoji film City, Hitec City, and NTR Gardens etc.
Visakhapatnam -Rishi Konda, Bhimunipatnam, Kailasagiri, Arakuvalley, Borra Caves, Simhachalam
Chittoor - Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam, Chandragiri Fort, Srikalahasthi, Horsley Hills Ananthapur - Sri Satya Saibaba Institutes, Lepakshi Guntur and Krishna Districts -Nagarjunasagar Dam, Nagarjuna Konda,Ethipothala
Waterfalls, Amaravathi,Krishna Barriage Warangal – Kakatiya Fort, Thousand Pillar Temple, Ramappa Temple Kurnool – Belum Caves, Srisailam
Due to the continuous efforts of the Government in promoting the tourism sector in the state, domestic tourist arrivals have significantly increased from 63.3 million in 2002 to 84.9 million in 2004, similarly, the International Tourist arrivals also increased from 2.10 lakhs in2002 to 5.01 lakhs in 2004.
INDUSTRY
AP is home to many large Public and Private Sector companies manufacturing diverse products like ship building, fertilizers, Hi-precision machine tools, drugs and pharmaceuticals, cement, paper, large power generating equipment, electronic hardware, long range missiles, castings & forgings, defense electronics etc.
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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
AP is home to a large number of internationally renowned civil and defense research establishments, which include Defense Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Defense Electronics Research Laboratory, Defense Research and Development Laboratory, Indian Instt. of Chemical Technology, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Plastic Engineering Technology, National Remote Sensing Agency, National Geo-physical Research Institute, Centre for DNA Fingerprint, Central Institute of Tool Design, ICRISAT, National Institute of Nutrition, Nuclear Fuel Complex. AP is perhaps the only state in the country in post independence India to have consciously developed local technocrat entrepreneurial base and with this support only that large Public Sector Units like BHEL, HMT, HAL, MIDHANI, BDL, BEL, HCL, Praga Tools, VSP, BHPV, IPCL etc. could build up their ancillary (vendor) network.
SPECIALIZED INDUSTRIAL PARKS
Government of Andhra Pradesh has promoted specialized industrial parks on sector basis. ICICI Knowledge Park, Apparel Park, Hardware Park, Hitec Cityin two Phases, Jawaharlal Nehru Pharma Park, Biotech Park, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Exclusive industrial estate for the AP Women Entrepreneurs, Auto Park, IT Parks, Food Processing Park and Leather Park. In addition to the above, Government of AP is promoting Special Economic Zone in Visakhapatnam and Kakinada, Mega Industrial Chemical Estate in Visakhapatnam, IT Parks in Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Warangal and Vijayawada, Gems & Jewellery Park in Hyderabad, Leather Parks and Apparel Parks across the state. Andhra Pradesh is a home for 3680 large and Medium Enterprises with an investment of Rs 53,339 crores and1,47,217 Small Enterprises with an investment of Rs 5,098 crores. The exports from the state are growing at a rate of 20% annually.
INVESTOR FRIENDLY INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT PROMOTION POLICY
In order to promote investments in the state, Government of Andhra Pradesh has announced vibrant industrial and investment promotion policy 2005-2010 covering various fiscal and non- fiscal incentives including
Providing infrastructure at the doorstep of the industry Reimbursement of power @ Rs 0.75 per unit for eligible industries and Rs 1.00 per unit
for eligible food processing industries Reimbursement of 25% of the VAT paid by the industry for a period of 5 years 100% stamp duty exemption for the registration of land & building / leased property for
industrial use Tailor made benefits for the mega projects with investment above Rs 100 crores
depending on the nature of project and creation of employment.
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With all the efforts and initiatives of the Government and based on the availability of the resources, large industrial base and infrastructure in the State could attract investments proposals of Rs 1,96,364 crores since August 1991 and ranks 3rd in the country.
Government of Andhra Pradesh was very keen and committed in creation of world-class infrastructure, framing investor friendly policies, simplifying the laws, rules, procedures and documentation for making Andhra Pradesh the foremost-industrialized state in the country. Andhra Pradesh becomes the best state for the investments. Government of Andhra Pradesh appeal to all the investors to investment in the state as the banking system in the state/country is flush with funds and no dearth of funding for a right project. Capital markets are booming and the rupee has been appreciating against dollar. It is the right time for the investor to invest in AP.
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ANDHRA PRADESH –
MACRO AGGREGATES
ANDHRA PRADESH WILL BE A $300 BILLION ECONOMY BY THE YEAR-END
2010
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2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-060
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
GSDP at current prices of 1993 - 94
Secondary Primary Territory GSDP
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-080
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Fast growing per capita income
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Growth of per capita income enhanced the purchasing
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-060
50001000015000200002500030000
Fast growing manufacturing sector
1971 1981 1991 2001 20050
102030405060708090
Population
15
Strong ManufacturingSectors
Pharmaceuticals & Bulk Drugs Food & Agro Processing Industries Biotechnology Iron & Steel, Paper, Cement, Sugar, Cotton
Spinning, Textile, Granite, Fertilizers & Chemicals, Hitech manufacturing, Engineering, Electrical & Ceramics
IT / Hardware
Large population is a best size of potential market
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ANDHRA PRADESH RESOURCES
Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of Agriculture /
Horticulture crops
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RESOURCES
Andhra Pradesh is endowed with bountiful natural resources with good soil and a diversified cropping pattern. The State is rightly called “A RIVER STATE’ as it is blessed with major river system like Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Vamsadhara and 36 others. The major irrigation systems are fed by these rivers.
Andhra Pradesh is primarily an agro based state and employs 65 % of the state’s population. It has about 115.32 lakh operational land holdings out of which 94.41 lakh are marginal farmers and 25.18lakh are Small farmers. The average size of land holding is 1.25 hect. Around 15 percent (average contribution) of AP’s GDP comes from agriculture. The state enjoys a position of prominence in respect of crop production.
The State’s water share of dependable flow at 75% is estimated at 2,746 TMC. This beaks up into 1480 TMC from the Godavari River system, 811 TMC from the Krishna, 98 TMC from Pennar and the rest from other rivers. Entire dependable water from Krishna River is harnessed through construction of several reservoirs and barrages. Yield from Godavari River being utilized to 720 TMC and surplus flow aggregating to an average of 3000 TMC are flowing into the sea. Total utilization of river yields is works out to 1700 TMC only and thus there is vast scope of tapping water resources for creating irrigation potential.
Andhra Pradesh has the diverse agro climatic conditions in different parts of the state are conducive to growing all kinds of tropical and sub-tropical fruits and vegetables. Andhra Pradesh is one of the more progressive states with farmers adapting quickly to modern and innovative practices to improve productivity. The state ranks 3rd in production and productivity of paddy. Economy of the AP continues to be predominantly agrarian. The dependence of rural labor force on agriculture and allied activities is quite evident and is likely to continue on the same in the near future. Apart from direct impact of agricultural growth on generation of rural employment and incomes its significant secondary linkages with the development of rural non-farm sectors are more crucial. Trade in agricultural outputs and inputs and services required by it and processing of its products open up additional and more significant avenues for labor absorption. Andhra Pradesh being an important producer of Groundnut, Cotton, Chillies, Sugarcane etc., and quite a number of Horticultural crops, such secondary linkages of agriculture assume added importance to its rural economy, more so now in the context of new Agricultural Policy
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Andhra Pradesh ranks first in productivity of crops like coarse cereals, Jowar, Maize and Bengal gram. Andhra Pradesh ranks 2nd in producing Value Added food products and beverages with country 10% share. Per worker output in the food-processing sector in Andhra Pradesh is very high The state is very strong in the crops like Cotton, Rice, Groundnut, Pulses and Bajra.
initiatives taken up by the Government. New investments in the sector focus on producing fruit concentrates and pulp, Vegetable purees, pastes and powers, frozen fruits and vegetables, dehydrated products, oleoresins and cold chains. Palm cultivation and oil processing plants are already coming up capitalizing on the warm, humid conditions in the villages close to the coast. Owing to a good seasonal rainfall received copiously across all districts, agricultural operation could take place in a record area. The area sown under Food grains have increased to 70.20 lakh hectares with production of 151.51 lakh tones. Andhra Pradesh ranks first in the productivity of crops like coarse cereals, Jowar, Maize and Bengal gram. The gross area irrigated in the Stated increased to 50 lakh hectares, the major share of irrigated area under wells accounts 51.40% followed by canals34.7% and by tanks by 10.3%. Andhra Pradesh ranks 1st in area, production and productivity of oil palm development. An area of 4.10 lakh hectares has been identified as potential for oil palm cultivation in 11 districts in the state.
The state is implementing various schemes with main thrust on fruits & plantation crops, hybrid vegetable and seed distribution, floriculture under controlled conditions, spices & condiments, medicinal & aromatic plants, mushroom cultivation, precision farming, tissue culture, leaf analysis etc. The activities include area expansion, training on latest technologies, pre and post harvest trainings, Special emphasis on oil palm development. Cashew is being encourages with high yielding grafts and strains /selections. Cashew is a dollar-earning crop, hence the cultivation promoted in an area of 706 hectares.
Andhra Pradesh holds 1st rank in Chillies and Turmeric in area, production and productivity. Considerable increase in productivity of spices has been reported in research stations. The need of the hours is effective transfer of technology to progressive farmers.
Floriculture sector has been identified as most focused segment of Horticulture. It is proposed to set up 8 units of green / policy houses of 560 sq. meters for production high value flowers like carnations, gerbera, anthurium etc. under controlled conditions with an object to explore the export potential. It was also proposed to set up 1269 units for production of chrysanthemum, jasmine, rose and marigold in bulk and as loose flowers.
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The State is pioneer in Oil palm cultivation – 4.1 lakh hectares The State is 1st in sheep production The State ranks 1st in area and production in Mango, Oil palm, Chillies and turmeric The State ranks 1st in egg (1,505 crores p.a) and broiler production
The State ranks 1st in production 2nd in area and production in of brackish water shrimp and Citrus and Coriander
fresh water prawn 2nd in productivity and 2nd in production of fresh water production of cotton fish 1st in paper production with 5.2 2nd longest coastline of 974 kms lakh tones per annum
Andhra Pradesh is the Horticulture bowl of India with enterprising farming community, varied agro climatic zones, variety of soils coupled with endemic irrigation sources; the State is a front running producer of variety of fruits, vegetables. Horticulture crop is the besting means for crop diversification and improving productivity and returns, nutritional security, employment opportunities raw material for agro processing industries. The state could be the most preferred destination to register healthy growth in food processing industry driven mainly by export demand in the next 10 years. The area under horticulture is 16 lakh hectares with an annual production of 130 lakh tonnes and 1200 million coconuts. AP hold 2nd in citrus and coriander, 3rd in cashew, 4th in flowers and 5th in grapes, banana, ginger and guava.
AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY MISSION
In order to bring Agriculture and allied activities under one umbrella, Government have set up Agriculture Technology Mission under the Chairmanship of Chief Minister.
AGRI EXPORT ZONES
Governments of India and Govt. of AP have jointly set up 4 Agri Export Zones in the state to boost exports and encourage in private investment.
Zone Crop
Chittoor Mango pulp and vegetables
Vijayawada Mango
RR, Medak and Mehboobnagar Mango and grapes
Mehboobnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, Warangal, Anantapur and Nalgonda
Gherkins
MEAT, POULTRY & EGG
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Animal Husbandry is one of the rapid expanding sectors playing a significant role in the rural economy by providing gainful employment to a large number of small / marginal farmers and agricultural laborers and raising their economic status. Livestock sector contributes 7.27% to GSDP. Andhra Pradesh has the distinction of much diversified livestock resources in seven agro climatic zones with different production systems. Live stock farming is one of the most sustainable and dependable livelihoods as an alternative to their dependable resources in rural areas. Over the past 50 years, the state has undergone a metamorphic change and emerged as a pioneer in the livestock and poultry production. Poultry farming in AP is most dynamic and fastest growing.
The annual milk production is 72.57 lakh metric tons and state stand 4th position in the country.. The state is known as egg basket of the India with an annual production of 1,505 crore eggs. It stands 1st position. It also stands 1st position in sheep population and 5.31 lakh families are being benefited from the sheep sector. Government has helped in channelizing all efforts and resources for a common goal to reach self-sustainable.AP has achieved significant growth in the areas of livestock breeding, health care, fodder management, small ruminant development, poultry production and human resources development.
FISHERIES
Andhra Pradesh ranks 1st in India in production of brackish water shrimp and fresh water prawn, 2nd in production of fresh water fish and 5th in production of marine fish and shrimp. Nearly 10 lakh tonnes of fish / prawn per annum is produced. The state is contributing about Rs 2,500 crores by way of marine export which is nearly 40% of the marine export from India. The fisheries sector is providing direct and indirect employment to over 14 lakh people, especially in the rural areas.
FORESTRY
Forest development activities commenced on a really big scale in Andhra Pradesh. Forestry programmes involve the raising of economic plantations and quick growing species, large areas of mixed deciduous forests of poor quality were cleared and planted with Teak, Eucalyptus and Bamboo and more recently high yielding varieties of Cashew are being planted on a large scale.
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4th in area and production in flowers 4th in productivity of pulses and groundnuts 4th in the milk production ( 72.57 lakh MT) 5th in area and production in grapes, banana, ginger and guava 5th in production of marine fish and shrimp
Species Area planted hectares
Teak 1,09,610
Eucalyptus 77,204
Cashrina 29,413
Cashew 21,745
Red sander 2,791
Sandal wood 2,872
Coffee 142
Bamboo 44,109
Misc. 3,01,069
Avenue plantation 11,732
WATER
India’s first Industrial Water Supply Scheme was implemented in Visakhaptnam. Government of Andhra Pradesh, sensing the critical need of a reliable source of water supply to cater to the upcoming projects, commissioned the APIIC to augment and implement the Visakhapatnam Industrial Water Supply Project (VIWSP) on a commercial format. The US $ 144 million VIWSP facilitates bulk supply of 385 million liters per day of water from river Godavari to be conveyed through a 56 km long pipeline and 153 km long Yeleru left main canal.
The State has earmarked allocation of 5 TMC water each from the Yeluru reservoir and Godavari river water for industrial use. Yeleru Left Bank Canal presently supplies water to Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, NTPC. A special purpose vehicle, the Visakhapatnam Industrial Water Supply Company (VISCO) has been formed to design, construct, operate and maintain the project facilities on a BOOT basis. L&T and ECC Group of Chennai have completed the 56 km pipeline to pump 5 TMC of water from river Godavari into Yelueru main Canal.
Government of AP issued orders that 10% of water should be reserved for the industrial use in all irrigation projects in the State.
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Technical education is one the priority sector of the Government as it aimed to generate quality technical manpower with profound knowledge and skill to ensure building culture and ultimately to ensure efficiency and productivity. Skilled manpower is expected to be globally competitive. Keeping the growing industry, Government has set up adequate no. of technical institutions and related courses.
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MINERAL STRENGTHS-
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1st in granite reserves in the country1st in production and promoting various colors of lime stone slabs for flooring2nd largest store house of mineral resources in India2nd in value of mineral production - 9-10% of country’s mineralrevenue.2nd largest Bauxite deposits in the country2nd in occurrence of uranium deposits in the country2nd longest coastline of 974 kms – rich beach sand resources2nd largest producer of cement – 59 plants with 23 million tones p.a.World’s largest single deposit of Barites in Kadapa
COAL
Andhra Pradesh is the only producer of Coal in the entire South India. It produces around 35 MT annually. The estimated reserves are around 16,694 MT. Major coal bearing areas fall in Adilabad, Karimnagar, Khammam and Warangal districts.
LIME STONE
The state contains 34% of the country’s limestone reserves with estimated reserves of 35,220 MT and produces about 25,000 MT. Extensively occur in Nalgonda, Kadapa, Kurnool, Anantapur, Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, Adilabad, Karimnagar, Krishna and Guntur Districts. At present there 14 major and 29 mini cement plants producing about 18 MT which forms largest cement producing states in the country. AP promoting various colors of limestone slabs for flooring and there are more than 2,000 limestone slab cutting and polishing units.
URANIUM
Occurs in Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar, Kadapa, Kurnool and Guntur District. AP has a very good scope for producing Uranium for establishment of Atomic Power plant.
NEW URANIUM MINING PROJECTS
The proposed new uranium project by Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) proposes to set up the processing plants for new mines in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Project details Region Andhra Pradesh Location Nalgonda Investment Rs1,030 crores Total area 879 hectares The proposed plant can extract 30,000 tonnes ore per day for 30 years.
BAUXITE
Huge reserves of around 613 MT of metal grade bauxite deposit were proven in Visakhpatnam and East Godavari District. There is a scope for establishing 2-3 Alumina and Aluminum projects in the State.
MARBLE
In Khammam, Guntur, Kadapa, Anantapur & Kurnool districts.
CERAMICS
Largest sources various clays, Feldspar, Quartz, Silica sand, Rare Earths like Titanites, Zirconites in Rangareddy, Mahabubnagar, Nellore, Kadapa, Kurnool, Medak, Anantapur, Nalgonda, Vizianagar, Visakhapatnam and Guntur districts.
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DIAMONDS
In about 50,000 sq. km with incidence of 3-4 carats / 100 tones in Anantapur, Kurnool, Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar, Krishna and Khammam districts.
GOLD
In Chittoor, Anantapur,Kadapa, Kurnool, Mahabubnagar – incidents of 3-5 gms / tonne
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ANDHRA PRADESH GROWTH SECTORS
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FOOD AND AGRO PROCESSING
IT SECTOR
HANDICRAFTS
PHARMA AND BULK DRUGS
MARINE SECTOR
FOOD & AGRO PROCESSING
GLOBAL SNAPSHOT
The global food product industry grew by 3.1% in 2006 to reach a value of USD 2675.7 billion and a growth of 17.2% is projected in 2011 achieving a value of USD 3,137.2 billion
Revenues from sale of food products dominate the industry generating 63.60% of the global market value
Europe is the highest contributing region in the global industry value with a share of 38.20% followed by Asia-Pacific region
Major players in the industry include Altria group, PepsiCo, The Coca-Cola Company, British American Tobacco, Cadbury among others
Global food, beverage and tobacco industry will continue to grow, with major contribution from developing countries such as India and China
Global food processing industry snapshot
Market segmentation as per geography
Geography % share
Asia – Pacific 31.20%
Europe 38.20%
US 20.10%
Rest of the world 10.50%
68.3; 68%
31.7; 32%
Market segmentation of global food products
packaged food and meatsagriculture products
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Global food product industry generated total revenues of USD 2675.7 billion in 2006
INDIAN SCENARIO
The agricultural food industry of India contributes nearly 35% of country’s GDP and employs around 65% of the population
India is the world’s second largest producer of food next to China India is:
o World’s largest producer of cereals and milko Largest producer of Cottono Largest producer of fisho Largest producer of Psylium husko 2nd largest producer of rice, wheat, sugar, fruits and vegetables
The food grain output grew by 4.6 percent with total production of 227.32 MT in 2007-08
The food processing industry in India ranks fifth in size, growing at 7% annually India consumes about USD 200 billion worth of food products, 53% of which is
processed food
India agriculture facts
Crop Production (2006-07) Mn tonnes
Growth over 2005-06
Food Grains 216.13 4%
Oilseeds 148.18 5%
Cotton 227.00 23%
Sugarcane 345.31 23%
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India food processing industry
Food processing USD 69.4 billion
Primary processing USD 47.2 billion
Value added processing USD 22.2 billion
Grain processing
Fruits & vegetables
Meat and poultry
Fish processing
Milk processing Beverages
India is among the world’s major producer of food, producing over 600 million tons of food products every year. India ranks first in the world in production of cereals, livestock population and milk. It is the second largest fruit and vegetable producer and is among the top five producers of Rice, Wheat, Groundnuts, Tea, Coffee, Tobacco, Spices, Sugar, and Oilseeds. Food processing industry includes fruit and vegetable processing, fish processing, milk processing, meat and poultry processing, packaged/convenience foods, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks and grain processing. Milk processed foods like chocolates and ice creams were much in demand in India. Agri products like coconut has multiple values in the market from coconut water to oil, fiber and leaves are economically valuable. The agricultural sector’s performance has direct impact on the processing industry and its exports. The raw agricultural and horticultural yield into human consumption is called processed foods such as fruit jam, jelly, milk products. The performance of the Agri-processed foods industry essentially depends upon the general performance of the economy and the performance of agriculture and industry sectors in particular. The processed foods are slowly capturing the rural market also. In urban areas the processed foods become one of essential items due to change of life style and long working hours, many urban families are depending upon these processed ready to eat foods. The market is growing considerably due to rapid urbanization. It is expected to continue to some more years. The government support for processed food industry by reduction of excise duty from 16% to8% on ready to eat packaged foods and instant food mixes. Import duty reduction from 15% to 5% on processed food packaging machines. Special window in NABARD for refinancing infrastructure and market development of processed foods industry, proposed 100% excise duty exemption for condensed milk, ice cream, preparations of meat, fish & poultry, pectin, pasta and yeast industry.
ANDHRA PRADESH SCENARIO
Around 19 percent (average contribution) of AP’s GDP comes from agriculture and it provides employment to around 65 per cent of the state’s population. The state enjoys apposition of preeminence in respect of crop production. Andhra Pradesh is endowed with bountiful natural resources with good soil and a diversified cropping pattern. The edge comes from major irrigation systems fed by rivers like Godavari, Krishna, Thungabhadra, Penna, Nagavali, Vamsadhara etc. Agriculture in the State has made rapid strides taking the annual food grains production from 56.20 lakh tons in 1955-56 to 160.28 lakh tons in 2000-01. The new emphasis on agriculture will be on identifying and developing sectors with high potential for growth; building strong agro based industries, developing agriculture in rain-fed areas; and spurring growth through policy reforms. The major growth engine in agriculture, rice, is a large contributor to Andhra Pradesh’s economy (Contributing a quarter of agricultural GSDP) that even small improvements in the sector will create a large impact. Since rice growing is the primary occupation of a large proportion of the state’s agricultural labor, its further development will increase rural incomes and reduce poverty. To achieve this vision, the State of Andhra
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Pradesh will aggressively pursue strong agricultural growth, including employment generation, and target levels of investment needed.
Andhra Pradesh is the second largest producer of horticulture products in India and it is expected that the production will reach 22.90 million tonnes by the year 2020. The State’s 970 kilometer coastline, 8,577 kilometer river length and 102 reservoirs spread over an area of 2.34 lakh hectare have been the principal sources of its marine foods, fresh water foods, including fish and prawn. Andhra Pradesh is the largest egg producer in India. As per the Agro Climatic Zones the following Major Crops are grown in Andhra Pradesh.
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S.No Resources Districts
1 Mango, Coconut, Cashew, Oil Palm, Bhendi, Chillies, Mushrooms, etc.
Krishna, East Godavari& West Godavari
2 Mango, Banana, Cashew, Coconut, Oil Palm, Tapioca, Sweet Potato etc.
Srikakulam, Vizianagaram & Vizag
3 Mango, Oranges, Acid Lime, Banana Oil Palm, Coconut, Potato, Flowers, Coriander, Tamarind, etc.
Chittoor, Prakasam& Anantapur
4 Mango, Oranges, Guava, papaya, Flowers, Chillies, Turmeric, Coriander, etc.
Nizamabad, Karimnagar & Adilabad
5 Grapes, Guava, papaya, Oranges, Acid Lime, Tomato, Flowers, Chillies etc.
Medak, Rangareddy& Mahabubnagar
6 Mango, Oranges, Banana, Guava, Pomegranate, Bhendi, Tomato, Onion, Flowers, Chillies, Turmeric.
Kadapa, Kurnool & Anantapur
7 Pine Apple, Black Pepper, Hill Banana, Guava, Mango, Cole Crops, Tomato, Aromatic Plants.
High Altitude Tribal Areas
GROWTHThe state has about Rs 5,000 crores investment in the food processing sector contributing 20% of the total existing investments in the state. The annual production in this sector is about Rs.9260 crores contributing 20% of the total industrial production in the state. .Agriculture will experience a quantum leap in growth, achieving an average annual growth rate of 6 per cent in real terms over the next 20 years.
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STRENGTHS FOR PROMOTION OF FOOD AND AGRO PROCESSING INDUSTRY
Andhra Pradesh ranks first in productivity of crops like coarse cereals, Jowar, Maize and Bengal gram.
Andhra Pradesh ranks 2nd in producing Value Added food products and beverages with country 10% share. Per worker output in the food -processing sector in Andhra Pradesh is very high.
The State is pioneer in Oil palm cultivation – 4.1 lakh hectares The State is 1st in sheep production The State ranks 1st in area and production in Mango, Oil palm, Chillies and turmeric The State ranks 1st in egg (1,505 crores p.a) and broiler production The State ranks 1st in production of brackish water shrimp and fresh water prawn 2nd in production of fresh water fish 2nd longest coastline of 974 kms 2nd in area and production in Citrus and The state is very strong in the corps like Rice, Groundnut, Pulses and Bajra.
The industries in food products contribute 19.36 per cent to total industrial production in the state. The major segments in the Food & Agro Processing sector are - Rice Mills, Sugar, Dal Mills, Diary units, Milk Products & Confectioneries, Palm Oil and other Oil Mills, Biscuits, Mushrooms, Cold Storages.
The state has about Rs 5,000 crores investment in the food processing sector contributing 20% of the total existing investments in the state. The annual production in this sector is about Rs.9260 crores contributing 20% of the total industrial production in the state.
INVESTMENT
Achieving the growth envisaged for the agricultural sector will require significant investment. The State will need promote investment around Rs.70,000 crore until 2010, while the total investment until 2020 will be roughly Rs.1,60,000 crore.
Policy Support - The Government provides reimbursement of power costs @ Rs.1 per unit up to 2010.
AGRO PROCESSING - AGRO PROCESSING HAS AVENUES IN:
Rice : Value addition in rice based products like rice flakes, puffed rice, rice noodles, rice cakes, fermented products, bakery products etc. · Rice beverages, rice barren oil. · IICT has developed technologies for value-added products. · FAO declared 2003 as “International year of Rice” recognizing the importance of rice in the food basket.
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Maize: The requirement of maize by the major consuming agency i.e. poultry is around 15 lakh MT and is to be exported outside the state. · To avoid exploitation by traders, processing of maize can be promoted in starch making, maize granules etc. on the lines of Karnataka which has a separate body called “CORNFED”. · Ethanol made from maize is being blended with petrol and provides scope for utilizing the marketable surplus in the state.
Jowar: Similarly from Jowar, alcohol can be extracted and made use of efficiently.
INDIAN EXPORTS IN AGRI PRODUCTS
Pulses (Dals), Lentils, Peas, Beans, FloursMoong Dal YellowChora DalChick Peas-KabuliWhite PeasPrepacked DalsPrepacked Gramflour
Yellow split LentilsBlack Eye BensWhite SorghumBajra (Millet)PeanutSesame seed
Moong Split Moong WholeUrid Dal White Urid Dal SplitUrid Whole Moth DalChana Dal Best Bold Chana Dal Grinding QualityGram FlourSuperfine Red Split LentilsMasoor Whole Polished Toor Dal Oily MadhiToor Dal Plain Val Dal JumboDry Green Chana Kala Mosambi ChanaIndian Black Chana Moth WholeRed Mung(Cow Beans) Red Kidney BeansKala Vatana Peas Green PeasWhite Peas Chick Peas KabuliWhite Beans Prepacked Dals -- Airavat Brand
Ground & Whole Spices Turmeric Powder Cumin PowderCoriander Powder Madras Curry PowderChilly Powder Black Pepper PowderMango Powder Garam Masala Pizza Chilly Powder Dhanajeera PowderCumin Seeds (Jeera) Fennel Seed GreenFenugreek Seeds (Methi) Ajwain Seeds Corriander Seeds Dry Ginger Whole Black Pepper Whole Black Cardamom
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Tamarind Cinnamon StickAnardana Whole CharoliAserio Seeds Bay Leaves Red Chilly Whole Singora FlourYellow Mustard Seed Chilly WholeKolinjan Roots Peanut OilGum Arabica Mustard SeedMustard Oil Sesame OilHulled melon Seed (Ek Magaz) Phylliam Husk (Isabgol)Rajgira Powder Pure GheeWhite Khatta Whole ClovesDry Amla Coconut Slices / Half CutMustard Powder Dry VegetablesFenugreek Powder
Poha / Mamra / Roasted Gram / Indian Jaggery / RicePoha Thin (Nylon Poha) Roasted Gram With SkinPoha Thick (Medium) Roasted Gram WholeMamra (Puffed Rice) Mahabaleshwar Roasted Gram Jaggerry (Goor) Prepacked Rice - Airavat BrandBasmati Rice Surti Kolam RicePar Boiled Rice Sugar CrystalsSago Seed SoojiJaggery Cubes Corn Flakes
Biscuits, Nourishing Foods and Food Supplements- Biscuits - All types- Food supplements - All types
Papads & PapadomsPapad Madras PapadomsSaboodana Papads/Wafers Potato WafersKhicha Papad -Green Chilly Khicha Papad - Garlic / PlainAlu Wafer Alu Papad Masala / WhiteRice Papad Dhamta Papad Sago Jalebi Color PapadColor Frymes (just fry and eat - tasty and crunchy)- FAR FAR
Blended Spices (Masala)/ PowdersBiryani Pulao Masala Garam MasalaTea Masala Chat Masala
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Chana Masala Madras Sambhar PowderMadras Rasam Powder Anardana PowderPav Bhaji Masala Sambar PowderChat Masala Rasam PowderRajwadi Garam Masala Undhiu MasalaTomato Rasam Punjabi Chhole MasalaGinger Powder Panipuri MasalaJaljira / Jiralu Powder Rice PuliyodharaimixCurd Chillies Idli Milagai PodiVadams Vathal Kujambu Paste
Tea, Tea Bags & Cofee- All kind Assam Leaf Tea- Tea Bags- Instant Tea Pouches- Prepacked Tea & Cofee
Canned Vegetables, Mango Pulp, Mango Chutney, PicklesOkra In Brine Karela In BrinePunjabi Tinda In Brine Suran In BrineDrumstick In Brine Papadi Lilva In BrineTuver In Brine Patra CurriedUndhiu Curried Alphanso Mango PulpKesar Mango Pulp Sweet Mango Chutney Mango Pickle Garlic PickleMix Pickle Lime Pickle All kind Pickles Amla PickleChilly Pickle Tomato SauceSoup Pouches Gujrati PicklePunjabi Pickle Pickle in DrumsRasgulla in Tin Gulabjamun in Tin
Packed Instant Foods Wafers, Namkeen & Farsan & Fried DalsMasala Noodles Chaat NoodlesImli Sauce Soup PouchesHot Sweet Sauce Chilly Garlic SauceVermicelli & Sevai Tomato SaucePanipuri Rounds Bhel Mix
Instant Foods & Other Food Preparation
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Idli Mix Dosa MixGulabjamun Mix Pakora MixVada Mix Khaman Dhokla MixSambhar Mix Rava Idli MixRava Dosa Mix Jilebi MixIce Cream Mix Custard PowderIcing Sugar Baking PowderBasundi Mix Instant China GrassKulfi Mix Jelly CrystalsBadam Beverage Falooda MixCitric Acid Thandai Masala Mix
Wafers & Namkeen & Farsan & Fried Dals & Snacks -Foil PackedSpecial Potato Wafers Masala Potato WafersPlain Sev Yellow Banana WafersMakai Chivda Special KachoriMethi Gathia Mini BhakarwadiMix Farsan Chana Dal FriedMoong Dal Fried Kabuli Chana FriedBhujia / Sev Panipuri Gol gappa
Beetalnut & Mukhwas(Mouth Freshner)Manglori Fadcha(Half Cut) Supari PouchesManglori Chhil(Slices) Green /Red - Mukhwas (Mouth Freshner)Handmade Tukda White(Pieces) Salli SupariWhole Round Beetalnut Scented Supari/Mysore Supari TukdaCalcutta Mukhwas Chamcham MukhwasPoona Mukhwas Manpasand MukhwasSalli Mukhwas Lukhnow MukhwasVariali Churi Mukhwas Gujrati MukhwasDisco Mukhwas Rainbow TilSweet Candy Orange Candy
Agarbatti (Incense Sticks) /Pooja / Lagna SamgriPooja Samgri Lagna Samgri3 in 1 Agarbatti 4 in 1 AgarbattiJasmine Agarbatti Kevda AgarbattiMogra Agarbatti Rose AgarbattiSandal Agarbatti Levender AgarbattiSpecial Agarbatti Camphor
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EXPORTS OF THE STATE
Andhra Pradesh has emerged as one of the progressive and dynamic states in the country because of its policies towards development of a sound infrastructure under stable political environment and visionary leadership.AP share in all India exports is estimated relatively moderate level of 5 %.
Agro based industries Engineering sectors (including softwares) Drugs/pharma and chemical industries together accounting for 3/4th of total exports. Agriculture and agro products, processed foods Engineering items including software Leather ,animal and marine products Chemicals , pharmaceuticals and allied products Mineral and mineral products Handlooms ,textiles, including cotton yarn Handicrafts Rice -------> Bangladesh,S.Korea,USA, Dubai,Srilanka Unmanufactured tobacco -------> Russia,Belgium,Italy Cashew -------> UK,Dubai Molasses -------> Russia Sunflower extraction -------> Germany,Switzerland Soya bean extraction -------> Singapore,Malaysia,china Mango pulp -------> S Arabia,Kuwait,Qatar,UAE Castor oil -------> Kuwait,Thailand Wheat------->UK,Iran Pickles -------> US, S Arabia,UAE,Kuwait Chillies -------> UK, Netherlands, USA, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Middle East and the
Far East, Nepal, Mexico, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Malaysia and Germany.
AGRI EXPORT ZONE
Rice: There is scope for establishing an Agri Export Zone (AEZ) for Rice in East Godavari and West Godavari. · Price-wise AP can compete with several other countries. · Higher Nutrient content of certain varieties like brown rice, purple and black varieties are preferred in many developed countries and can also be promoted in developing countries. · The main focus for Andhra Pradesh is on Non- Basmati rice varieties, which include Sona Masuri, Samba Masuri, HR-47, IR-64, Krishnaveni and Kavya.
Objective
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In a fast changing International Trade Environment, with a view to providing remunerative return to the farmers’ community in a sustained manner, efforts will be made to provide improved access to the produce / products of the agriculture and allied sectors in the International markets by setting up Agri Export Zones. The AEZ is expected to give a focus and direction for exports of key agricultural produce with potential from the country. It involves a detailed action plan for the development of a specified geographic area /s for effecting systematically greater exports of a specific produce.
Agri Export zones will be concerned with A to Z of Agri – exports. The emphasis is on partnership on various agencies / systems and convergence of interventions of various agencies like APEDA, Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MFPI), and National Horticulture Board (NHB) etc. The focus will be on increasing exports of identified commodities.
The Concept of AEZ’s which aims to give fillip to agriculture exports, comprises the following
Identifying a potential zone based on agro-climatic requirements for a particular crop. Integrating various assistance programmes of Central and State Government agencies and
providing fiscal incentives to exporters. Implementing the same through involvement of private and public partnership and
integrating all the activities till the produce reaches the market.
Measures envisaged for promoting exports from such Zone
1) Financial Assistance
Both central as well as state government and their agencies are providing a variety of financial assistance to various agri export related activities. These extend from providing financial assistance for training and extension, R&D, quality Up gradation, infrastructure, marketing etc. Thus whereas Central Government agencies like APEDA, NHB, Deptt of Food Processing Industries, Ministry of Agriculture provides assistance, a number of state governments have extended similar facilities. All these facilities have to be dovetailed and extended to promote agri exports from the proposed zones in a coordinated manner.
2) Fiscal Incentives
The benefits under Export Promotion of Capital Goods Scheme, which were hitherto available to direct exporters, have now been extended to service exporters in the Agri Export Zones.Thus even service provided to ultimate exporters will be eligible for import of capital goods at a concessional duty for setting up common facilities. They shall fulfil their export obligation through receipt of foreign exchange from ultimate exporters who will make payments from their EEFC account.
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Exporters of value added agri products will be eligible for sourcing duty free fuel for generation of power, provided cost component of power in the ultimate product is 10% or more and the input out norms are fixed by the advance licensing committee of the DGFT.
Agri Export Zone – Hyderabad
It was set up to promote high quality Grapes & Mangoes. Districts covered are RangaReddy, Mahaboobnagar & Medak. The area around Hyderabad, the capital of Andhra Pradesh, has historically been the most
suitable for the production of Grapes and Mangoes. The continuous belt across Ranga Reddy, Mahaboobnagar and Medak districts also have
vast tracts of land suitable for cultivation of Mango and Grapes. Thomson seedless is popular among Grapes & Banginappli among Mango are being
encouraged.
Most progressive farmers with their farms EurepGap Certified.
Summary Details
A number of activities have been suggested under the AEZ to facilitate exports, which include interventions at Farm level like appropriate agronomical practices, IPM & INM programmes, Demonstrations & Trainings, Drip, Post Harvest practices like usage of Plastic Crates, Precooling centers, Cold Storages, Pack houses and Marketing areas leading to an Integrated approach for export development.
Creation of and up gradation of post harvest infrastructure required for Exports. Total project outlay is Rs 5721 lakhs over a 5-year period, with financial support from
Government Agencies estimated at Rs 1542.5 lakhs and investment from Private entrepreneurs at Rs 4178.5 Lakhs.
Expected to result in exports of 5500 MT of Grapes & 6000 MT over the next 5 years valued at Rs 2900 lakhs.
Progress so far:
State has announced the creation of an AEZ (Agri Export Zone) for Grapes & Mangoes covering the districts of RangaReddy, Mahaboobnagar & Medak.
Department of Horticulture has been named as the nodal agency and an MOU in this regard was signed on 29th July 2002.
Trainings of farmers have been conducted on various aspects like Pruning, INM, IPM etc post harvest aspects have been encouraged in a big way.
For the year 2003-04, around 2500-3000 farmers planned to be trained. An exclusive Soil Testing Laboratory has been set up for the benefit of Farmers from
AEZ. Exposure Visits have been organized for the farmers to IIP, Pack Houses. Above 30,000 plastic crates have been supplied so far. Shade net is being encouraged among Grape Growers for better quality produce. 2400 Ha of Grapes & Mango have been brought under area expansion.
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Buyer / Seller meets are organized for promotion of Mango Exports from the AEZ.
Exclusive Monitoring team for control of Pesticides.
Agri Export Zone – Vijayawada
It was set up to promote Banginapalli Mangoes from Krishna district. Banginapalli variety of Mango, rated one of the best in the world in unique to Andhra
Pradesh and in particular to Krishna District. Krishna district has been traditionally a Mango growing belt with an area over 60,000 Ha. Major variety being Banginapalli, other varieties includes Collector, Chinna Rasam. Vijayawada is very well connected by road and rail to Hyderabad, Mumbai and Chennai
where international airports are present.
Brief Details
A number of activities have been suggested under the AEZ to facilitate exports, which include interventions at Farm level like appropriate agronomical practices, IPM & INM programmes, Demonstrations & Trainings, Drip, Post Harvest practices like usage of Plastic Crates, Precooling centers, Cold Storages, Pack houses and Marketing areas leading to an Integrated approach for export development.
Creation of and up gradation of post harvest infrastructure required for Exports. Exclusive market yard for Mangoes at Gollapudi market yard.
Total project outlay is Rs 1790 lakhs over a 5-year period, with financial support from Government Agencies estimated at Rs 801lakhs and investment from Private entrepreneurs at Rs 989 Lakhs.
Expected to result in exports of 4000MT of Mangoes valued at Rs.1867 Lakhs.
Progress so far
State has announced the creation of an AEZ (Agri Export Zone) for Mango covering Krishna district.
Department of Horticulture has been named as the nodal agency and an MOU in this regard was signed on 27th Sept 2002.
Trainings of farmers have been conducted on various aspects like Pruning, INM, IPM etc post harvest aspects have been encouraged in a big way.
For the year 2003-04, around 2500-3000 farmers planned to be trained. An exclusive Soil Testing Laboratory has been set up for the benefit of Farmers from
AEZ. Exposure Visits have been organized for the farmers to IIP, Pack Houses. Above 20,000 plastic crates have been supplied so far.
Around 17 Pack Houses have been constructed in Nunna market for packing grading, washing etc with the assistance of NHB.
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Agri Export Zone - Gherkins
It was set up to promote export of Gherkins from Andhra Pradesh. Districts covered are RangaReddy, Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Warangal, Karimnagar,
Nalgonda & Anantapur. Most suitable Soil & Climatic Conditions for cultivation of Gherkins. Complete cultivated under Contract Farming. Companies enter into arrangement with
farmers providing them with Seeds, Pesticides, Fertilizers and technical assistance with assured buyback arrangement
Availability of abundant and skilled labour, which is a prerequisite for Gherkin cultivation.
Farmers from the AEZ have gained expertise of growing this crop several times and have acquired skills to produce exportable Gherkins to meet discerning taste of International Consumers.
A DPR (Detailed Project Report) prepared by Department of Horticulture in association with M/s. Global Green co has been approved.
Brief Details:
A number of activities have been suggested under the AEZ to facilitate exports, which include interventions at Farm level like appropriate agronomical practices, IPM, Drip, Crop Extension Literature, Post Harvest practices like usage of Plastic Crates, Produce Exchange Centers, Packaging Development, Cold Storages, Pack houses and Marketing areas leading to an Integrated approach for export development.
Creation of and up gradation of post harvest infrastructure required for Exports. Total project outlay is Rs 2005 lakhs over a 5-year period, with financial support from
Government Agencies estimated at Rs 373.5lakhs and investment from Private entrepreneurs at Rs 1631.5 Lakhs.
Expected to result in exports of 88000MT of Mangoes valued at Rs.414Crores..
Progress so far:
State has announced the creation of an AEZ (Agri Export Zone) for Gherkins covering RangaReddy, Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Warangal, Karimnagar, Nalgonda & Anantapur.
Department of Horticulture has been named as the nodal agency and an MOU in this regard was signed on 5th May 2003.
Department of Horticulture has brought out literature on package of practices for Gherkins. 10,000 Copies have been printed which are being distributed to the farmers.
Drip irrigation is being encouraged in a big way. Financial assistance has been provided to the Metal Detector as requested by the
Company. ISO, HACCP & Kosher certificates have been awarded for the units in Andhra Pradesh.
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SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS OF ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPORT POTENTIALITIES
Stands among the top five Indian states in terms of cultivated land. Large population mostly living in rural areas and deriving their livelihood from
agriculture and allied activities. Enterprising, receptive and hard working farmers. Diverse soil types which facilitate cultivation of large number of crops round the year. Strategically located in the South-central part of India with easy access to all parts of the
country. Climate is fairly congenial for a variety of agriculture and allied activities. Second largest coast line in the country providing several gateways for international
trade. Rich natural resources Rich livestock Good scope for marine cultivation Leads all other states in production of poultry. Rich bio-diversity with respect to agriculture and horticultural crops. Sincere support from the State Agricultural University (Acharya N. G. Ranga
Agricultural University), presence of several ICAR institutes and an International Institute, ICRISAT in the areas of education, extension, research and training for the welfare of farming community.
WEAKNESSES OF ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPORT POTENTIALITIES
Long coast line often subjected to cyclones and storms. Comparatively high percentage of illiteracy of 66% compared to 48% of the country. About 60% of the Gross Cropped Area is under rainfed farming. Limited irrigation infrastructure. Low investment capacity of the farmers. Lack of adequate technical manpower and infrastructure to study the implications of
WTA on the agricultural exports. Low marketable surplus due to high domestic consumption. No effective steps have been taken for consolidation of land holdings. Rural roads are unmotorable due to poor maintenance. Inadequate and erratic power supply to agricultural sector and also high cost of power. Lack of proper marketing infrastructure like cold storage facilities, processing facilities,
grading facilities, market information network, advertisement etc.
OPPORTUNITIES OF ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPORT POTENTIALITIES
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The existing diversified agro-climatic conditions, soils and cropping pattern offers great opportunities for producing diverse crops both for the international as well as domestic market.
Conducive environment for direct foreign investment in the state to build requisite infrastructure.
Sine the state occupies a pride place among several states in the country in different crops, there exists a greater opportunity to enhance their exports by creating requisite marketing infrastructure.
The spread of Information Technology sector in the state offers great opportunities to export the commodities (importersÕ need-based) by studying the price trends in the international markets.
The establishment of bio-technology industries in the state provides a greater scope for releasing pest and disease resistant varieties and promoting quality of production through cost effectiveness.
Greater scope for private enterprises participation (ex. contract farming) for enhancing quality of production and exports.
Herbs and medicinal plants are found in abundance in different parts of the state. The ÔAyurvedaÕ system of medicine is still very popular outside, because of the realisation of drawbacks of synthetic chemicals and drugs. This offers an opportunity to the state to explore marketing of such herbs and medicinal preparations overseas.
Location of several ICAR institutions, an International institution (ICRISAT) and other institutions facilitate exchange of expertise and materials to study the implications of WTA relevant to the state.
Large extension network system facilitate the farmers to shift their cropping pattern towards more profitable crops.
THREATS TO ANDHRA PRADESH AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPORT POTENTIALITIES
Erratic distribution of rainfall may adversely affect the production. Droughts, floods and cyclones of high frequency and intensity. Limited scope for expansion of area under agriculture. Threats of extremism, absentee landlordism leads to ineffective utilization of land and
other resources. Superstitious beliefs of the farmers
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CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
From the above analysis, it is clear that the farmers should be motivated to take up the agricultural and allied activities as a profit making business and to concentrate more on profitability rather than on productivity of crops. This implies that the farmers should produce and market their produce through cost effective technologies. To achieve this, the following suggestions should deserve special attention.
Trained and skilled manpower should be provided in the fields of agricultural research, extension and marketing.The roles and responsibilities of the existing State Agricultural University, State Department of Agriculture and Marketing Department should be properly restructured.Networking of different scientific organizations located in the state should be improved so as to expand application of modern technology in the fields of production and marketing Since the state is having an easy access to all parts of the country and having 2nd largest coast line in the country, there is a greater opportunity to promote exports by developing both air-cargo and ship-cargo facilities with requisite infrastructure.The State Agricultural University and State Department of Agriculture should conduct an extensive research for generating cost effective technologies for agricultural production.The WTO Cell established in the state should conduct studies periodically regarding the implications of WTA on the state agriculture and allied sectors, suggest steps to safeguard the interests of the sector, should aim at exploiting the opportunities offered by this Agreement, conduct marketable surplus studies and export competitiveness of different agricultural commodities in the international market. There is a greater need to introduce sophisticated technologies in place of existing and outdated technologies to boost both quantum and quality of production, thereby, higher profits from the international market.There is a greater need to educate the farmers to adopt IPM and INM practices with more emphasis on adopting biological control and biofertilizers so as to reduce the cost and improve the quality of production.Agricultural research, extension and education system should be totally re-oriented by the State Agricultural University to meet the new requirements in the light of WTA. There is a greater need to start a fresh course in the area of International Agricultural Trade with a major focus on the Implications of WTA on Indian Agriculture to educate the farm graduates or post-graduates. The research agenda should focus on improving the profitability rather than productivity.Bio-technology should be given special attention regarding development of high yielding varieties with drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance and with higher quality. There is a greater need to invest substantially for infrastructure development such as cold storages, grading facilities, processing facilities, market information network etc., which will have a positive impact on export marketing.The Government should encourage private sector agencies to take up contract farming in the state so as to diversify agricultural production, disseminating scientific technology, supply of quality inputs, proper technical guidance etc for boosting the agricultural production and exports.
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Export Promotion Organizations should be established in the state and they should be entrusted the responsibilities of collecting marketing information on international trade, production, prices, quality standards, seasonality, marketable surplus etc., for analyzing and disseminating information among the producers and exporters. The export competitiveness of agricultural commodities should also be studied from time to time so as to encourage their exports which are having more comparative advantage in the international market. It also facilitates full exploitation of market access opportunities provided by the WTA. The expenditure incurred on export promotion activities does not go against the spirit of WTA, because they come under the Green Box provisions.A long term policy is essential to promote the agricultural exports on a sustainable basis. This policy should aim at proper selection of commodities for exports based on the need of other countries rather than on surplus oriented commodities. Besides implementing the above suggestions in a systematic manner, adequate attention should be paid to overcome the possible threats and mitigating the weaknesses for a proper and planned development of export oriented agriculture in the state. This should be carried out both from the short-term and long-term perspective so as to carve out the states due share in the world trade.New investments in the sector focus on producing fruit concentrates and pulp, vegetable purees, pastes and powers, frozen fruits and vegetables, dehydrated products, oleoresins and cold chains. Palm cultivation and oil processing plants are already coming up capitalizing on the warm, humid conditions in the villages close to the coast. The state has to implement various schemes with main thrust on fruits & plantation crops, hybrid vegetables and seed distribution,forticulture under controlled conditions, spices and condiments, medical and aromatic plants, mushroom cultivation, precision farming, tissue culture, leaf analysis etc. the activities must include latest technologies, pre and post harvest technologies.Special emphasis must be made on oil palm development. Farmers are increasingly shifting to oil palm cultivation in Khammam, especially in Aswaraopet and Dammapet mandals of the district. The crop has found greater acceptability since the oil palm processing unit with five ton- capacity came into operation in the town. The seedlings are imported from Costa Rica.
Some 31 mandals have been identified in Khammam as suitable for oil palm cultivation. The oil palm development programme was however taken up only in 19 mandals initially along with three mandals in East Godavari and two in West Godavari. The farmers who raised the crop in the initial years were successful in proving it as highly remunerative. The saplings planted in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 have come up for fruiting.
Some of the farmers have claimed to achieve better average than their counter parts in Malaysia as the yield per acre ranged from 13 tons to 16.5 tons. It is not a labor intensive crop. A farmer, Gottipolla Prabahkar Rao who raised oil palm in an area of 50 acres involving his brothers and relatives, said the average annual returns would not be less than Rs. 45,000 per acre against an investment of Rs 12,000 to 14,000. “Our earnings are no less than that of software engineers”, he said.
If the increase in demand for the edible oils in the international market is of any indication, the oil palm plantation would give more or less the same as an assured income for the next three decades, he added. The farmers have their voice in pricing the oil palm.
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About 90 per cent of the palm oil produced is used for food purposes and the remaining for non-food purposes. Even the oil palm sludge has a price. It is being used as aqua feed. Cashew is a dollar earning crop. Hence the cultivation must be improved. Cashew plantations are more in AP but cashew industries are less and due to financial problems by heavy taxation, cashew factory owners are paying less prices to cashew farmers. If taxation is reduced, cashew farmers can definitely get adequate price for their crop.AP ranks 1st in chillies and turmeric in area, production and productivity. Considerable increase in productivity of spices has been reported in research stations. The need is effective transfer of technology to progressive farmers. India faces competition mainly from China and Pakistan who offer chillies at low prices in international markets. Imports as whole chillies have fallen in the world market as exports of chilli powder and oleoresin have grown. Demand is growing for value added products using chillies such as chilli paste, curry powders and other sauces for the convenience food industry. Andhra Pradesh alone commands around 53.27% of the chilli production in India. The major chilly growing districts of Andhra Pradesh are Guntur, Warangal, Khammam, Krishna and Prakasam. Chilli has well established spot markets. Guntur, Warangal, Khammam in Andhra Pradesh; Raichur, Bellary in Karnataka are the major spot markets at the production centers. Guntur is Asia’s largest market for chillies. The marketing season begins in the first week of March and peaks during the month of April, and closes by the middle of May. Around 35-40% of the crop that arrives here is estimated to be stored in the cold storages present at Guntur and surrounding areas. Normally, about 80 lakh to one crore bags of chillies (each bags carries approximately 35 to 50 kgs) is traded during the season in Guntur market alone. The market players estimate that trade worth nearly Rs 500 crores takes place in Guntur during season. Besides the highly popular Guntur Sannam (S-4) variety, other hybrid varieties like Wonder Hot, Ankur, Namdhari, and Indam 5 are traded in this particular market. It is estimated that there are a 100 odd exporters in this market. It is estimated that around 25-30% of the chilly crop is used for powder preparation, with the branded chilly powder manufacturers accounting for around 5% of the total volume.
In the year 2007, 148500 tons of chilli was exported for the value 807.5 crores. The market players estimate that trade worth nearly Rs 500 crores takes place in Guntur during season. During the peak arrival period around 0.8 - 1 lakh bags of 35-50 kg is traded here daily.Nowadays India is facing a very tough competition in the international export market as price of the Indian chilli powder is considered too high and other competing countries are providing chilli at very competitive rates to the major importing countries. The exports can be further improved, provided India is able to meet the strict quality demands of the international market. Steps have to be taken by the government to encourage exporters in order to maintain India’s dominance in the world market.
There are no proper cultivation and marketing techniques of turmeric in the state though it ranks first in the country and the country ranks first in the world.
Lack of minimum support price (MSP), high cost of labor and non availability of good farm mechanization tools continue to add to the woes of the farmers cultivating turmeric in Nizamabad district in Andhra Pradesh. The impact is so
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much that over the past three years, there has been a considerable decline in the total area under cultivation of turmeric and the overall production in the district. Nizamabad is the largest turmeric producing district in the state and it accounts for nearly 40% of the overall production of turmeric in the country. The overall area under turmeric cultivation has been declining every year right from 2005-06. It dropped from 11,959 hectare in 2005-06 to 9,829 hectare in 2006-07 and to 7,377 hectare in 2007-08. Similarly, there has been a drop in the overall production from the district from 53,815 tons in 2005-06 to 49,145 tons in 2006-07 and to 29,508 tons in 2007-08. According to officials, the farmers have been asking for MSP for quite some time but it is yet to be brought in. When farmers in the neighboring turmeric growing states such as Maharashtra get about Rs 4,000 per quintal, farmers here get only Rs 3,300 per quintal. Another drawback for the farmers is that there is no testing facility to quantify the ‘Curcumin’ content in turmeric. ‘Curcumin’ is one of the primary ingredients in turmeric that gives the bright yellow color to it. And, normally turmeric with high `Curcumin' content fetches good price. The cost of labor has gone up substantially. As against Rs 60-70 per day, laborers are now demanding over Rs 100 per day. The working hours have also come down from 6-8 hours per day to 3-4 hours per day. Also, the increasing cost of cultivation including labor and other inputs and lesser realization from the market, has forced many farmers to switch over to other crops like paddy, soya bean and sunflower. At present there is no risk management tool available for the traders, farmers, industry, exporters to hedge their risk out of price uncertainty. As India is having major share in the international turmeric export market thus it is equally exposed to global uncertainly that affects trade time to time and thus on price. In such a scenario offering future trading would provide an opportunity to the hedge risk for market participants against volatile price movements. Turmeric price is quite volatile and showing marked fluctuations in daily price. Due to high volatility it reinforces the need of future trading to allow traders to hedge their risk. Other factors that indicate success of future trading is well developed spot market and large number of participants such as traders, farmers, exporters, industrial consumer etc that provide depth and width to the market.
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PHARMACEUTICALS AND BULK DRUGS
INDIAN SCENARIO:
Indian pharma industry (IPI) is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. It has over the years made significant progress in infrastructure development, technological capability and hence produced a wide range of products. The industry now produces bulk drugs under all major therapeutic groups. It has a sizable technically skilled manpower with prowess in process development and downstream processing. It has a capital investment of about Rs. 2150 crores (CII 2002). It produced bulk drugs of value of Rs. 3777 crores and formulations worth Rs. 15860 crores in 1999-00. It is estimated that the figures for the above could rise up to Rs. 4344 and 17843 crores respectively (IDMA 2001). The balance of trade in the pharma sector, which was 16.05 in 1960-61 and 650.6 in 1990-91, has grown into an imposing 5129.0 (IDMA 2001). It is evident from the above statement that the rate of growth of value of exports is more than imports (Rs. 6631.0 crores of exports against Rs. 1502.0 crores of imports). There is an increasing interest and investments in R&D: Rs. 260 crores in 1998-99. Bulk drugs have grown at a rate of approximately 15%, formulations by 20% in the nineties. It provides employment for over 28,00,0000 persons both directly and indirectly (employment in ancillary industries and distribution trade) (OPPI) (Patel 2000). The industry is highly fragmented. It has about 250 large units and around 2500 small units in operation. At present 70% of requirement of the country in bulk drugs and all the demands for formulations are met by the domestic industry.
Times are getting tougher for pharmaceutical companies. New registration procedures and the restructuring of health care systems around the globe are causing fierce price competition. Many companies are being forced to radically rethink their business models.
The Indian pharmaceutical sector is emerging as one of the major contributors to Indian exports with export earnings rising from a negligible amount in early 1990s to Rs.29,139.57 crores (US$7.24bn) by 2007-08. The exports of Drugs, pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals of India have grown at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.8% during the five-year period 2003-04 to 2007-08. The Indian domestic pharmaceutical market size is estimated at US$10.76bn in the year 2008 and is expected to grow at a high CAGR of 9.9% percent till 2010 and thereafter at a CAGR of 9.5% till 2015.
The pharmaceutical sector is emerging as one of the major contributors to Indian exports with export earnings rising from a negligible amount in early 1990s to Rs.29,139.57 crores by 2007-08. The exports of Drugs, pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals of India were growing at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.8% during the five year period 2003-04 to 2007-08. The total size of the industry is estimated at US$18bn at the end of the year 2007. The Indian domestic pharmaceutical market size is estimated at US$10.76bn in the year 2008 and is expected to grow at a high CAGR of 9.9% percent till 2010 and thereafter at a CAGR of 9.5% till 2015.
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Currently, the Indian pharmaceutical industry is one of the world’s largest and most developed, ranking 4th in volume terms and 13th in value terms. The country accounted for 8 percent of global production and 2 percent of world markets in pharmaceuticals. Most of the domestic pharmaceutical drug requirements are met by the domestic industry. In the segment of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) India ranks third in the world producing about 500 different APIs.
INDIAN PHARMA POLICY
To ensure availability of good quality medicines at reasonable prices To improve accessibility of essential medicines to the poorer sections Higher investments to increase production of good quality medicines To promote greater research and development in the pharmaceuticals sector by providing
suitable incentives in this regard Pharma companies to become internationally competitive by implementing cGMP,
GLP ,GCP & other international guidelines To facilitate higher growth in exports of APIs and formulations by reducing the barriers
to international trade India as the preferred global destination for Pharma industry To facilitate implementation of the Health Policy of the country
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India's Trade in Pharmaceutical Products (2003-04 to 2007-08) (figs in US$ mn. & %) Commodity Name Mar-04 Mar-05 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-08 CAGR
(2003-04 to 2007-08)
Exports of Drugs, pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals
3,312.99 3,972.81 4,994.52 5,939.75 7,241.44 22.2
Imports of Medicinal & pharmaceutical products
644.17 705.08 1,027.75 1,292.32 1,660.01 22.9
Exports Growth Rate 24.76 19.92 25.72 18.93 21.91
Imports Growth Rate 8.59 9.46 45.76 25.74 28.45
The composition of Indian pharmaceutical exports during the years 2003-04 to 2006-07: India’s Exports of Bulk Drugs, Formulations, Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeo & Herbal Products (figs. In Rs. Crores)
Commodity Name Mar-03 Mar-04 Mar-05 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-08 Exports of Formulations 5,952.93 7,481.45 9,066.94 10,829.55 14,382.55 16,647.36Exports of Basic Drugs, Fine Chemicals & Intermediates
2,493.36 7,207.79 8,091.69 10,740.51 11,868.29 13,299.33
Exports of Herbals 390.79 318.44 293.63 307.48 377.02 470.73Medicants & Medicaments of Ayurvedic System
743.88 192.75 399.82 233.07 259.54 321.44
Medicants & Medicaments of Homeopathic System
8.19 10.30 2.11 1.87 2.74 3.05
Medicants & Medicaments of Unani System
0.00 2.08 1.89 1.13 0.70 1.13
Medicants & Medicaments of Siddha System
0.00 0.42 0.47 0.30 0.02 0.42
Source: DGCI&S
As of 2007-08 the large markets for Indian pharmaceutical exports & suppliers of pharmaceutical products to:Top Importing Countries of Drugs, Pharmaceuticals & Fine Chemicals (2007-08) (figs. in Rs. Crores)
Rank Importing Country Rs. Crores % Share in India's Exports 1 USA 5,534.68 19.1 2 Germany 1,357.72 4.7 3 Russia 1,199.02 4.1 4 UK 1,077.72 3.7
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5 China 818.46 2.8 6 Brazil 752.62 2.6 7 Canada 738.03 2.5 8 South Africa 650.35 2.2 9 Nigeria 644.08 2.2 10 Netherlands 504.17 1.7 11 Spain 485.88 1.7 12 Turkey 485.47 1.7 13 Ukraine 475.88 1.6 14 Viet Nam 466.07 1.6 15 Israel 430.83 1.5 16 Italy 428.16 1.5 17 Mexico 426.28 1.5 18 UAE 412.13 1.4 19 Singapore 401.23 1.4 20 Iran 366.21 1.3
As of 2007-08 the source countries for Indian pharmaceutical imports of India :Top Exporting Countries of Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Products to India
(figs. in Rs. Crores & %) Rank Exporting Country Rs. Crores % Share in India's Exports
1 China 2,760.90 40.7 2 Switzerland 912.13 13.4 3 USA 658.14 9.7 4 Germany 391.66 5.8 5 Denmark 287.03 4.2 6 Italy 208.25 3.1 7 France 194.82 2.9 8 UK 160.79 2.4 9 Belgium 124.59 1.8 10 Spain 117.44 1.7 11 India 102.37 1.5 12 Ireland 93.36 1.4 13 Japan 83.09 1.2 14 Korea Republic (South) 72.11 1.1 15 Netherlands 68.18 1.0 16 Austria 47.80 0.7 17 Indonesia 43.47 0.6 18 Poland 34.20 0.5 19 Mexico 31.03 0.5 20 Thailand 26.41 0.4
Source: DGCI&S
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Apart from these, some of the fast emerging markets (2005-06) are presented in table 18: Table 18: Countries of High Import Growth Rates in Pharmaceutical Products from India (2005-
06) (figs. In Rs.Crores) Country Export Value Growth%
South Africa 442.18 104.0Israel 310.33 84.2Turkey 426.22 78.5Kenya 227.74 78.3Singapore 378.50 58.5UK 820.63 40.0China 762.55 40.0Russia 1,051.12 35.8Italy 411.98 35.4Vietnam 400.69 31.3Source: WTO
ANDHRA PRADESH SCENARIO
Andhra Pradesh has a dominant position in this sector with a market size of $ 1.6 bn presently growing upto $ 8 bn to 10 bn by 2010, and is well known internationally for its skill in chemical synthesis and process engineering and its speed to market. The State intends capitalizing on these strengths, acting quickly in the window of opportunity provided by global regulatory change to build a strong and globally competitive pharmaceutical industry.
1/3rd of the national Bulk Drugs production from A.P Hyderabad predominantly Bulk Drugs manufacturing hub Hyderabad is a centre for institutes of excellence, chemical synthesis and for invention of
new molecules Hyderabad is connected to major international destinations by air Visakhapatnam a strategic location is just 600 kms away from capital city Hyderabad Visakhapatnam is well connected by air, road, rail and seaways – Visakhapatnam port,
Gangavaram port The State produces a majority of 500 basic drugs produced in India The half-year net sales of the pharmaceutical industry the State is Rs 4700 crores The half-year net profits of the Pharma industry in the State is Rs 503.26 crores with a
growth of 11.69% Pharma production in the State will reach US$ 8 billion by the end of 2010
SKILLED HUMAN RESOURCES
The State offers excellent opportunities for the growth of the pharmaceutical industry in the country due to availability of trained and skilled manpower research and development facilities, including the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Indian Immunological Ltd (IIL), S.P. Biotech Park, ICICI Knowledge
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Park, and many universities. In addition to this, to develop human resources required for the innovation led growth, Indian Institute of Life Sciences (IILS) was set up in Hyderabad in collaboration the industry, the Government and research institute to provide the following:
Post-Graduate and Ph.D Programmes in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery. Train the students and researchers to cater to the needs of the industry. Do collaborative research in association with international research institutes. Collaborate with the Indian industry.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PHARMA CITY AT PARWADA, VISAKHAPATNAM
Realizing the potential scope and imminent challenges in Pharma sector post 2005, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has developed Jawaharlal Nehru Pharma City at Parwada near Visakhapatnam in 2200 acres of land with world class infrastructure to support efficient and environment-friendly Pharma manufacturing. The Pharma City is being developed on a commercial format with private sector participation. M/s Ramky Pharma City (India Ltd) with the equity participation of Ramky and APIIC with 89%, 11% equity respectively. A Special Purpose Company in the name & style of Ramky Pharma City (India) Limited incorporated has entered into concession agreement with the Government of Andhra Pradesh to build, operate and maintain the Pharma city infrastructure and amenities. Environmental clearance was accorded by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, GOI in March,2005 Construction of CETP and marine outfall facility for letting out the effluents into sea and Hazardous Waste Management are certain important infrastructure components. The other facilities in the Pharma City are Storm water
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Discharge, Effluent Conveyance, Sewage Conveyance, Hazardous Waste discharge, Parwada Balancing Reservoir (Yeleru Canal), Underground & Overhead Reservoir.
450 acres were offered allotments to 41 Major and Medium Companies through BDMA. 100 acres was allotted to 3 Major and Medium Companies of non-BDMA
SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Preceding sections make an effort to place Indian Pharmaceutical industry in the global perspective, followed by an examination of the trends in growth of industry both in terms of the emerging markets and products; and also the trends in global competition. It may be useful now to present a SWOT analysis of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry4:
STRENGTHS
1. India is regarded as having an edge over China in terms of qualified, English-speaking manpower and fair protection of intellectual property rights supported by well-developed judicial system. (Appendix IV gives more information on IPR status in India).
2. India has skilled scientists/technicians/management personnel at affordable cost leading to low cost of innovation/ manufacturing/capex costs/ expenditure to run cGMP compliance facilities and high quality documentation and process understanding.
3. The country has well developed chemistry, R & D and manufacturing infrastructure with proven track record in advanced chemistry capabilities, design of high tech manufacturing facilities and regulatory compliance.
4. The healthy domestic market with rising per capita expenditure is another significant strength enabling achievement of economies of scale. The country also has a strong marketing & distribution network.
5. India is considered a desirable destination for off shoring of data management functions for clinical trials and also due to its rich biodiversity and strength in Chemistry which are essential for drug discovery.
6. The country has significant ability to circumvent API Patents. India has filed a number of non-infringing process patents. The country has a recent success track record in circumventing formulation patents. Proven Legal skills to evaluate IP and commercial strategies are available at least in select top companies. The present domestic regulatory environment though in need of further improvement has been conducive to the growth of an emerging pharmaceutical industry.
WEAKNESSES
1. Low investments in innovative R&D continue to be a major weakness of Indian pharmaceutical industry.
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2. Diffused nature of the Indian pharmaceutical industry means that only about 20 to 30 companies are large enough to bear the transactions costs associated with sustained exports to and compliance with entry regulations of the developed markets.
3. Majority of companies lack the ability to compete with MNCs for New Drug Discovery, Research and commercialization of molecules on a worldwide basis due to lack of resources.
4. Strong linkages between industry and academia which are essential for growth of the industry is lacking in India.
5. Comparatively small domestic market size due to low medical and healthcare expenditure in the country.
6. The country has at times shown inadequate regulatory framework or compliance and enforcement regime, reflected in occurrences such a production of spurious or low quality drugs.
7. Competency in API/Formulation, intellectual property creation, facility design and maintenance, global regulatory affairs, legal intricacies, and managing international work force is limited to a few players among the big players.
8. Rapidly increasing costs of skilled manpower such as scientists/ regulatory compliance personnel / pharmaceutical lawyers/ international business development personnel is pushing up the cost of innovation. Ability to evaluate contracts/alliances etc., is available only in top companies. Significant lacuna in this area exists and companies are falling into traps created by the competitors. Institutionalization of learning in the following areas is restricted
Regulatory affairs knowledge for different countries and continents Process and product patents procedures knowledge for different countries and continents.
9. Sales and marketing knowledge is inadequate due to lack of understanding of international Pharmaceutical marketing/pricing practices and market environment in various countries.
10. Inadequate manufacturing practices in comparison to those accepted in developed world such as change of API source, change of manufacturing locations, equipment, etc., without proven stability/ bioequivalence may be creating inadequate technical work force for exports. The national drug regulatory system though evolved substantially, has been in the need of strengthening its manpower and systems requirements.
11. Inadequate emphasis on Biosciences in education system leading to slower development in areas related to Biology giving away advantage to China.
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OPPORTUNITIES
1. India is faced with significant export opportunities, such as, i. US$40 billion worth of drugs in the U.S.A and US$25 billion worth of drugs in
Europe are expected to go off patent soon. Assocham estimates that Indian manufacturers may capture 30 percent of that market. This translates to an opportunity of US$19.5bn which is significant considering the country’s current exports of approx. US$7.25bn. However the figures need to be appropriately deflated since Indian opportunity will lie in generics equivalent of branded or patented drugs, which would be cheaper.
ii. Generic launches by Indian manufacturers have increased in the United States from 93 in 2003 to 250 by 2008.
iii. Compulsory licensing provisions negotiated in the Doha Round, allows for countries to import cheaper generic versions of patented drugs in the interests of public health. Thailand and South Africa have already started such initiatives from which Indian firms have benefited.
2. Due to the cost advantage in contract manufacturing & Research multi-national companies find it compelling to shift their production bases to countries offering such cost advantage. Typical of the industry which requires approval of manufacturing facilities by various drug regulatory agencies of the world involving a very high cost, once such business finds base in India it would continue with it for at least one & half to two decades.
3. Licensing deals with MNCs for NCEs (New Chemical Entities) and NDDS (New Drug Delivery Systems) offer new opportunities for Indian manufacturers.
4. Marketing alliances for MNC products in domestic and international market is another emerging opportunity.
5. Contract manufacturing arrangements with MNCs is estimated at 10% of patented markets estimated at US$450bn which is approx. US$45bn.
6. India has a very high potential for developing as a centre for international clinical trials due to its rich diversity.
7. India can become a niche player in global pharmaceutical R&D and possibilities exist for expansion of biotechnology generics (also known as bio-similars) and biopharmaceuticals.
8. There is a possibility of greater returns from an Indian entry into mature and more remunerative markets like Brazil, Japan, CIS, Russia, etc.
9. The Work Programme for the European Medicines Agency 2007 identifies greater co-operation with India - especially in the field of traditional and herbal medicines and remedies. Emerging preference for traditional medicines and herbs in the developed markets including lifestyle products and food supplements also presents an opportunity for the country in traditional medicinal systems & Herbal based products.
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10. A rise in life expectancy generally, and increase in the population of the old, particularly in the developed world is causing higher expenditure from respective national health budgets compelling them to move to cheaper APIs and formulations which are India’s forte.
11. Unleashing of a plethora of preferential trading arrangements, both bilateral and regional, offers opportunities for India to negotiate preferential access to partner markets for Indian pharmaceuticals in the long term and in a sustainable manner.
THREATS
1. Product patent regime poses serious challenge to domestic industry unless it invests in research and development.
2. R&D efforts of Indian pharmaceutical companies are hampered by lack of enabling regulatory requirement.
3. Drug Price Control Order puts unrealistic ceilings on product prices and profitability.
4. Export effort is hampered by procedural hurdles in India as well as non-tariff barriers imposed abroad. For example:
i. Indian manufacturers are prevented from bidding for government contracts as US permits bidders only from countries that are signatories to WTO Agreement on Government Procurement.
ii. Indian manufacturers have to submit separate state level applications for marketing drugs in the United States as there is no nation-wide system of application even where FDA approval has been received.
5. Lowering of tariff protection has increased competition in domestic markets resulting in erosion of profitability.
6. Mergers and acquisitions by foreign companies’ particularly multinational corporations of a few Indian generic leaders may completely change the direction of India’s pharmaceutical movement neutralizing its thrust on generics and cost competitiveness.
7. The generics market in developed countries may be affected by a number of factors: i. The release of authorized generics by major drug manufacturers. ii. New midsized players, establishing themselves in the generics market. iii. Increased competition due to newer Chinese and East European manufacturers.
(E.g. there has been massive state level investment by China in the biotechnology sector – though at present India still has the edge due to IP laws.)
iv. TA’s entered into by the United States of America with third countries (e.g. the Morocco-U.S.A FTA) may be harmful to Indian pharmaceutical exports because of provisions for increases in patent terms, etc. The United States enters into a number of FTA’s with different countries and while the exact text of these agreements differ from country to country, each of these agreements contains provisions which can be
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damaging to Indian exporters of pharmaceuticals partly also because of their provisions on patents. These FTA’s contain a large number of provisions which increase patent terms for pharmaceuticals by allowing for patentability of new uses of discovered inventions and by increasing patent terms by taking into account the time taken to process claims (ever greening). These provisions go beyond TRIPS and hence it may not be possible to challenge these under the WTO Dispute Resolution process. However, the compatibility of these provisions with Article XXIV of the GATT needs to be examined.
8. Specific non-tariff and para-tariff barriers being increasingly adopted by other countries such as long transaction time taken for registration of drugs, insistence on completing long process for registration when the drug may actually have gone through the most rigorous process of registration such as the USFDA; insistence on allowing imports of only those drugs which are registered in some developed countries, etc.
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MARINE SECTOR
INDIAN MARINE INDUSTRY LOGISTICS
The global logistics industry was valued at US$3.5 trillion in 2005, whereas US logistics industry size was around US$900 billion, 25% of the global logistics industry. Logistics costs in India are estimated to be around 13% of the GDP, which comes to around US $94 billion in 2005-06. However, India’s spending on logistics industry is much higher than the developed economies like the US (9.5%) and Japan(10.5%). Marine transport sector contributes over 0.2% to the country’s GDP at constant prices (1999-2000 prices). Transport sector’s contribution to the GDP has been increasing because of the growing economic activities in the country. Shipping industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy. India has 12 major and 187 minor/intermediate ports along its coastline of around 7,517km. Ports serve as the gateways to the international trade in India. Major ports in India together have handled 463.84m tonnes of cargo in 2006-07, a growth of 9.51% against the same period of the previous year. The petroleum-oil-lubricants (POL) accounted for 33.38% of the total traffic at major ports during April-March 2007, while iron ore constituted 17.37%, coal 2.98%, container traffic 15.84%, fertilizer 3.04%, and others 17.49%.According to the Planning Commission, India’s shipping fleet strength will be increased up to15m GRT by the end of 2011-12, with an estimated investment of US$17.7 billion. The port throughput will increase up to 1,008m tonnes, growing at a CAGR of 10.96% from 2007-08 to
2011-12. The following table gives the detailed data about the major ports of India for the
financial year 2005-06 and percentage growth over 2004-05
Name
Cargo Handled (06-07)
'000 tonnes
% Increase
(over 05-06)
Vessel Traffic (05-06)
% Increase
(over 04-05)
Container Traffic (05-06)
'000 TEUs
% Increase
(over 04-05)
Kolkata (Kolkata Dock System & Haldia Dock Complex)
55,050 3.59% 2,853 07.50% 313 09.06%
Paradip 38,517 16.33% 1,330 10.01% 3 50.00%
Visakhapatnam 56,386 1.05% 2,109 14.43% 47 04.44%
60
Chennai 53,798 13.05% 1,857 11.26% 735 19.12%
Tuticorin 18,001 05.03% 1,576 06.56% 321 04.56%
Cochin 15,314 10.28% 1,225 09.38% 203 09.73%
New Mangalore Port
32,042 -06.99% 1,087 01.87% 10 11.11%
Mormugao 34,241 08.06% 642 -03.31% 9 -10.00%
Mumbai 52,364 18.50% 2,153 14.34% 159 -27.40%
J.N.P.T. 44,818 18.45% 2,395 03.06% 2,267 -04.39%
Ennore 10,714 16.86% 173 01.17%
Kandla 52,982 15.41% 2,124 09.48% 148 -18.23%
All Indian Ports 463,843 9.51% 19,796 08.64% 4,744 12.07%
MARINE TRANSPORT IN INDIA
Shipping industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy as 95% of India’s international trade by volume and 70% by value are seaborne. The fleet strength by the end of December 2007 was 850 vessels with 9.03 million Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT), of which overseas shipping accounted for 90.11% of the total capacity in terms of Gross Tonnage. According to the Planning Commission, Indian Shipping Industry’s gross tonnage capacity will be increased up to 15 million GT (As per 3rd target) by the end of Eleventh Five Year Plan (2012) with an estimated investment of Rs. 800 billion.
EXPORT OF MARINE PRODUCTS FROM INDIA 2008-09
EXPORT TREND
Since the fall in the export earnings during 2003-04, the dollar earnings have increased steadily till 2008-09
EXPORT TREND OF MARINE PRODUCTS Q: Quantity in MT, V: Value Rs. Crore, $: US Dollar in Million
Year Export Variation (%) U.V.
61
2002-03 Q 467297 +42827 +10.09
V 6881.31 +924.26 +15.52 147.26
$ 1424.90 +171.55 +13.69 3.05
2003-04 Q 412017 -55280 -11.83
V 6091.95 -789.36 -11.47 147.86
$ 1330.76 -94.14 -6.61 3.23
2004-05 Q 461329 49312 11.97
V 6646.69 554.74 9.11 144.08
$ 1478.48 147.71 11.10 3.20
2005-06 Q 512164 50835 11.02
V 7245.30 598.61 9.05 141.46
$ 1644.21 165.74 11.21 3.21
2006-07 Q 612641 100478 19.62
V 8363.53 1118.23 15.43 136.52
$ 1852.93 208.72 12.69 3.02
2007-08 Q 541701 -70941 -11.58
V 7620.92 -742.61 -8.88
$ 1899.09 46.16 2.49 3.51
2008-09 Q 602835 61134.51 11.29
V 8,607.94 987.02 12.95
$ 1,908.63 9.54 0.50 3.17
Frozen shrimp continued to be the single largest item of export in terms of value accounting for about 44% in the total export earnings. In terms of quantity, fish accounted for the major share at 40% (shrimp 21%) as could be observed from the table below.
62
MAJOR EXPORT ITEMSQ: Quantity in Tons, V: Value in Rs. Crores,$: USD Million
ITEM Share % 2008-09 2007-08 Growth(%)
FROZEN SHRIMP 21 Q 126042 136223 -7.47
43.91 V: 3779.88 3941.62 -4.10
43.97 $: 839.30 980.62 -14.41
UV$: 6.66 7.20 -7.50
FROZEN FISH 40 Q: 238543 220200 8.33
20.01 V: 1722.29 1303.41 32.14
19.66 $: 375.23 326.29 15.00
UV$: 1.57 1.48 6.16
FR CUTTLE FISH 8 Q: 50698 45955 10.32
8.84 V: 760.59 744.13 2.21
8.81 $: 168.17 185.66 -9.42
UV$: 3.32 4.04 -17.89
FR SQUID 9 Q: 57125 34172 67.17
7.35 V: 632.35 408.42 54.83
7.49 $: 142.87 101.29 41.05
UV$: 2.50 2.96 -15.63
DRIED ITEM 5 Q: 31688 22414 41.38
4.89 V: 420.75 258.88 62.53
4.85 $: 92.51 64.72 42.94
UV$: 2.92 2.89 1.10
LIVE ITEMS 1 Q: 3434 2498 37.47
1.15 V: 99.00 69.07 43.33
1.14 $: 21.82 17.21 26.84
UV$: 6.36 6.89 -7.73
CHILLED ITEMS 4 Q: 21453 6541 227.98
2.53 V: 217.34 118.11 84.02
2.54 $: 48.39 29.62 63.35
UV$: 2.26 4.53 -50.19
OTHERS 12 Q: 73851 73698 0.21
11.34 V: 975.75 777.29 25.53
11.54 $: 220.33 193.68 13.76
UV$: 2.98 2.63 13.53
TOTAL 100 Q: 602835 541701 11.29
100 V: 8607.94 7620.92 12.95
100 $: 1908.63 1899.09 0.50
UV$: 3.17 3.51 -9.69
63
European Union (EU) continued as the largest market during the year with a percentage share of 32.6% in $ realization followed by China 14.8%, Japan 14.6% , USA 11.9%, South East Asia 10%, Middle East
5.5% and Other Countries 10.6%.
MAJOR EXPORT MARKETS
Q: Quantity in Tons, V: Value in Rs. Crores, $: USD Million
Country Share % 2008-09 2007-08 (%)
JAPAN 10 Q: 57271 67373 -14.99
14.34 V: 1234.01 1227.59 0.52
14.60 $: 278.61 305.49 -8.80
USA 6 Q: 36877 36612 0.72
11.87 V: 1021.55 1016.94 0.45
11.91 $: 227.29 253.05 -10.18
EUROPEAN UNION 25 Q: 151590 149381 1.48
32.53 V: 2799.96 2664.24 5.09
32.63 $: 622.87 663.17 -6.08
CHINA 24 Q: 147312 139792 5.38
15.06 V: 1296.39 1009.59 28.41
14.77 $: 281.90 252.90 11.47
SOUTH EAST ASIA 15 Q: 88953 63818 39.38
10.14 V: 873.09 573.97 52.12
10.01 $: 191.08 143.50 33.16
MIDDLE EAST 5 Q: 27177 25752 5.53
5.53 V: 475.72 393.96 20.75
5.51 $: 105.20 98.05 7.29
OTHERS 16 Q: 93654 58972 58.81
10.54 V: 907.21 734.62 23.50
10.57 $: 201.68 182.93 10.25
Total 100 Q: 602835 541701 11.29
100 V: 8607.94 7620.92 12.95
100 $: 1908.63 1899.09 0.50
PORT WISE EXPORTS
Exports were affected from 19 land/air ports. The major ports to handle the export cargo during the year in the order of US $ earnings were Kochi (17.6%), JNP (17.3%), Pipavav (16.1%), Chennai (12.6), Vizag (10.5%), Calcutta (8.4%), Tuticorin (8%), Mangalore (2.8%), etc.
PORTWISE EXPORTSQ: Quantity in Tons, V: Value in Rs. Crores, $: USD Million
64
Ports Share % 2008-09 2007-08 Growth(%)
KOCHI Q: 16.35 98537 98520 0.02
V: 17.48 1,504.98 1,383.74 8.76
$: 17.57 335.35 344.45 -2.64
J N P Q: 21.04 126853 104670 21.19
V: 17.28 1,487.28 1,120.86 32.69
$: 17.26 329.52 279.25 18.00
PIPAVAV Q: 27.18 163866 149734 9.44
V: 16.36 1,408.35 1,075.31 30.97
$: 16.12 307.69 268.79 14.47
CHENNAI Q: 6.48 39043 42947 -9.09
V: 12.53 1,078.44 1,158.50 -6.91
$: 12.62 240.80 287.87 -16.35
VIZAG Q: 5.35 32277 35535 -9.17
V: 10.43 897.93 1,018.60 -11.85
$: 10.47 199.85 253.66 -21.21
CALCUTTA Q: 5.58 33625 27666 21.54
V: 8.37 720.36 689.70 4.45
$: 8.38 159.96 172.06 -7.03
TUTICORIN Q: 4.87 29354 29697 -1.15
V: 8.06 693.76 654.64 5.98
$: 8.05 153.59 162.97 -5.75
MANGALORE/ICD
Q: 5.49 33083 26155 26.49
V: 2.77 238.44 162.61 46.64
$: 2.77 52.81 40.65 29.89
GOA Q: 3.51 21146 19297 9.58
V: 2.15 185.16 111.22 66.48
$: 2.20 42.04 27.80 51.24
MUMBAI Q: 0.38 2319 2383 -2.70
V: 2.05 176.56 116.12 52.05
$: 2.02 38.60 29.14 32.46
AHMEDABAD Q:
65
FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 2004-2009
1. ITEMS PERMITTED No Quantitative restrictions on export. Licence under Foreign Trade Policy not required for import of 125
species/groups of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates covered under FREE policy in Chapter 3 of ITC (HS) classification of Export &Import items under the EXIM policy.
Import of five groups of live fish permitted under Restricted Policy (EXIM Code 0301)
Import of Whale Shark (Rhincodon types) and parts and products of the species is restricted.
2. PROMOTIONAL MEASURES
Central assistance to States for development of critical infrastructure for export such as roads, inland container depots, container freight stations, Export Promotion Industrial Parks and for equity participation in infrastructure projects.
Encouragements to State Governments for setting up Export Zones. Declaration of Towns of Export Excellence to encourage setting up of critical
infrastructure for export production, encourage common service providers and facilitate availability of better technological services and integrate benefits under the other schemes of EXIM Policy for the units in such towns.
(iv) Market Access Initiative Schemes for encouraging increased marketing efforts by exporters/Brand promotion
Schemes to promote the Concept of Total Quality Management.
3. IMPORT FOR EXPORT PRODUCTION
Advance authorization for duty free import of inputs for export production. Duty free import authorisation (DFIA) Scheme: Scheme DFIA is issued to allow
duty free import of inputs, fuel, oil, energy sources, catalyst which are required for production of export product. DGFT, by means of Public Notice, may exclude any product(s) from purview of DFIA. This scheme is in force from 1st May, 2006.
However, these Authorizations shall be issued only for products for which Standard Input and Output Norms (SION) have been notified. Pre-export Authorization shall be issued with actual user condition and shall be exempted from payment of basic custom duty, additional customs duty, education cess, anti-dumping duty and safeguard duty, if any. A minimum 20% value addition shall be required for issuance of such authorization.
Manufacturer exporters, merchant exporters tied to supporting manufacturers and service providers eligible for import of capital goods at 5% Customs duty linked to fulfilment of export obligation in 8 to12 years under EPCG Scheme.
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4. EOU/EPZ/SEZ
Scheme of 100% EOU/Export Processing Zone/Special Economic Zone for export production continues.
No trading units permitted under the scheme. SEZ to be set up for marine products in AP The Marine Products Export
Development Agency (MPEDA), which works under the Union Ministry of Commerce, will set up the country’s first special economic zone (SEZ) for marine products in Andhra Pradesh. Likely to be set up at Kara Agraharam near Machilipatnam, the 260-acre SEZ would house 30-40 units from the private sector, specialising in the processing of various marine products
5. PACKAGE FOR MARINE SECTOR
Duty free import of specified specialized inputs/chemicals and flavoring oils as per a defined list shall be allowed to the extent of 1% of FOB value of preceding financial years export. Use of these special ingredients for seafood processing will enable us to achieve a higher value addition and enter new export markets.
To encourage the existing mechanized vessels and deep sea trawlers to adopt modern technology for scientific exploitation of our marine resources in an eco-friendly manner and boost marine sector exports, it is proposed to allow import of monofilament long line system for tuna fishing at a concessional rate of duty.
The present system of disposal of waste of perishable commodities like seafood after inspection by a customs official is very cumbersome and leads to development of unhygienic conditions. To overcome this, a self removal procedure for clearance of waste shall be applicable, subject to prescribed wastage norms.
FOCUS MARKET SCHEME (FMS)
Objective is to offset high freight cost and other externalities to selected international markets with a view to enhance India’s export competitiveness in these countries. Entitlement Exporters of all products through EDI enabled ports to notify countries (as in Appendix 37C of HBP v1) shall be entitled for Duty Credit scrip equivalent to 2.5% of FOB value of exports for each licensing year commencing from 1st April, 2006. However additional Markets notified in Appendix 37C of HBP v1 shall be entitled for Duty Credit scrip on exports w.e.f 1.4.2007.
Sr.No Focus Market Code Country Code Country
Countries in Latin American Block
1 L 001 015 ARGENTINA
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2 L 002 039 BOLIVIA
3 L 003 073 CHILE
4 L 004 109 ECUADOR
5 L 005 317 PARAGUAY
6 L 006 319 PERU
7 L 007 427 URUGUAY
8 L 008 433 VENEZUELA
Countries in African Block
9 A 001 011 ANGOLA
10 A 002 035 BENIN
11 A 003 041 BOTSWANA
12 A 004 050 BURKINA FASO
13 A 005 053 BURUNDI
14 A 006 057 CAMEROON
15 A 007 061 CANARY IS
16 A 008 063 CAPE VERDE IS
17 A 009 067 CAFRI REP
18 A 010 069 CHAD
19 A 011 085 COMOROS
20 A 012 087 CONGO P REP
21 A 013 115 ETHIOPIA
22 A 014 116 ERITREA
23 A 015 117 EQUTL GUINEA
24 A 016 135 FR S ANT TR
25 A 017 141 GABON
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26 A 018 143 GAMBIA
27 A 019 167 GUINEA
28 A 020 169 GUINEA BISSAU
29 A 021 199 COTE D'IVOIRE
30 A 022 227 LESOTHO
31 A 023 229 LIBERLIA
32 A 024 231 LIBYA
33 A 025 241 MADAGASSCAR
34 A 026 243 MA;AWO
35 A 027 249 MALI
36 A 028 255 MAURITANIA
37 A 029 257 MAURITIUS
38 A 030 265 MOROCCO
39 A 031 267 MOZAMBIQUE
40 A 032 269 NAMIBIA
41 A 033 289 NIGER
42 A 034 339 REUNION
43 A 035 345 RAWANDA
44 A 036 347 SAHARWI A.DM RP
45 A 037 349 SAO TOME
46 A 038 353 SENEGAL
47 A 039 355 SEYCHELLES
48 A 040 357 SIERRA LEONE
49 A 041 363 SOMALIA
50 A 042 371 ST HELENA
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51 A 043 385 SWAZILAND
52 A 044 399 TOGO
53 A 045 407 TUNISIA
54 A 046 417 UGANDA
55 A 047 459 CONGO D.REP
56 A 048 461 ZAMBIA
57 A 049 463 ZIMBABWE
FOCUS PRODUCT SCHEME (FPS)
Objective is to incentives export of such products, which have high employment intensity in rural and semi urban areas, so as to offset infrastructure inefficiencies and other associated costs involved in marketing of these products.Entitlement Exports of notified products (as in Appendix 37D of HBP v1) through EDI enabled ports to all countries shall be entitled for Duty Credit scrip equivalent to 1.25% of FOB value of exports for each licensing year commencing from 1st April, 2006.
VALUE ADDED FISH PRODUCTS
Sl.No Item ITC(HS) Description
1 46 Shrimp – breaded, battered, marinated and other such prepared products
2 47 Shrimp pickle
3 48 Shrimp Curry
4 49 AFD Shrimp, AFD Powder
5 50 Shrimp IQF Raw
6 51 Shrimp IQF blanched/cooked
7 52 Shrimp in Tray/pouch packs
70
8 53 Squid – breaded, battered, marinated and other such prepared products
9 54 AFD Squid
10 55 Squid IQF raw
11 56 Squid IQF blanched/cooked
12 57 Squid in Tray/pouch packs
13 58 Cuttlefish AFD
14 59 Cuttlefish IQF Raw
15 60 Cuttlefish IQF blanched/cooked
16 61 Cuttlefish in tray/pouch packs
17 62 Cuttlefish breaded, battered, marinated and other such prepared products
18 63 Fish fillets / loins / steaks etc in tray / vacuum pouches
19 64 Braded fish fingers / fish fillets, precooked loins and other such prepared products
20 65 Fish pickle
21 66 Fish curry
22 67 Lobster cooked / half cut IQF/packed in tray / pouches
23 68 Stuffed crab
24 69 Breaded crab cakes/ Crab cake
25 70 Pasteurized crab meat
26 71 Raw crab meat/soft shell crab
27 72 Mussel/clam meat pickle
71
28 73 Surimi analogues
29 74 Canned Tuna
Implications of the WTO on Indian Marine Industry, Issues and Policy Perspectives
Marine Trade and the Developing EconomiesMarine products, on account of their health attributes and high unit value, are claimed to be one of the fastest moving commodities in world markets. In the context of WTO-GATS, the nature of linkage between trade performance and environmental measures has become a major concern for the developing countries and export of marine products are considered to be the most environmentally sensitive products in the international market. Within the WTO, fish is treated as an industrial product within a potentially free global Market to be addressed within the NAMA negotiations, having been excluded from Agriculture negotiations. During the Uruguay round, fisheries were left out of the Agreement On Agriculture (AoA) at the insistence of some EU countries that benefited from the EU Fisheries subsidy regime. As a result, fisheries-related issues are covered by various other agreements. Most notably, fisheries subsidies fall under the discipline of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM). The Doha and the HK round proceedings include a number of issues of particular importance to international trade in fish and fishery products, i.e. fisheries subsidies, market access, environmental labelling, the relationship between WTO trade rules and environmental agreements. The main areas up for negotiation were tariff and non-tariff barrier reductions under the negotiating group on NAMA and specific mention of a reduction of fisheries subsidies under the WTO negotiating ‘Group on Rules’. Apart from the above many other WTO-GATS related issues have repercussions on the marine exports from the Asian countries, namely the outcomes from the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM); the current process of clarification on the impact of ecolabels on trade; the relation between trade rules and Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs); Technical Assistance and Capacity Building (TA & CB); and the provisions for Special and Differential Treatment (SDT).
Global Trends in Fishery Exports & Imports (US $ Billions)
Region
1976 2001
Exports Imports Exports Imports
World 7.98 8.84 56.10 60.26
Developing Economies 2.94 1.19 28.03 10.66
72
LIFDC 0.96 0.44 10.82 3.16
Developing / World (%) 37 13 50 18
LIFDC / World (%) 12 5 19 5
(LIFDC) Low-Income Food Deficit Countries
Globally, fish has become a highly traded commodity, with 38 % (live weight equivalent) of total fisheries product being traded internationally in foreign markets, Vannuccini (2004). In terms of overall merchandise production and trade, the global share of developing countries was 37.5 % in 2001 but their share in global fish exports was over 50 The livelihoods of approximately 150 Million people depend on fisheries, aquaculture and associated activities and over 20 % of the world’s 38 million fulltime fishers earn less than US$ 1 per day, World Bank (2006). According to Delgado (2003), global capture production of food fish has rapidly increased from 44.5 mln Tonnes in 1973 to 64.5 mln Tonnes in 1997. The vast majority of this production (over 90 % in 1997) has come from marine fisheries. During this period, the production of developed countries as a whole declined by about 3.6 mln Tonnes, whilst production in the developing world increased at an average annual rate of 3.4 %. The above evidence mirrors an overall shift in production towards developing countries away from developed countries. Part of this shift is probably the consequence of the establishment of 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) that allow coastal nations to claim exclusive fishing rights. At the same time, capture fisheries is an industry in crisis as the natural resource limits of the oceans, coastal regions, and many inland water bodies have been reached, World Bank (2004). According to FAO estimates, 25 % of the world’s major fisheries are over fished, and 40 % are fully fished, resulting in declining fish stocks and ecological change, World Bank.As per the FAO statistics, developing countries like China, Thailand, Vietnam, Chile, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Peru and South Korea are the main exporters in terms of value ofFisheries products during the 2000-2005 periods. At the same time, with 34 % of the exportValue (i.e. this may include intra EU trade), the EU is globally the most important exporterWith Norway, USA, and Canada being other major players amongst developed countries, Lem (2004). Denmark, Spain, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany and France are the principal EU exporters. The export value of internationally traded fish and fisheries productswas US$ 58 Billion (bln.) in 2002, exceeding the combined value of net exports of rice, coffee, sugar, and tea, World Bank website January 2006). Developed countries absorb 80 % of the value of world imports, with Japan, USA, and the EU being the principal destinations. Whilst LIFDC’s account for 20 % of fishery exports in value terms in 2002, the share of all developing countries combined in fishery exports was 49 % by value and 55 % by quantity. The net receipts of foreign exchange (i.e. export Minus import values) for fishery commodities by developing countries increased from US$4.0 billion in 1982 to US$17.4 billion in 2002, Vannuccini (2004).
Indian Marine Trade & Services
In India, till late seventies, the export of marine products mainly consisted of driedItems like dried fish, dried shrimp, shark fins and fish maws etc. However, later there was a
73
Decline in the export of dried marine products, and subsequently the exports of processedItems continued to make steady progress in marine trade. The markets for Indian marineFoods were initially confined to Singapore, Sri Lanka and Myanmar to a great extent. WhenFrozen and canned items figured increasingly in the export basket, USA, France, Canada,Japan and Australia became the important markets for Indian marine products. During1980’s canned items slowly disappeared and frozen items became the prominent ones inIndia’s seafood trade. India has the seventh largest capture fishery, and is second in importance in terms of aquaculture production. It is also a significant exporter, although per capita consumption of fish is low (5 kg per capita). The export of marine products grew to be one of the important item of India’s exports from a 40.4 US$ in 1970-71 to US$ 1320.5 mln. In 2003-04 accounting for approximately 2.08 % of the total export from India. In 2003-2004 it has a share of 17.83 % in total agricultural exports, Reserve Bank of India (2004).Indian seafood exports are less than the global average, with about 12 % of its total fish production (wet weight equivalent) entering world trade. As a share of the marine fish production it is about 25 % of the total marine fish production. India has a coastal populationOf 370 mln. People or 36 % of the country's total population, DOD (2002) and about 6.7 mln. People depend on fisheries for a livelihood, Government of India (2001). This includesRoughly 725, 000 full-time, and an equal number of part-time, fishermen engaged in fishingOperations and over one mln. People engaged in pre and post-harvest activities. While 48 %Of full-time fishermen are on the East Coast of India, 35 % are on the West Coast, and theRemaining 17 % are spread over other states and union territories. There are also about300,000 people employed directly in the shrimp aquaculture sector and about 700,000 peopleIn ancillary units, AAI (2002).
Evolution of Fish and Fishery Product Exports from India, 1960–2002
India is currently the fourth largest fish producer in the world after China, Peru andJapan. Marine products form a bulk of the exports of agricultural products. More than 3 % ofIndia’s exports are marine products. Although tariff levels have been reduced recently (froman average of 60% to 35%), these remain high even by the standards of other major AsianEconomies. From 1951 to 2003 India's fish production increased eight-fold from 7.52 lakhsTonnes in 1950-51 to 6.2 lakhs tonnes in 2002-2003, accounting for over 5 % (approx.) of the world’s total fish production, Directorate of Economics & Statistics (2004). In the realms of food
74
production, the rate of growth of Indian fish production is second only to that of wheat. Over 70 % of total fish production of India is sold fresh in the domestic market, about 11 % are dried or salted, and about 6 % are converted to fishmeal, Government of India (2001). The impact of the Uruguay Round Agreement on the Application of Sanitary andPhytosanitary (SPS) agreement and the agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)Adopted by WTO Members in 1995 is clearly depicted through the above figure.
Implications of WTO-GATS on India Marine IndustryThe exports of inland and marine capture fishery products are of integral importanceto government revenues and income and employment generation in India. Indian fishermanand fishery exporters face complex negotiations at the WTO-GATS level on tariffs andFishery subsidies and bilateral and regional negotiations with the EU in the formulation ofEconomic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and Fisheries Partnership Agreements (FPAs). InAddition, they need to comply with increased food safety standards. The impact of GATSand the implications on Indian marine trade & services are assessed in context of TariffMeasures, Non-tariff measures, Subsidies and Eco-labelling.
Market Access – Tariff MeasuresTariffs on fish and fishery products are generally quite higher in developing countriesposing problems to the development of international trade. After the completion of theUruguay round, the average weighted import tariffs on fish products were reduced to 4.5% inDeveloped countries, Lem (2004). Although this may seem quite low, the average hides anumber of very high tariffs for selected species and products (tariff peaks), as well as casesof tariff escalation where processed or value added fish products are subject to higher dutythan unprocessed fish. Tariffs on primary fish commodities have declined significantly indeveloped countries and have decreased even in the developing countries of Asia, wherethey were previously much higher than in developed countries.
Reductions in Average Tariffs for Fisheries Imports in Select Asian Countries
Country
Share of c.i.f value (percent)
Tariff before WTO Tariff after WTO
China 1991 47 2001 11-23
Thailand 1995 60 1999 5-30
Philippines 1994 10-60 2000 2-15
India 1993-94 60 2002-2003
35
Bangladesh 1991-92 59 2000- 28
75
2001
While average tariff levels have declined (See Table 2), it should be noted both thatMost fish trade is in processed products of some sort, and that developed countries generallymaintain higher tariff rates on processed fish commodities than on chilled fresh fish, a caseof “tariff escalation” shown in Table 3. Yet even the tariff rates for processed products arefairly low (compared with meat out of quota, for example), and it is not plausible that tariffsare or will be a major constraint on the growth of fish exports from developing countries.Import duties in developed country markets continue therefore to present a barrier toprocessing and economic development in the fishery industries in many developingCountries, and also to developed countries outside the large trade areas, for example Non-EUMembers .Tariff cuts on fish products would mean a reward to those who engage in economically ‘efficient’ mass exploitation and hasten the depletion of the ocean’s resources. Sustainable local suppliers would be forced out of their domestic market and the rape of the fisheries would intensify. Developed countries often have zero or relatively low levels of tariffs on fish, but there are cases of escalation with some peaks. EU rates are higher than in many developed countries i.e. on average are around 10%, but zero rates apply for ACP (African Caribbean and Pacific) and LDC states. As such the issue of concern to developing country exporters depends on their current exemption status and hence potential change in competitiveness arising from further liberalization (e.g. the extension of tariff exemptions toNon-ACP and LDC states which may radically alter competition in the supply of EUMarkets.
Tariff Escalation for Some Developed-Country Fisheries Imports
Product
Share of border c.i.f. value (percent)
European Union Japan
Conventional GSP MFN GSP
Skipjack
Fresh 22 0 3.5 3.5
Canned 24 0 9.6 6.4
Mackerel
Fresh 20 0 0 0
Processed 25 0 9.6 7.2
Scallops
Fresh 8 2.8 10 7.2
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Processed 20 7 9.6 7.2
Crabs/Lobsters
Fresh 10 8.2 7 7
Processed 20 7 6.7 6.7
The U.S. Seafood Regulation in December 1995 has mandated every processor and importer to comply with HACCP from December 1997. To ensure compliance with its food safety regulations, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) require importers to meet one of two conditions. First, importers may obtain seafood from countries with voluntary agreements with the FDA. These agreements may document that the countries’ seafood safety systems are equivalent to or in compliance with those of the U.S. Second, if these agreements do not exist, importers must have records demonstrating that foreign firms’ products entering the U.S. have been processed in accordance with U.S. HACCP requirements. Such records may include a copy of the foreign firms’ HACCP plan. EU requirements in this regard are more comprehensive than U.S. requirements. Implication of Tariff barriers for India: EU is India’s largest trading partner. According to the Indian Export Import Policy 2002-2007, all marine products with a few exceptions under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, can be exported free subject to pre-shipment quality inspection. 90% of Indian seafood exports comprise frozen fish, shrimp and cephalopod. The average tariff rate in Japan, the biggest Indian seafood market, is 4.1 %. US, the second biggest market for Indian seafood, has just a nominal 1 % tariff duty. EU, the third biggest importer, has an average tariff duty of 10.2 %, followed by China, the fourth biggest, which has a bound tariff rate of 18 %. The EU, Japan and the US extend preferential tariff treatment under Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) to Indian products including seafood. In general, tariff measures are not seen as a trade barrier by the Indian seafood industry to the US and Japanese markets. However, it is seen as a barrier to access some of the markets in developing countries, including China, as well as the EU market. India is still in List 1 of Annex 1 of the EC Decision 97/276/EC, amended by 99/136/EC, whereby all organizations exporting seafood to the EU require export-worthy certification of their processing facilities by an EU-nominated inspection agency. In the case of India, that agency is the Indian Export Inspection Council (EIC).
Market Access – Nontariff Measures
Non tariff measures include the SPS regulations and the growth in quality control regimes promoted particularly by the developed importing countries. The Uruguay Round Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement and the agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) adopted by WTO Members in 1995 have given a new direction to the international sea-food trade and services. These agreements are intended to ensure that requirements such as quality, labelling and methods of analysis applied to internationally traded goods are not misleading to the consumer or discriminate in favour of domestic producers or goods of different origin, Bostock . A key aspect has been the development of HACCP, which can impose significant costs from the viewpoint of the developing country supplier. SPS measures are unlikely to be relaxed and hence issues arise primarily in the form of mitigation and
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enhancement options. TBTs arise especially in the context of specification and labelling. Whilst the latter may assist in promoting (more) sustainable fishing practice they also again impose costs on producers. Areas such as eco-labelling are voluntary and there is scope for negotiation for those developing country suppliers wishing to participate. The SPS Agreement was set up to avoid sanitary standards being used as an unjustified barrier to trade by importing countries. There are several key principles including the sovereign right of a country to put protective measures in place, but these measures should not be more restrictive than necessary to achieve the appropriate level of protection. The Agreement stresses that SPS measures should be scientifically based as well as the importance of risk assessment in determining the appropriate levels of SPS measures. Of crucial importance are transparency in the development and implementation of measures and the adoption of international standards. The SPS Agreement gives status and legal force to the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The Codex Alimentarius (food code) was created in 1963 by FAO and WHO to develop food standards and guidelines and has become a global reference point for consumers, food producers and processors, national food control agencies and the international food trade. The SPS Agreement applies only to measures covering food safety, animal and plant life and human health. Other technical measures outside this area come within the scope of the TBT Agreement. The SPS and TBT Agreements are thus complementary and mutually reinforcing. The TBT Agreement tries to balance the trade facilitating aspects of standards against their trade distorting potential by obligating countries to ensure that technical regulations and standards, including packaging , marking and labelling requirements and procedures for assessment of conformity with technical regulations and standards, do not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade or discriminate in favour of domestic producers or goods of different origins. It does this by:
Encouraging “standard equivalence” between countries; promoting the use of international standards; and mandating that countries notify each other of changes in their standards via
Enquiry points.
The EU has been at the forefront in developing food safety standards and has had a profound influence on the development of the seafood export industry in developing economies. EU standards are enforced and regulated at the country level and thus a restriction of exports to the EU under the regulations affects all members of the export community. EU legislation for all food products has recently been brought under one directive and the scope has been extended to all aspects of the supply chain from "farm to fork". This legislation supersedes the individual commodity based directives. All the steps in the chain from primary producers (fishermen and aquaculture units) need to take on board, in a more structured manner, the principles of HACCP systems and other quality assurance needs thus broadening the scope of the competent authority in regulating the industry. The need to ensure that quality assurance measures are instituted prior to arrival at the processing factory gate poses a major challenge to export industries, particularly for the small-scale and Non-industrialized sectors of the industry. Of even greater concern is the fact that in order for the ‘farm fork’ principle to be seen to be working a system of traceability of products throughout the chain will need to be instituted, Bostock. Imports into the USA are regulated under the Federal Regulations, often referred to as 21 CFR 123. These regulations apply to domestically produced products and imports. They require that processors of fish and fishery products operate preventive control systems that incorporate the seven principles of
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HACCP. While new regulations with regard to quality control, such as HACCP, have been adopted by all major importing countries and made compulsory for their fish processing industries, one notable exception is Japan. While some firms in Japan have neither HACCP nor external suppliers. Standards for imports of fish and fishery products into Japan are governed by the legislation set out in the Food Sanitation Law and the Quarantine, Bostock .Implications of Non-tariff barriers for India: According to the Seafood Exporters Association of India (SEAI), since February 2002, there were several cases of rejection of Indian shrimp imports in the EU market on account of detecting traces of prohibited carcinogenic Antibiotics like nitrofuran and chloramphenicol as well as other bacterial inhibitors like Amino-glycosides and macrolides. Following the EU requirements, on 17 August 2001 India issued a notification specifying the limits for various antibiotics, pesticide and heavy metal residues in seafood products, ITN (2002). International Organization of Standardization(ISO) 9000 is recognized under the Export-Import Policy of Government of India. Firms, including seafood firms, enjoy certain privileges if they are ISO 9000 firms. Under the 1997-2002 Export-Import Policy, Government of India, exporters with ISO 9000 were givenSpecial Import License (SIL) up to 5 % of f.o.b. value. Certification against ISO 9000 is beginning to emerge as a major industry in India. There are many auditors with experience in assessment of quality management against ISO 9000, and the certifiers in India with the highest credibility in the international market are those under multinational companies.
Fishery Subsidies
There is considerable debate as to what fisheries subsidies actually are and what they include which complicates any discussion of their implications for markets, resources and livelihoods. World Bank (2004) defines fishery subsidies as “government actions or inactions that are specific to the fisheries industry and that modify – by increasing or decreasing – the potential profits by the industry in the short, medium or long-term”. The WTO’s definition of subsidies in the Agreement on SCM include: Specific financial transfers from state to the industry; The state foregoing normally collectable revenue (e.g. tax free fuel); Provision of services or investments to industry; State purchases of industry outputs other than on commercial terms and also includes all form of state income or price support. Subsidies can also be categorized in relation to the rights of members to make complaint and take action (countervailing measures) and can be Prohibited: export enhancing subsidies or subsidies giving preference to domestic producers or grants tied to the use of domestically produced goods; and Actionable: a subsidy that may be challenged on the basis of causing ‘adverse effects’ to the interests of other WTO members. Subsidies may occur in a wide range of fishery components especially on the catch side and indirectly via research and development or support to poor fishing communities. Key issues include perceived distortions that arise especially from EU subsidies (also Japan) with action by other developed (and some developing) country exporters seeking their reduction. There is also a widespread perception and/or concern amongst developing countries that subsidies facilitate the continued operation of excess capacity in long distance fishing fleets with adverse consequences for sustainability. These aspects have led to debates in a number of international forums. Ongoing scope for negotiation and change may have important implications for the management of common pool resources in the form of fish stocks. The Declaration of the fourth WTO
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Ministerial Conference (Doha, 2001) stipulates that “In the context of these negotiations, participants shall also aim to clarify and improve WTO disciplines on fisheries subsidies, taking into account the importance of this sector to developing countries”. As a result, several proposals from WTO members aiming to reduce fisheries subsidies were tabled, mostly attempting to reduce or eliminate those subsidies that increase fishing capacity, Lem (2004).Most of the literature on subsidies in fisheries focuses on marine capture fisheries rather than aquaculture. Study like that of the OECD (2003) presents a simple qualitative economic model which considers the effects of giving Government Financial Transfers (GFT) to fisheries and suggests that in the main where there is catch control or preferably effective fisheries management; government financial transfers have no effect on the total catch or the price of fish. A key theme of a study by MRAG (2000) is the interaction between context and subsidy. The study argues that bilateral access agreements are the kind of subsidy that have most impact on developing country coastal and island states. The study summarizes both the negative and positive impacts from the access agreements organized under three headings: biomass and stocks; economic and social. These impacts are very context specific and vary considerably in magnitude and are difficult to isolate from other factors affecting the sector. The role played by good fisheries management systems was highlighted in the case studies.The bulk of subsidies are aimed at offshore fisheries which are largely commercial requiring mechanized oceangoing vessels rather than coastal or inshore fisheries that are largely artisanal in nature. Some of these subsidies have implications for developing country fisheries and livelihoods of poor people. Transparency regarding subsidies is an issue: few members of the WTO have complied with their obligation to report subsidies. The political sensitivity of the subsidies issue is highlighted by the use of euphemisms for subsidy: e.g. ‘government financial transfers’ and ‘economic incentives’. There are also large inconsistencies in the data that is publicly available. There has been more attention in the literature on the trade effects of subsidies than their effects on sustainability. Most discussions of subsidies largely focus on the fisheries sectors in developed or middle-income countries. This is due both to their scale and the ease of access to data. Moreover, MRA stresses, subsidies on deep water fleets from developed countries “are likely to have a much greater impact”.Subsidies are also seen as a driving force in creating the overcapacity in the fishing industry which leads to over-fishing. According to World Bank estimates (as quoted in Milazzo, 1998) annual subsidies to the fisheries sector are of the order of US$14 billion to US$20 billion, whilst WWF (2005) estimates that fisheries subsidies amount to at least US$15 billion per annum. OECD (2005) states that “governments pay out some US$ 6 billion a year to support the fisheries sector in OECD countries” in order to help manage fish stocks, to modernize fishing fleets, and to assist communities and regions that can no longer make a living out of fishing to develop other economic activities. UNEP (2004) describes the dual impacts of fisheries subsidies on trade and the environment, whilst WWF (2005) states that “once a hidden problem, inappropriate subsidies are now widely recognized as contributing to the profound crisis of over fishing that threatens fish stocks and human welfare around the world”. According to the World Bank (2004), formal access of foreign vessels to fishing grounds within the EEZ of fish-rich countries is usually regulated under fishing agreements and many fishing agreements are heavily subsidized by industrial countries (e.g. the EU pays 83% of the license fee, the vessels themselves only 17%). The type of subsidy most frequently found in developing countries is in form of bilateral or multilateral development projects. However, there are some fishing subsidies in developing countries, for example: port facilities owned and managed by the public sector;
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subsidized lending and credit provision – in some cases in order to adopt new technology; sales tax exemptions for inputs used by the fishing industry; subsidized fishing inputs in the form of import tax exemptions. Implication of Subsidies for India: Within the framework of the SCM Agreement, only export subsidies are to be treated as prohibited ones. Even if we treat the entire annual budget of Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) as a prohibited subsidy, which may not be the case if we do a careful analysis of all their schemes, it amounts to less than half % of the annual seafood export value. Even though fisheries subsidies are small, from an overcapacity and over-fishing point of view, their role is to be better recognized in India. Fuel subsidies in terms of tax revenue foregone are extended in several Indian States to the fishing industry and it has become an important consideration for trawler operators to decide whether or not to undertake a particular fishing trip. Also, the criteria for subsidy schemes are often based on political, not legitimate social, considerations. In India, there are instances of misuse of subsidy schemes by fishermen themselves. The vessel owner would sell his fuel quota illegally in the open market and he would buy fuel for his fishing operation from the open market. The net benefit in such a transaction is in favour of the owner since the fuel quota is in his name, whereas the operational costs of fishing are collectively shared between the owner and crew. The owner thus privatizes his benefits by exclusively enjoying the proceeds of the sale of his fuel quota in the open market, and socializes his costs since running costs of a fishing operation, including costs of fuel, are shared among the owner/s and workers and treated as common expense. In this case, the owner of the fishing vessel is only partially bearing the burden of costs of fishing operation. Under the SCM Agreement perhaps the most important aspect to consider in relation to fisheries subsidies in the Indian context, arguably in developing countries in general is the revenue foregone rather than government financial transfer. Irrespective of the nature of the fisheries, whether or not targeting high-value-low-volume, or low-value-high volume fisheries, there are no fee either to enter the fishery or to access fisheries resources, both for the rich and poor fishers. A mechanism to generate revenue by taxing fish exports, or high value shrimp fisheries and aquaculture, should be considered. At least one or two % of the landed value of fisheries, based on ownership pattern of fishing assets, should be appropriated through user fees.In the light of recent changes in legal regimes for foreign investment in India, it is possible for excess fishing capacity in other countries to end up in the Indian EEZ. Vessel buyback schemes with the intent of reducing domestic fishing capacity (e.g. South Korea and Taiwan) could result in such fishing capacity ending up in Indian waters if subsidies are provided to vessel owners of distant water fishing nations to transfer their excess fishing capacity to Indian companies. They could effectively end up competing for the same fisheries resources with the domestic sector, mainly comprising fishing vessels below 20 m length. This can deny a level playing field to Indian fishing vessels and it could also give riseto fishing conflicts in the EEZ. There should also be protective measures within national legislation to prevent subsidized distant water fishing vessels from gaining unfair access to the national resources.
Eco-labelling
A number of fisheries related eco-labels already exist (e.g. Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Responsible Fisheries Society of the United States, Global Aquaculture Alliance) for labelling species that are judged to be sustainably fished. The objective of such ecolabeling programmes is to create market based incentives for better management of fisheries by creating consumer
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demand for seafood products from well managed Stocks or from sustainable aquaculture, Lem (ibid). The DDA also addressed labelling requirements for environmental purposes (i.e. eco-labels), in order to clarify the impact of eco-labelling on trade and examine whether WTO rules stand in the way of eco-labelling policies. While certification and labelling schemes may in some cases offer the opportunity of higher prices and access to niche markets, there are concerns (but little evidence) over the possible negative impacts on developing country producers (MacFadyen, 2004; Bostock et al, 2004). Although eco-labeled products are not yet prominent in any market, concerns are based around a number of issues, such as: Legitimacy and credibility; a mismatch between certification requirements and the reality of tropical small-scale fisheries and potential distortions to existing practices and livelihoods, Gardiner and Viswanathan, (2004). Implications of Eco-labelling for India: There are several concerns about ecolabeling in developing countries and specifically India. Firstly, there is fear of losing access to marketif eco-labeled fish and fish products gain greater preference in import markets. Secondly, there is worry about the affordability of costs associated with adjusting fisheries to comply with ecolabeling standards, and about costs of certification and chain of custody and whether or not the market, if they go for certification, can adequately compensate their higher costs.Thirdly, there is apprehension that fishers in the small-scale artisanal sector would lose their autonomy if they have to comply with standards that are developed and applied by external agencies to their fish exports without taking into account the specific aspects of their fisheries. Fourthly, there are doubts about the practicability of eco-labelling in multi-species, multi-gear fisheries since the unit of certification is the fishery in its entirety. Apart from the above, several concerns about the implications of voluntary ecolabeling for the artisanal and small-scale fisheries in developing countries have been expressed, particularly in the context of the ecolabeling programme in fisheries, viz., the MSC, which was established in 1997, ICSF (1998). In the history of MSC from 1997 to 2002, for example, there are no fisheries from developing countries that have been certified, although there are potential candidates for MSC certification from developing countries including a couple of village-specific crab, mackerel and sardine fisheries from Tuticorin in Tamilnadu.
Summary and Policy Implications
Over the last couple of decades the policy space available for the developing countries has shrunk dramatically. And if the developed countries have their way in the current NAMA negotiations, it will shrink over the next decade making economic development in the developing world all but impossible. The impact of the Doha and HK round related to fisheries is not confined to NAMA. Fish related products and fishery services are one of the ‘sectoral initiatives’ that would see the early elimination of tariffs. Perversely, tariff cuts on fish products would reward those who engage in economically ‘efficient mass exploitation and hasten the depletion of the ocean’s resources. How best the benefits of tariff reductions compare with the costs of non-tariff measures should be looked into in the context of small producers and exporters of seafood. Sustainable local suppliers would be forced out of their domestic market and the rape of the fisheries would intensify. India should also cross-link adoption of effective fisheries management and habitat protection measures in their national waters to greater access to the export market for durable goods such as textiles and garments in the US and EU markets, as suggested by Abrego. Eliminating bad subsidies and targeting good subsidies for fisheries management and human development should be adopted at a regional level to prevent good
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policy regime of one country from being undermined by the bad policy regime of another. Given the pattern of fish production and consumption in India, market access is an important consideration for Indian fishers and seafood exporters. Fishers certainly benefit from the export market because export varieties of fish generally command a higher price in India. Among the ETBs faced by seafood and shrimps from India pertain to the level of pesticides and antibiotics. Various antibiotics and chemicals like oxolinic acid and oxytetracyclines without any specified limit are totally banned. Consignments containing DDT, Aldrin and Heptachlor are bound to be rejected. The EU directive has also imposed process standards requiring hygiene during handling, processing and storage of marine products. US ban on Indian shrimp products was a unilateral restriction on environmental reasons. In 1996, US banned shrimps from entry unless harvested by aquaculture caught with turtle excluding devices, or by manual instead of mechanical means or in cold water.
Policy Implications
The livelihood of vast masses of poor people is threatened by the ongoing negotiations in NAMA, most importantly of those involved in fishing. Any drastic changes in tariff or other rules of market access will have direct consequences for them. TheGovernment must therefore give special consideration to this fact and any deliberation on NAMA must entail special discussions on the impact on employment and livelihood in such sectors. Unfortunately the Indian government has virtually accepted the contents of the earlier discredited as the basis for NAMA negotiations. The majority of WTO members in Cancun had rejected that historically, all late industrializes including the USA developed their industry behind high protection. The key issue concerning NAMA is that while developing countries protect their markets through higher tariffs, the main mode of protection for the developed countries is through non-tariff measures, particularly through the use of technical barriers. Such barriers in the developed countries are not being discussed simultaneously or with the same priority. Therefore a further reduction in tariffs as is being negotiated in NAMA will not lead to any greater market access for the developing countries including India but will certainly ensure greater market access for the developed countries. Any further steep reductions in tariffs on industrial products will accentuate the process of de-industrialization of fishing sector, which has already commenced with tough import competition being faced by many sectors in small and medium industries. Indian Government's mandate at such future negotiations must be comprehensively debated and decided by an explicit consensus to be evolved in the Parliament.
The major fishing companies in developed countries use massive factory ships to process their catch. Thus small countries, whose waters are the source of the fish gain do not benefit through jobs and development of local industry. The companies have been pressing their government to cure commitments on ‘services related to fisheries’ in the GATS negotiations that will entrench their control over processing of the resource and of its global marketing and prohibit the source countries from reasserting control over the benefits from the resource.
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Small-scale fishers in India point out that their problems arise from the open access regime for foreign trawlers, not from subsidies. From their perspective, blanket rules that prohibit subsidies would restrict the right of governments to support small fishers and protect the food security of coastal communities.
In lieu of meeting the costs of fisheries management, seafood exporters should demand a reduction in tariffs on Indian seafood imports in EU and Japanese markets, where the average tariffs are 10.2 % and 4.1 % respectively. EU and Japan are already in the process of rewarding better fisheries management regimes in their seafood import markets. A one percent tax on exports can fetch US$12 mln. per year at current levels of export revenue earnings, which could provide sufficient financial resources to introduce fisheries management measures. A verifiable environment management system, under the ISO 14000, can be adopted in marine fisheries and shrimp aquaculture to demonstrate effective fisheries and aquaculture management measures to the import markets. As long as fishmeal continues to be the main feed, and brood stock comes from the wild and post larvae are collected from the coastal waters, shrimp aquaculture should be treated as a subset of marine fisheries.
Some of the HACCP measures are difficult for small-scale beach-based fishers to meet and hence they will not be in a position to access the international market. Similarly, unless the State invests on behalf of the industry in expensive quality control measures, high compliance costs with seafood safety standards could push out small processors and exporters from business. How best the benefits of tariff reductions compare with the costs of non-tariff measures should be looked into in the context of small producers and exporters of seafood. Being a highly sensitive item from the health and environment point of view, compliance costs of the seafood industry are bound to be quite high in relation to other durable exports from developing countries. US lost the case at WTO when India and other affected countries challenged the ban. However, the ban since 1996 adversely affects the Indian shrimp exports.
Although there have been significant impacts on the fishing industry as a result of turtle protection measures there does not seem to be any significant impact on the exports of India as a result of MEAs. It is quite likely that, in future, MEAs might play a major role in the seafood exports of India if MEA obligations are to be met to maintain market access. In fact, fish trade is fast emerging as an area with potential conflicts between MEA obligations and trade rules.
In developing countries, the fisheries administration is fragmented, with responsibility divided among such an array of actors (In India, around 11 ministries across the central and state governments) that any sectoral coherence in policy is very difficult to secure. Similarly, there is usually no clear policy to address the problem of over-capacity. For instance, the State of Goa has 1128 registered trawlers and this is far above the saturation point compared to the fact that the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations following a
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study recommends 30 trawlers per 10 kilometres of coastline. Given that Goa has 105 kilometres of coastline the number of trawlers should have been around 315 but it has instead 1128 of them, Rodrigues (2005). A comprehensive central policy in this regards need to be immediately evolved.
India should start in earnest putting in place a fisheries management plan. Subsidies to the industry to adopt and implement such a plan should be defended as nonactionable subsidies. The EC position on non-actionable subsidies is also of relevance to developing countries like India since several of the proposed subsidies in this category can also be defended within the framework of special and differential treatment of developing countries.
Under Article 4 of Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, members are in the process of bilateral determination of the equivalence of SPS regulations and regulatory processes between importing and exporting nations. (While the international standards of US, EU and Japan are more an extension of their domestic standards, such standards in India are exclusively applied to its export market. India, for example, does not have any quality standard for seafood for its own domestic consumers and needs to establish the equivalent.
KEY FINDINGS AND HIGHLIGHTS
India has one of the largest merchant shipping fleet among the developing countries and is ranked 20th in the world. The fleet strength by the end of December, 2007 was 850 vessels with 9.03 million gross Registered Tonnage(GRT) The coastline of India is punctuated with 12 major ports: Kolkata, Chennai, Cochin, Ennore, Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), Kandla, Mormugao, Mumbai, New Mangalore, Paradip, Tuticorin and Vishakhapatnam. - All major ports together have handled total 519.16 million tonnes of cargo in 2007-08, registering growth of 11.94% as compared to 463.77 million tonnes during 2006-07. The Shipping Corporation of India Limited (SCI) is the largest shipping company in India with a significant presence on the global maritime map. It is the country’s premier shipping line owning 79 vessels, with 2.73 million GRT and 4.76 million DWT as on December 31, 2007 and has a share of about 30.2% of the total Indian tonnage. India’s total cargo traffic by all ports is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.96% during 2007-08 to 2011-12, out of which non-major ports would grow at a CAGR of 12.58% and major ports would grow at a CAGR of 10.32%.
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HANDICRAFTS
STATUS OF HANDICRAFTS INDUSTRY IN INDIA
The roots of Indian art and crafts are entrenched very deep and they are capable of influencing the generations passing by. The present status of craft in India owes much to the rich craft traditions of the past. Most of the crafts from the past continue to flourish due to their utilitarian nature, their availability to the common people, and popularity in domestic and foreign markets. India is one of the important suppliers of handicrafts to the world market. The Indian Handicrafts Industry is highly labor intensive cottage based industry and decentralized, being spread all over the country in rural and urban areas. Numerous artisans are engaged in crafts work on part-time basis. The industry provides employment to over six million artisans (including those in carpet trade), which include a large number of women and people belonging to the weaker sections of the society.In addition to the high potential for employment, the sector is economically important from the point of low capital investment, high ratio of value addition, and high potential for export and foreign exchange earnings for the country. Although exports of handicrafts appear to be sizeable, India’s share in world imports is miniscule. It is a sector that is still not completely explored from the point of view of hidden potential areas. India, a country with 26 states and 18 languages and more than 1500 dialects offers an enormous range of handicrafts from each of the states.There is a great demand for rich brocades and zari work. The repertoire of saris ranges from Banarsi Amru, Tanchoi from Surat, Paithani, Patola, and Kancheevaram to the cotton saris from the tribal regions of Bihar and Madhya Pradesh etc, to
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enchant the modern Indian woman. There is a profusion of materials available to the consumers these days. One can get a variety of garments made of different silks and mixed fabrics.
Richly embroidered garments, woven shawls and household items are in vogue these days. Mainly craftsmen from Kashmir, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, North Eastern states etc create these products. There is a flourishing market for pherans and tablecloths from Kashmir. Woolen shawls from Himachal and North Eastern states too are popular.Products like bed sheets, table mats, napkins, household furnishings etc made out using the various styles of textile printing ranging from tie and dye, block printing, hand printing etc are in great demand now a days.
India has an obsession with gems and jewelry since ancient times when India was referred to as the 'golden bird'. This obsession is strong till date and India has become the largest importer of gold in the world. A variety of local jewelry traditions (of different states) are present in India with the modern day gem and diamond cutting and polishing industry. The present day jewelry tradition of India is a fine example of assimilation between traditional and modern designs and techniques.
The increasing demand for Indian jewelry and gems has made this craft tradition into a full-fledged large scale organized industry, which is growing by the day. Gems and semi precious stones are not only used in making jewelry, but for medicinal purposes. People wear them under the prescription of astrologers, as it is strongly believed in India that Gems and semi precious stones, affect ones future and destiny.
Carpet weaving industry is the largest export oriented craft industry from India. Not only there is a great demand for costly silk carpets from Kashmir, which has become the status symbol in traditional Indian homes, but there is also demand for woolen and non-woolen carpets. A variety of floorings and traditional durries are flooding the markets these days and decorating the floors of Indian homes.
There is a huge domestic market for a hoard of utilitarian craft items such as bedcovers, sheets, cushions, curtains, tablemats, bags, metal furniture, mats, boxes, cabinets, wood furniture, toys, utensils, garden pots, terracotta items, brass and silverware, leather products, papier-mâché products, cane, jute and coir items, carpets, rugs, durries etc. Most of the units producing utilitarian craft items have attained the status of small-scale industry.
The demand for decorative items such as traditional wall hangings, silver cutlery, brass pots, embellished wooden sculptures, marble and wood inlay work, silk carpets, wrought iron furniture and decorative pieces, traditional paintings, enameled furniture, stone and wood carvings, metal, wood and stone sculptures etc is also on the rise in India and abroad.The popularity of these handicraft products is increasing in the domestic markets due to the increasing demand for traditional goods.
Although each crafts pockets has its particular problems, a few selected craft pockets are identified based on their past performance for immediate remedial attention to stimulate a quantum in exports of handicrafts in the coming years.
Moradabad(UP) : For Artmetalwares and imitation jewellery Saharanpur (UP) : For Wooden handicrafts& Wrought iron handicraftsJodhpur (Raj.) : For Wooden, Wrought Iron and Sea Shell handicraftsNarsapur (A.P.) : For Lace and Lace goods
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TRADE POLICY
Handicraft items fall under the ITC (HS) code 97. Paintings, drawings and paintings, domestic articles of wood etc. which come under 9701, original engravings falling under 9702, original sculptures categorized under 9703 and items under the code 9704 are freely importable. Imports of items in 9705 are restricted
MAJOR PRODUCT CENTERS FOR SELECTED HANDICRAFTS OF INDIA
Artmetalware: Moradabad, Sambhal, Aligarh, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Delhi, Rewari, Thanjavur, Madras, Mandap, Bidar, Kerala & Jagadhari, Jaisalmer
Wooden Art wares: Saharanpur, Nagina, Hoshiarpor, Srinagar, Amritsar, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jagdalpur, Bangalore, Mysore, Chennapatna, Madras, Kerala & Behrampur (WB)
Hand printed Textiles & Scarves: Amroha, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Farrukhabad, Sagru & Sanganer
Embroidered goods: Kutch (Gujarat), Jaisalmer, Baroda, Lucknow, Jodhpur, Agra, Amritsar, Kullu, Dharmshala / Chamba & Srinagar
Marble & Soft Stone Crafts: Agra, Madras, Baster, Jodhpur
Paper Machine Crafts: Kashmir, Jaipur
Terracotta: Agra, Madras, Baster, Jodhpur
Zari & Zari Goods: Rajasthan, Madras, Baster
Imitation Jewellery: Delhi, Moradabad, Sambhal, Jaipur, Kohima (Tribal)
Artistic Leather Goods: lndore, Kolhapur, Shanti Niketan (WB)
INDIAN HANDICRAFTS EXPORT
Indian Handicrafts Export is one of the most important sources of revenue in the country. India is known to be the largest exporter of handicraft items among all other developing countries.
The handicraft industry of India has ensured opportunities to more than six million craftsmen including females who can utilize their talents to earn a proper livelihood. Indian handicraft industry comprises of both men and women workers, which has led to a flourishing economy in these weaker sections of the country. The revenue generated from the exporting of handicraft items in India during 1998-99 was USD 1.2 billion. The export production of Indian handicrafts industry is highly significant due to:
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Low capital investment High ratio of value addition Potentially active for export and foreign exchange income
India has a very less amount of shares in the global market, as the handicrafts sector has not yet been sincerely explored so as to bring out the hidden potentiality within the artisans. The major states in India that are involved in exportation of handicraft items include Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, North Western state of Rajasthan, and the coastal state of Gujarat. The two broad sections in Indian handicraft items are:
Consumer goods for daily use Decorative items manufactured by the skilled craftsmen
The Indian handicrafts industry exports the following products by and large:
Cloth Paintings Design & Development Floor Paintings Handmade Paper Kashmiri Paintings Pottery
The various handicraft items that are exported worldwide include the following:
Textile based handicrafts- the hand printed textile designs include block and screen painting, kalamkari, batik, and bandhanis. These materials are widely used in bed-covers, bed-sheets, upholstery, dress materials, and tapestry.
Clay, Metal and Jewelry- the chief metals used for handicraft items include brass, copper, bronze, and bell metal. These are used for manufacturing various wares, which are carved out in multifarious designs both traditional and contemporary.
Woodwork- Toys, furniture, decorative items, and other articles are carved out of wood in multi-faceted designs and are also available in a wide range. Lacquered woodwork is quite eminent in Indian handicrafts industry.
Stone Craft- Various handicraft items in India are manufactured in stones. Marble, alabaster, and soapstone are used as the primary materials for these products. These stone crafts are then adorned with semiprecious stones.
Glass and Ceramic- the artistic crafts of glass and ceramic are found in varied range of designs, which are a perfect blend of the Western style and Indian aesthetics. These products are available in various shapes and colors.
Indian Handicrafts Export is performing best in the following segments:
Jodhpur (Raj)- Wooden, Wrought Iron and Sea Shell handicrafts
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Moradabad (UP)- Art metal wares and imitation jewelry Narsapur (A.P)- Lace and Lace goods Saharanpur (UP)- For Wooden handicrafts and Wrought iron handicrafts
The major clients of Indian Handicrafts Export are as follows:
Shawls and Art wares have got their markets in Saudi Arabia, U.S.A. Japan and U.K Hand printed textiles and scarves have occupied a market in U.S.A., U.K., Germany and
Canada Art Metal wares have their markets in U.S.A., Germany, U.K. and Italy Imitation Jewelries are highly consumable in U.S.A., U.K., Saudi Arabia and Germany Wood Wares are widely popular in U.S.A., U.K., Germany and France Zari and Zari goods have found markets in U.K. U.S.A., Japan and Saudi Arabia Embroidered and Crocheted Goods have occupied a huge market in U.S.A., Saudi
Arabia, U.K., and Germany Miscellaneous handicrafts have markets in U.S.A., Germany, U.K. and France
India's Exports of Handicrafts by Major Items(excl. carpets)
SI.No Product 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-20031 Artware of Aluminum 44.996 26.0128 47.8835
2Artware of Copper,Brass,Bronze & Silver Alloys
300.3095 237.3776 336.0513
3 Bidriware 1.2727 1.3457 1.41094 Carpets, numdhas, etc. as artware 6.3683 2.2596 2.53545 Carpets,Rugs,Tapestries etc 3.821 1.6044 2.2075
6Carving Sets As Artware(other than Precious)
0.4451 0.3027 0.2472
7 Doll and Toys As Artware 0.1686 0.2448 0.47348 Embroidery As Artware 5.9859 2.6728 4.45019 Handicrafts 669.185 547.6794 782.141410 Hornware As Artware 2.0662 2.312 2.783611 Inlaid With Ivory, Metal etc. 0.0784 0.1688 0.512712 Ivory Manufactures As Artware 0.0843 0.1896 0.102713 Lacquered Wooden Ware 0.4766 0.235 0.10214 Leather Goods As Artware 4.5827 5.0877 5.821115 Namdas 2.5473 0.6552 0.327916 Nirmal Ware 0.018 0.0409 0.005717 Other Decorative Articles of Jute 2.0417 1.6034 0.994818 Other handicraft goods, as artware. 512.469 414.1183 616.421219 Other As Artware 146.5394 132.8542 211.726420 Others 80.4916 84.0688 123.745321 Paper Mache Articles As Artware 1.472 1.2376 1.5253
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22 Pottery Artware 1.2541 1.4937 1.517423 Scrvs & Similar Articles of Silk 0.3671 0.1198 0.223224 Scrvs & Similar Articles of Wool 0.216 0.7047 0.634825 Shawls of Silk 0.7632 0.4697 0.675226 Shawls of Wool 2.1297 2.338 1.3832
27Shawls, scarves and similar articles of silk and wool as artware
3.4761 3.6322 2.9164
28Stone Work(Albstr,Marble,etc)As Artware
33.0523 23.7409 19.2579
29 Wall Hangings/Wall Plaquers of Jute 1.2327 1.343 1.427730 Wood work as artware 110.9678 102.7041 139.893
31Wood Work of Rose Wood (incl. Carving)
16.5707 10.7919 8.1272
32Wood Work of Sandal Wood (incl. Carving)
1.8719 0.517 1.7497
33Wood Work of Sheesham Wood(incl. Carving)
8.6789 6.1278 5.2243
34Wood Work of Walnut Wood (incl. Carving)
2.7996 0.7948 0.4317
35 Zari goods as artware 2.8515 1.2242 1.117536 Zari Goods, Imitation 2.5084 1.0165 1.035837 Zari Goods, Real 0.3431 0.2077 0.0817Currency: US $ Million Source: DGCIS
India is exporting around 40 items of handicrafts, whose percentage of exports is increasing year by year respectively.
INDIA'S COUNTRY WISE EXPORTS
SI.No Product 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003
1 Albania 0.0476 0.0003 0.0264
2 Algeria 0.3481 0.1428 0.26533 Angola 0.0213 0.0057 0.07064 Argentina 1.1218 0.7347 0.17415 Armenia 0.02726 Australia 11.2893 10.5568 11.95497 Austria 1.4684 1.2671 1.21598 Azerbaijan 0.1867 0.2683 0.00999 Bahrain 1.005810 Bangladesh 0.3012 0.3239 0.324911 Belarus 0.0001 0.00712 Belgium 9.0019 9.5755 14.5125
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13 Benin 0.0187 0.023714 Bhutan 0.0088 0.0459 0.000215 Bolivia 0.0108 0.0146 0.117916 Bosnia & Herzegovina 0.0005 0.000517 Botswana 0.0214 0.0455 0.021318 Brazil 0.9471 0.8573 0.979319 Bulgaria 0.0425 0.075 0.066120 Burkina Faso 0.0145 0.046421 Burundi 0.0173 0.0003 0.029722 Cambodia 0.001 0.0353 0.001723 Cameroon 0.0192 0.0105 0.026324 Canada 15.2344 12.8124 17.655425 Chad 0.0279 0 26 Chile 2.4082 1.5293 1.087927 China 1.8449 1.5577 3.249228 Colombia 0.3479 0.402 0.360329 Congo Rep 0.1444 0.1116 0.12330 Costa Rica 0.1117 0.1886 0.143731 Croatia 0.0436 0.0839 0.037332 Cuba 0.018 0.0128 0.003433 Czech Rep. 0.7584 0.441 4.320434 Denmark 10.011 5.5817 11.520835 Dominican Rep. 0.1216 0.1038 0.046536 Ecuador 0.0686 0.2886 0.142137 Egypt 0.1932 0.7184 0.392938 El Salvador 0.0074 0.0016 0.018839 Estonia 0.0103 0.033 0.005940 Ethiopia 0.391341 Finland 1.4499 0.9708 1.966142 France 31.013 29.4103 37.534143 Gabon 0.0094 0.174644 Guatemala 0.0132 0.0048 0.024745 Georgia 0.0493 0.0223 0.019146 Germany 37.554 30.4357 47.258547 Ghana 0.0545 0.1126 0.23848 Greece 4.4266 4.6484 8.006849 Guinea-Bassau 0.064 0.002150 Haiti 0.0014 0.0009 0.022151 Honduras 0.0006 0.0752 Hong Kong 4.1806 2.3241 2.502753 Hungary 0.4203 0.3918 0.56754 India
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55 Indonesia 0.4126 0.6598 0.739456 Iran 0.3776 0.4719 0.835757 Iraq 0.2522 0.0809 0.00458 Ireland 1.8416 1.2183 1.892659 Israel 6.5798 5.2333 4.508860 Italy 27.9376 19.89 24.053661 Ivory Coast 0.0313 0.036 0.006162 Jamaica 0.0275 0.0267 0.003163 Japan 11.3249 11.2172 12.240764 Jordan 0.4 0.3818 0.639565 Kazakhstan 0.4205 0.1003 0.118966 Kenya 0.4118 0.5344 1.271667 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 4.8315 5.8023 8.434668 Kuwait 1.4898 1.3933 1.954669 Kyrgyz Rep. 0.4702 0.3573 0.353670 Lao P D R 0.0082 71 Latvia 0.0256 0.0771 0.044172 Lebanon 0.5694 0.6612 0.751473 Lesotho 0.0055 74 Libya 0.0015 0.0427 0.048675 Lithuania 0.071 0.0726 0.094676 Luxembourg 0.0448 0.0664 77 Madagascar 0.0095 0.0278 0.088878 Malawi 0.0382 0.073 0.069879 Malaysia 2.4922 2.5981 3.118580 Maldives 0.0425 0.4731 0.116581 Mali 0.0023 0.0191 0.013182 Mauritius 1.111383 Mexico 1.5031 1.2157 1.217384 Moldova 0.002885 Morocco 86 Mozambique 0.0472 0.0015 0.071787 Namibia 0.0006 0.0001 0.002388 Nepal 0.3068 0.205 0.261289 Netherlands 29.243 25.8394 37.316490 New Zealand 2.176 2.6102 1.532891 Nicaragua 0.0182 0.0078 0.002192 Nigeria 0.6969 0.7392 0.671693 Norway 3.7595 2.258 3.7594 Oman 2.1622 2.2903 2.477495 Pakistan 0.0502 0.1954 0.061196 Panama 0.0792 0.3229 0.3918
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97 Papua New Guinea 0.0012 0.016 0.017398 Paraguay 0.0053 0.1113 0.019399 Peru 0.1906 0.1309 0.1515100 Philippines 0.6124 0.5646 0.3496101 Poland 1.5123 0.988 1.2334102 Portugal 2.3708 2.1359 4.0005103 Puerto Rico 0.0387 0.0132 0.0668104 Republic of Korea 1.2363 1.2664 1.2472105 Romania 0.2481 0.1558 0.2227106 Russia 2.8932 1.8073 2.2682107 Rwanda 0.0208108 Senegal 0.0334 0.0481 0.03109 Singapore 3.4346 3.9252 4.7473110 Slovak Republic 245.9932 248.842 111 Slovenia 0.0748 0.1858 0.2401112 South Africa 3.9682 3.4547 5.2272113 Spain 21.8287 19.0162 30.4608114 Srilanka 1.5123 1.4411 1.14115 Sudan 0.1709 0.1952 0.2306116 Sweden 6.1843 4.5337 6.9689117 Switzerland 2.7547 2.6746 4.0621118 Syria Arab Rep. 0.1095 0.4074 0.2766119 Taiwan 1.2094 1.2375 0.9616120 Tajikistan 0.0171 0.0265 0.0448121 Tanzania 0.3656 0.3126 0.3519122 Thailand 0.6845 1.3595 1.614123 Togo 0.0398 0.0097 0.0035124 Trinidad & Tobago 0.1807 0.2402 0.2843125 Tunisia 0.4545 0.3048 0.2043126 Turkey 0.5891 0.7913 1.4939127 Turkmenistan 0.0322 0.0932 0.1353128 U K 61.6174 56.1987 79.1673129 Uganda 0.0946 0.1195 0.2608130 Ukraine 0.3216 0.1803 0.0954131 United Arab Emirates 14.6376 12.205 20.9196132 Uruguay 0.2161 0.1417 0.0253133 USA 294.8517 219.176 324.6047134 Uzbekistan 0.3619 0.1939 0.1218135 Venezuela 1.1523 0.7436 0.8946136 Vietnam 0.278 0.2724 0.1392137 Yemen Arab Rep. 0.3741 0.5225 0.5567138 Yugoslavia 0.1048 0.1146
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139 Zambia 0.0957 0.0992 0.0579140 Zimbabwe 0.0447 0.0794 0.0787Currency: US $ Million Source: DGCIS
Indian Handicrafts industry has great growth perspective as it can export to all the countries of the globe as the today’s scenario of business is global.
INDIA'S CUMULATIVE EXPORT
SI.No ProductApril'2002 - August'2002
1 Art ware of Aluminum 16.9873
2Art ware of Copper, Brass, Bronze & Silver Alloys
142.0969
3 Bidriware 0.5978 4 Carpets, numdhas, etc. as art ware 1.0207 5 Carpets, Rugs, Tapestries etc 0.8303
6Carving Sets As Art ware(other than Precious)
0.144
7 Doll and Toys, As Art ware 0.0842 8 Embroidery, As Art ware 1.728 9 Handicrafts 320.5616 10 Horn ware As Art ware 1.3027 11 Inlaid With Ivory, Metal, etc. 0.0463 12 Ivory Manufactures, As Art ware 0.061 13 Lacquered Wooden Ware 0.0558 14 Leather Goods, As Art ware 2.3498 15 Namdas 0.1904 16 Nirmal Ware 0.0057 17 Other Decorative Articles of Jute 0.541 18 Other handicraft goods, as art ware. 253.8943 19 Other, As Art ware 86.0599 20 Others 49.0565 21 Paper Mache Articles, As Art ware 0.6338 22 Pottery Art ware 0.7593 23 Scrvs & Similar Articles of Silk 0.0371 24 Scrvs & Similar Articles of Wool 0.1196 25 Shawls of Silk 0.295 26 Shawls of Wool 0.5702
27Shawls, scarves and similar articles of silk and wool as art ware
1.0219
28 Stone Work(Albstr,Marble,etc)As Art 7.7324
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ware29 Wall Hangings/Wall Plaquers of Jute 0.5484 30 Wood work as art ware 56.2957
31Wood Work of Rose Wood (incl. Carving)
3.8305
32Wood Work of Sandal Wood (incl. Carving)
0.949
33Wood Work of Sheesham Wood(incl. Carving)
2.0248
34Wood Work of Walnut Wood (incl. Carving)
0.3329
35 Zari goods as art ware 0.5966 36 Zari Goods, Imitation 0.573 37 Zari Goods, Real 0.0236 Currency: US $ Million Source: DGCIS
These statistics show the percentage of each handicraft item exported to the international markets and gives us a clear idea of how the business is and what further can be done.
COUNTRY-WISE EXPORTS OF HANDICRAFTS
The major buyers for handicrafts (other than carpets) are as under:
Art Metal wares : U.S.A., Germany, U.K. & Italy Wood Wares : U.S.A., U.K., Germany & France Hand Printed & Textiles & Scarves : U.S.A., U.K. , Germany & Canada Embroidered & Crocheted Goods : U.S.A., Saudi Arabia, U.K., Germany Shawls as Art wares : Saudi Arabia, U.S.A. Japan & U.K Zari & Zari goods : U.K. U.S.A., Japan & Saudi Arabia Imitation Jewellery : U.S.A., U.K., Saudi Arabia & Germany Miscellaneous Handicrafts : U.S.A., Germany, U.K. & France
HANDICRAFTS INDUSTRY IN ANDHRAPRADESH
Handicrafts have always been a remarkable feature of Indian art and crafts. Andhra Pradesh is yet another great site offering ample astounding handicrafts. The artisans still make these extraordinary handicrafts with dexterity. Whether it is needle craft or bronze castings, metal craft or stone craft, Andhra Pradesh has a wide array of handicrafts that can become a part of your lifestyle. The eminence of these handicrafts lies in their traditional method of creation. These handicrafts are loved and adored not only by Indians, but people from all parts of the world. Many inhabitants of the state still rely on the handicraft industry. Scroll down to get more
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information about the famous handicrafts of Andhra Pradesh. Banjara Needle Crafts:
Banjara Needle CraftsThe embroidery and mirror work, created by the 'Banjaras' (Gypsies) on fabrics, have become the part of each person's wardrobe in India. These people employ their dexterity in needle craft and create incredible designs on clothes. This work of art is known for its intricate and colorful designs.
Budithi BrasswareIn Srikakulam district, Budithi is a small village that is known for its astonishing brassware. The items carved out of alloys range from traditional to modern ones. The exclusive art articulates in the form of traditional utensils and contemporary pots. Brass is commonly used to make the objects. These objects are adorned with geometric patterns and floral designs.
Durgi Stone CraftDurgi is a small town, located at a distance of 10 km from Macherla. The traditional skill of making sculptures is still practiced and taught at the School of Sculpture and Stone Carving situated here. From generation to generation, these skills have been passed and the ancient methods are still observed to create the masterpieces of art.
Veena Manufacturing'Veena' is the one amongst the oldest musical instruments of India. No composition of Carnatic music is complete without the cadence of this instrument. Bobbili town is much acclaimed for manufacturing Veena. The instruments made here are known for their fullness of tone. Moreover, they are available in different designs and patterns.
Bidri CraftBidri craft is another craft that serves as the pride of Andhra Pradesh. This unique art of silver inlay on metal has always been enthralling people with its lure. The historical events reveal that this craft was brought by Iran migrants to India. The artisans practiced this art and brought it on the world wide panorama. In the present day, Bidri craft has been customized to produce cufflinks, name plates and many more things.
Dokra Metal CraftsDokra Metal craft is quite prevalent in the tribal regions of Andhra Pradesh. In Adilabad district, the places like Chittalbori and Ushegaon are the main promoters of this art. The notable fact about Dokra craft is that each piece is different from the other. All the objects are created niftily by hand, boasting of individualistic touch. Dokra craft produces objects like figurines, horses, drummers, atypical spoons and tribal Gods.
Nirmal Arts
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Nirmal town of Adilabad district is known for its wide range of handicrafts. The skilled craftsmen make the objects appear authentic with their brilliant use of colors and traditional techniques of creating objects. The colors are extracted from the natural dyes. The popular 'Moghul' miniatures are made on 'Ponniki', which is a soft white wood. It is further strengthened with coatings of tamarind seed paste, fine muslin and pipe clay.
Bronze CastingsAndhra Pradesh has been known world-wide for its amazing Bronze castings. These castings require special skills to create incredible idols. The craftsmen are required to study details of the 'Shilpashastra'. The aesthetics of the idols are made by their physical measurements, proportions, description of the deity, characteristics and symbolism. While exercising solid casting of icons, the mould is prepared by several coatings of different clay on a finished wax model. This process provides the fine curves to the cast-image.
Kondapalli ToysKondapalli toys are famous for being eco-friendly and different from others. Made out of softwood, known as 'Tella Poniki', the toys of Kondapalli utilize sawdust, tamarind seed powder, enamel gums and watercolors in their creation. As and when a toy is carved out from wood, it is further shaped with a paste made of tamarind, wood and sawdust. After the whole process, 'Sudda' (white lime) is applied on the toy and then, it is left for a day or two to dry. Subsequently, the artists paint the toys in different colors, indicating the character of the image.
Lacquer WareIn Andhra Pradesh, Etikoppaka is famous for its amazing lacquer ware. This craft involves application of lacquer on wood. Lacquering could be done either by hand or machine. The hand-lathe is preferred to shape delicate items. The lac is applied when the objects get arid. In this process, the lacstick is hard-pressed against the woodenware meant to be lacquered. Since the object keeps on revolving, the friction generates heat, which softens the lac and facilitates the color to get stick. With the help of brush, designs are painted on the figures, objects and toys. The lac bangle is the most popular lacquer ware that also comes embellished with stones, beads, glass and mirrors.
EXPORT PROSPECTS
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The rising import demand of handicrafts at an annual rate of 15 percent, indicate that the world market for handicrafts in the near future would be sizeable. Certain factors like strong preference for genuine handmade artistic products (handicrafts), lack of interest in similar machine made substitutes and demand for ethnic handicrafts, further substantiate the grounds for increase in world demand.
India, though being one of the major producers and suppliers of handicrafts to the world market, holds a miniscule share of 3 percent of the world imports. Despite the existence of a fairly large production base and a large number of craftsmen, India has not been able to take due advantage of the growing overseas markets for handicrafts.
Some of the reasons attributed to the lower share are:
The Production and supply of handicrafts have continued to be inadequate and erratic. The quality and finish are not up to the mark. The price standard is not maintained. The product development and improvement is not well conceived and adopted. Major Distribution Channels which are used by other countries such as: Wholesalers Importers/distributors Commission agents/sales representative Department stores Mail-order Internet sales Tele-shopping should be introduced into the industry to enhance the growth and sales of
the industry at the domestic as well as international markets.
Similar is the case of Andhra Pradesh which has a large production base of handicrafts supported by an equally large number of artisans. However, some of the items like crochet lace goods, art metal wares (especially Bidri wares) and wood wares, because of their unique artistic and aesthetic values have found favour in the overseas markets, but the share of the State in all-India exports of handicrafts was reckoned at less than one per cent during 2002-03.
Considering the adequate production potential, the prospectus for export of handicrafts from the state appears to be bright provided corrective measures as suggested above are taken by various agencies at central, state and industry levels.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE INDIAN HANDICRAFTS INDUSTRY
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STRENGTHS
Abundant and cheap labour hence can compete on price Low capital investment and high ratio of value addition Aesthetic and functional qualities Wrapped in mist of antiquity Handmade and hence has few competitors Variety of products which are unique Exporters willing to handle small orders Increasing emphasis on product development and design up gradation
WEAKNESSES
Inconsistent quality Inadequate market study and marketing strategy Lack of adequate infrastructure and communication facilities Capacity to handle limited orders Untimely delivery schedule Unawareness of international standards by many players in the market
OPPORTUNITIES
Rising appreciation for handicrafts by consumers in the developed countries Widespread novelty seeking Large discretionary income at disposal of consumer from developed countries Growth in search made by retail chains in major importing countries for suitable products
and reliable suppliers. Opportunities for agencies to promote marketing activities Use of e-commerce in direct marketing
THREATS
Better quality products produced by competitors from Europe, South Africa, South Asia, etc. Better terms of trade by competing countries Consistent quality and increasing focus on R&D by competing countries Better packaging Stricter international standards
IT SECTOR
THE GLOBAL SCENARIO OF IT INDUSTRY:
Denmark and Sweden once again lead the rankings of The Global Information Technology Report
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2008-2009, released for the eighth consecutive year by the World Economic Forum. The United States follows suit, up one position from last year, thus confirming it’s pre-eminence in networked readiness in the current times of economic slowdown. Singapore (4), Switzerland (5) and the other Nordic countries together with the Netherlands and Canada complete the top 10.The Report underlines that good education fundamentals and high levels of technological readiness and innovation are essential engines of growth needed to overcome the current economic crisis. Under the theme “Mobility in a Networked World”, this year’s Report places a particular focus on the relationship and interrelations between mobility and ICT.
With record coverage of 134 economies worldwide, the Report remains the world’s most comprehensive and authoritative international assessment of the impact of ICT on the development process and the competitiveness of nations.
The Report is produced by the World Economic Forum in cooperation with INSEAD, the leading international business school, and is sponsored by Cisco Systems.
RANKINGS IN FULL
Rank 12345678910
Country Denmark Sweden USA Singapore Switzerland
Finland Iceland Norway Netherlands Canada
Score 5.855.845.685.675.585.535.505.495.485.41
IN 2008 IN ASIA-PACIFIC
Internet penetration ranges from below 1% in economies like Timor-Leste, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao P.D.R. and Nepal, to above 65% in Japan, Republic of Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
During 2006, India was the top country to add an average of 6.3 million new mobile subscribers every month. However China represents almost 43% of the entire Asia-Pacific mobile market in terms of subscriber numbers. The domestic penetration in China still hovers at around 35%.
India has overtaken China in terms of mobile growth rates. India has growth rates of 91% per annum since 2001. With just total mobile penetration rates of over 14%, potential for growth is
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enormous.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
The Indian Information Technology industry accounts for a 7% of the country's GDP and export earnings as of 2008, while providing employment to a significant number of its tertiary sector workforce. In March 2009, annual revenues from outsourcing operations in India amounted to US$60 billion and this is expected to increase to US$225 billion by 2020. The most prominent IT hubs are IT capital Bangalore and presently growing Chennai. The other emerging destinations are Hyderabad, Pune, Delhi, Coimbatore and Kolkata. Technically proficient immigrants from India sought jobs in the western world from the 1950s onwards as India's education system produced more engineers than its industry could absorb. However, there are severe skills shortage among engineers, especially who lack in soft skill and technical skill, as a result engineering graduates remain unemployed after being pass out from college or university. India's growing stature in the information age enabled it to form close ties with both the United States of America and the European Union.
Out of 400,000 engineers produced per year in the country, 100,000 possessed both technical competency and English language skills, although 10% of India's population can speak in English out of 100. India developed a number of outsourcing companies specializing in customer support via Internet or telephone connections. By 2009, India also has a total of 37,160,000 telephone lines in use, a total of 506,040,000 mobile phone connections, a total of 81,000,000 Internet users—comprising 7.0% of the country's population, and 7,570,000 people in the country have access to broadband Internet— making it the 12th largest country in the world in terms of broadband Internet users. Total fixed-line and wireless subscribers reached 543.20 million as of November, 2009.
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INDIA'S IT INDUSTRY (USD BN) [SOURCE:NASSCOM]
Particulars FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007E
IT Services 10.4 13.5 17.8 23.7
- Exports 7.3 10.0 13.13 18.1
- Domestic 3.1 3.5 4.5 5.6
ITES-BPO 3.4 5.2 7.2 9.5
- Exports 3.1 4.6 6.3 8.3
- Domestic 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
Engineering services, R&D and Software products 2.9 3.9 5.3 6.5
- Exports 2.5 3.1 4.0 4.9
- Domestic 0.4 0.7 1.3 1.6
Hardware 5.0 5.9 7.0 8.2
Total IT industry 21.6 28.4 37.4 47.8
- Exports 13.4 18.2 24.1 31.9
- Domestic 8.3 10.2 13.2 15.9
TOP SIX IT HUBS IN INDIA
Ranking City/Region Description
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1 BangalorePopularly known as the capital of the Silicon Valley of India is currently leading in Information Technology Industries in India.
2 ChennaiChennai is the second most preferred destination in India for IT.
3 NCR
The National Capital Region of India comprising Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad are having ambitious projects and are trying to do every possible thing for this purpose.
4 HyderabadHyderabad which has good infrastructure and good government support is also a good technology base in India.
5 KolkataKolkata which is slowly becoming a major IT hub in near future. Some of the well known technological corporations are situated.
6 PuneThe booming city is the home to a good number of Software companies.
7 Coimbatore
With the arrival of the TIDEL Park II and the SIDCO IT Park, Coimbatore known for its attractive climate and skilled manpower is expected to outsource Bangalore and Chennai.
Engineering Services include Industrial Design, Mechanical Design, Electronic System Design (including Chip/Board and Embedded Software Design), Design Validation Testing , Industrialization and Prototyping. IT Enabled Services are services that use telecom networks or the Internet. For example, Remote Maintenance, Back Office Operations, Data Processing, Call Centers, Business Process Outsourcing, etc. E Business (electronic business) is carrying out business on the Internet; it includes buying and selling, serving customers and collaborating with business partners.
MAJOR TRENDS
TRENDS IN HIRING
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The bar chart shows that the recruitment of engineers and IT professionals in the industry is growing at the Compound Annual Rate of 14.5% approximately.
In the FY06, the direct employment in the IT-ITES sector was 1.3 million people and the indirect employment was 3 million approximately. Trends in Salary Hikes
Along with abundant growth opportunities, IT sector is one of the highest paying sectors. The average increase in salary in IT sector across the levels was around 16% and the average increase in the ITeS BPO sector across the levels was in between 16%-18% Requisites for balanced salaries - End to poaching Review of compensation according to the skills Developing talent in-house Entry of talented freshers in the industry
IT: SUCCESS FACTORS
Increasing number of skilled professionals in IT. The demographic factor. Approximately 60% of the population of India lies in the age group of 15-65. More than half of the population of India is below the age of 25. So in the future, the number of working people is going to be more than the number of dependants. The vast academic infrastructure of India. In the year 2006, Total Enrollment in colleges was 9.3 million and India produced 441,000 Technical graduates. India has the second largest English-speaking workforce in the world.
ROLE OF THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY IN INDIA
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Software Industry in India is a crucial part of the economy in the 21st century. Since the boom of the software industry towards the end of the 20th century saw a growth of job openings in various IT and IT enabled companies in India. Additionally India also looked forward to a chunk of outsourcing job being delegated to its newly established companies. Software exports to different countries were looked upon with great prospects because of the presence of some of the best people in the Indian software development.
GRAPHS SHOWS THE IT EXPORTS STATUS:
GROWTH OF SOFTWARE EXPORTS:
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IT SECTOR IN ANDHRA PREDESH:
BACKGROUND OF THE HYDERABAD IT COMPANIES
The role played by the Hyderabad IT companies in the growth of the software industry in India has been an important one. Since 1990, Hyderabad has seen a steady growth of IT companies establishing their offices and headquarters in the city. The growth of the software industry has even led to the establishment of an IT Park called HITEC City. In this IT Park there are many renowned national as well as multinational companies that have established base in India through Hyderabad.
TYPES OF IT COMPANIES IN HYDERABAD
The software companies of Hyderabad are related to the following
IT companies - These companies are mainly involved in the development of various software programs for various industrial sectors. Companies in this category are both Indian as well as multinational conglomerates who have established base in India. They cater to the demands of both the domestic as well as international market. Thus this segment of the Hyderabad IT companies plays a major role in earning export revenues for the government.
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ITES companies - ITES is better known as IT enabled services. They are also popularly known as the BPO companies (Business Process Outsourcing). These companies mainly deal in operations of the parent company dealing with a particular product or service. This segment of the software industry forms a big part of the Hyderabad IT companies. Both Indian and international companies are a part of this group of IT companies.
Computer Hardware companies - There are several reputed brands of computer hardware companies that are a part of the Hyderabad IT companies. Some of the companies are international brands that have established base in the conducive environs of Hyderabad IT industry in a bid to expand their sales network in India.
ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT
The role of the State government in the growth and development of the software industry in Hyderabad has been a crucial one. Companies received due invitation from the government to come to Hyderabad and set up base for their operations in India. Land allocations were done in specific areas for the companies and this was furthermore followed by the establishment of an IT Park called HITEC City in Hyderabad that allowed companies to build up their companies with state of the art structures and modern amenities.
MAJOR IT COMPANIES IN HYDERABAD
The following are some of the renowned names of Hyderabad IT companies that has established base in the city.
Google Inc - A leading name in Internet search engines, Google's functional areas apart from search engine operations include online mapping services, free web mail services, advertising and social networking among others.
IBM - IBM (International Business Machines) IBM is a multinational company based out of U.S.A and deals in areas of IT consultations, software development and hardware.
Infosys Technologies Limited - One of the leading Indian owned multinational company, Infosys is based out of Bangalore in Karnataka. It is a major player in IT consulting and service provider.
Hewlett-Packard Company - One of the largest IT companies in the world, HP deals in computer hardware as well as storage and networking software development.
Microsoft Corporation - A leader in the realm of software development, Microsoft Corporation functions as a developer of software program packages for almost all industrial sectors.
Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) - TCS is an IT venture of the Tata group of Companies in India. Its headquarters are in Mumbai. Mainly dealing in providing
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information technology services TCS has also diversified in the area of outsourcing services over the years.
Amazon.com, Inc. - This Company is based in Seattle, U.S.A. It deals mainly with online commerce and retailing. The products range books, clothing, furniture, food, toys to even DVDs and video games.
IT INDUSTRY IN HYDERABAD
Hyderabad is rightly known as the high-tech city. IT in Hyderabad is renowned world over. Hyderabad is the hub of information technology in our country. Hyderabad city is today known not only for its IT and IT Enabled Services, but also Pharmaceuticals and Entertainment industries. Many call centers, Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) firms, dealing with IT and other technological services were set up in the 1990s making it the hub of BPO firms. Ramoji Film City, the largest film studio in the world is located on the outskirts of the hi-tech city. The progress of a township with state-of-the-art services called HITEC City encouraged several IT and ITES companies to setup operations in the city. A rapid growth of technology in this area has led civic boosters to call the city "Cyberabad". Hyderabad has also been referred to as the second Silicon Valley of India after Bangalore. There have been widespread investments in digital infrastructure within the city, which includes several multinational corporations having established centres in the city. The major areas where such campuses have been setup include Madhapur and Gachibowli. Hyderabad also has the merit of being The Software Training Capital. The city offers innumerable number of software courses that are taken up by thousands from all over the world. Hyderabad is on the brink to become a global city as it has been selected as the location for India's first Fab City, a silicon chip developing facility, being setup with an investment of $3 billion by the AMD-SemIndia syndicate.
FUTURE OF THE HYDERABAD IT COMPANIES
Despite the boom of the Hyderabad IT companies along with those in other parts of the country the economic recession had resulted in rough times for this industry. The slowdown in the US as well as the European economies had affected the progress of many Indian companies.
Faced with the threat of a closure some of the companies tried option of cost cutting as a result of which many lost their jobs. All further recruitments to these companies were also stopped.
However things are brightening up with the recession being officially declared as over. Companies are again recruiting along with adequate retention.
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It may therefore be safely concluded that the Hyderabad IT companies are headed for a positive and futuristic growth owing to favorable times and favorable environment that the city has successfully provided the companies from around the world.
The Indian IT industry and electronics is the fastest growing sector of Indian industry. It has recorded a production of Rs. 68,850 crore during the year 2000-01, and is likely to achieve a production of Rs. 368,220 crore during the year 2008-09. Thus the industry has grown by a factor over by five times during the last eight years. The software industry which was worth Rs. 37,750 crore in 2000-01 is likely to achieve a production of Rs. 273,530 crore during the year 2008-09. Software exports have become an important part of India’s exports, and India’s international image. Indian Software exports have risen from Rs. 28,350 crore in 2000-01 towards estimated figure of Rs. 216,300 crore in 2008-09. This success in software has been built on the foundations of public investments in human capital, outward orientation in policies, and a highly competitive private sector industry. The Economic Planning Group maintains a database of production and exports data relating to Electronics and IT-ITeS industry. This data is collected from different manufacturing and service industry and industry associations. The data is released on as annual basis through the Annual Report of DIT.
IT MAGNATES ON HYDERABAD
Shakti Sagar, President and CEO, Hyderabad Software Exporters Association & ADP Wilco.
Ashok Soota, Chairman and Managing Director, MindTree Consulting. Arun K Maheswari, President and CEO, Computer Sciences Corporation India. Rajat Gupta, Managing Director, McKinsey & Co.
IT: Success Factors:
Increasing number of skilled professionals in IT. The demographic factor. Approximately 60% of the population of India lies in the age group of 15-65. More than half of the population of India is below the age of 25. So in the future, the number of working people is going to be more than the number of dependants. The vast academic infrastructure of India. In the year 2006, Total Enrollment in colleges was 9.3 million and India produced 441,000 Technical graduates. India has the second largest English-speaking workforce in the world.
MAJOR STEPS TAKEN FOR PROMTION OF IT INDUSTRY
Domain of the IT Industry
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A wide variety of services come under the domain of the information technology industry. Some of these services are as follows:
Systems architecture Database design and development Networking Application development Testing Documentation Maintenance and hosting Operational support Security services
The information technology (IT) industry has become of the most robust industries in the world. IT, more than any other industry or economic facet, has an increased productivity, particularly in the developed world, and therefore is a key driver of global economic growth. Economies of scale and insatiable demand from both consumers and enterprises characterize this rapidly growing sector.
The Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) explains 'information technology' as encompassing all possible aspects of information systems based on computers.
Both software development and the hardware involved in the IT industry include everything from computer systems, to the design, implementation, study and development of IT and management systems.
Owing to its easy accessibility and the wide range of IT products available, the demand for IT services has increased substantially over the years. The IT sector has emerged as a major global source of both growth and employment.
Features of the IT Industry at a Glance
Economies of scale for the information technology industry are high. The marginal cost of each unit of additional software or hardware is insignificant compared to the value addition that results from it.
What contribution can information technology (IT) make to India’s overall economic development? This paper provides an analytical framework centred around the concepts of comparative advantage, complementarities, and innovation. There is strong evidence that India has a strong and sustainable comparative advantage in software development and IT-enabled services. Complementarities in particular some form of domestic hardware industry as well as growing demand for software within the domestic market are also important to sustain the growth of the IT sector, as well as to broaden its developmental impact. The paper also reviews innovative experiments of IT use to improve interactions between citizens and governments, farmers and corporations, and students and teachers in rural
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areas. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of opportunities for future growth in IT-enabled services, constraints to such dynamics, and possible policy responses.
IT PROMOTION
Andhra Pradesh – the most preferred destination for IT industry
The State of Andhra Pradesh has been at the forefront of India’s IT growth. The NASSCOM -KPMG report of 2004 projects India’s software exports in IT&ITES/BPO sector at $49 Billion (Rs.2,30,300 crores) by 2009 with direct employment opportunity for 20 lakh graduates. Andhra Pradesh aims to achieve Rs.69,000 crores in software export turnover and seeks to create employment for 3 lakh employees directly. It is estimated by NASSCOM that every direct job creates four indirect jobs hence it is expected to create indirect employment for 12 lakhs in the State by 2009.
McKinsey Report projects India’s electronics manufacturing opportunities to be $47 billion (Rs.2,20,900 crores) industry by 2009. Andhra Pradesh wishes to attain a leading position by building a $12 billion (Rs.56,400 crores) IT hardware and Electronics manufacturing industry.
In December 2004, Gartner in its report “IT Outsourcing to India – Analysis of Cities” has mentioned that Hyderabad would be the IT Hotspot by 2010 and has rated it high on account of Infrastructure and Human Resources. Andhra Pradesh provides the right climate for the growth of IT business and is now the most preferred destination in the country. Hyderabad is home for many major MNC IT giants and fortune 500 companies.
ICT Policy 2005-2010 :
The Government have formulated a new ICT Policy 2005-2010 to make Andhra Pradesh the most attractive and preferred destination of the IT Companies in the world.
Promotion of Tier—II locations:
The following incentives are offered for setting up IT Units in identified Tier II locations:
A subsidy of Rs.50 lakhs to the first five anchor IT / ITES companies employing more than 250 employees in IT or 500 employees in ITES in any Tier-II location.
Rs.15 Lakhs as recruitment assistance for employing minimum 100 employees in IT & 200 employees in ITES within two years of commencement of commercial operations in the Tier-II city.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF IT INDUSTRY:
Strengths Weaknesses
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Highly skilled human resource Low wage structure Quality of work Initiatives taken by the
Government (setting up Hi-Tech Parks and implementation of e-governance projects)
Many global players have set-up operations in India like Microsoft, Oracle, Adobe, etc.
Following Quality Standards such as ISO 9000, SEI CMM etc.
English-speaking professionals Cost competitiveness Quality telecommunications
infrastructure Indian time zone (24 x 7 services
to the global customers). Time difference between India and America is approximately 12 hours, which is beneficial for outsourcing of work.
• Absence of practical knowledge
• Dearth of suitable candidates
• Less Research and Development
• Contribution of IT sector to India 's GDP is still rather small.
• Employee salaries in IT sector are increasing tremendously. Low wages benefit will soon come to an end.
Opportunities
High quality IT education market Increasing number of working
age people India 's well developed soft
infrastructure Upcoming International Players
in the market
Threats
Lack of data security systems Countries like China and
Philippines with qualified workforce making efforts to overcome the English language barrier
IT development concentrated in a few cities only
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Strategy Papers of Government of Andhra Pradesh. Decisions To-Day (Andhra Pradesh), Issue No: 7, Vol.1, 30th Jan 2002 Reportable Decisions
of A.P. High Court on all Subjects. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, ‘Export
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Statistics for Agro and Food Products in India, 2005-06’. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, ‘India’s Agriculture Sector’. Chatterjee, Somnath and Mohan, Rakesh, Office of the Economic Adviser, Ministry of
Industry, Government of India, ‘Studies in Industrial Development: India’s Garment Exports, February 1993’.
Confederation of Indian Industry and McKinsey & Company, ‘FAIDA:Modernising the Indian Food Chain’. Confederation of Indian Industry, ‘New Heights in Agriculture’, Report of the Task Force.
WEB DIRECTORY
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