Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500

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Chapter Overview

Time Line

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SECTION The Romans Create a Republic 1

SECTION The Roman Empire Brings Change 2

SECTION The Rise of Christianity 3

SECTION The Decline of the Roman Empire 4

SECTION Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 5

6CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

Rome becomes the center of an empire, which aids in the spread of Christianity. Eventually the Western Empire falls, while the Eastern Empire remains. The Greco-Roman culture helps shape Western thought and culture for centuries.

6CHAPTER Ancient Rome and Early

Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500

509 B.C. Rome becomes a republic.

264 B.C. The First Punic War with Carthage begins.

218 B.C. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy.

44 B.C. Conspirators kill Julius Caesar.

A.D. 284 Diocletian, who will divide the Roman Empire, becomes emperor.

A.D. 476 Western Roman Empire falls with the ouster of the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus.

Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500 6

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Time Line

500 B.C. A.D. 500

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The early Romans establish a republic on the Italian peninsula, conquer all of Italy, and defeat Carthage in a series of wars. The Romans create an extensive trade network.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

The Romans Createa Republic

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The early Romans established a republic, which grew powerful and spread its influence.

Some of the most fundamental values and institutions of Western civilization began in the Roman Republic.

Overview

The Romans Createa Republic

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Assessment

• republic

• patrician

• plebeian

• tribune

• consul

• senate

• dictator

• legion

• Hannibal

• Scipio

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events that mark the growth of Rome into a powerful republic.

The Romans Createa Republic

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Section 1 Assessment

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509 B.C. Romans overthrow Etruscan king.Republic established.

451 B.C. Twelve Tables created.

265 B.C. Italy conquered.

264-146 B.C. Punic Wars fought.

70 B.C. Rome controlled the Mediterranean.

2. Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success more to its form of government or to its army? Why? THINK ABOUT

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The Romans Createa Republic

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1 Assessment

• the structure of the republic • how citizenship spread • Rome’s policies toward conquered peoples

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The army’s conquests expanded the territory of Rome, which increased Rome’s power and wealth. However, the republic that Rome established gave it a stability that allowed it to grow by absorbing conquered peoples or making them allies.

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3. How did the office of dictator contribute to the balance and stability of the Roman Republic? THINK ABOUT

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The Romans Createa Republic

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1 Assessment

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A dictator could make the speedy decisions needed in a crisis, whereas the consuls could veto each other’s decisions, and the senate and assembly might take too long to make critical decisions.

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• the role of the dictator • the power of consuls • the need for speedy decisions in a crisis

Problems in the republic lead to civil war. The republic collapses, and Julius Caesar becomes dictator. After Caesar’s assassination, Octavian emerges as Rome’s first emperor.

Overview Assessment

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The Roman Empire Brings Change

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The Roman Empire Brings Change

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The creation of the Roman Empire transformed Roman government, society, economy, and culture.

The Roman Empire has served throughout history as a model of political organization and control.

Overview

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• civil war

• Julius Caesar

• triumvirate

• absolute ruler

• Augustus

• Pax Romana

• gladiator

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

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Changes in Rome

The Roman Empire Brings Change

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain how Rome changed during the Pax Romana.

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• Rome becomes an empire with one ruler.

• Civil service system established.• Empire expands.• Roman way of life extends to the provinces.• Roman trade reaches India and China.• Road network increases trade.• Women have more freedom.• Religions of southwestern Asia become influential.• Gap between rich and poor increases.

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The Roman Empire Brings Change

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2. What role did Julius Caesar play in the decline of the republic and the rise of the empire? THINK ABOUT

Section 2 Assessment

• the problems facing the republic • how Caesar helped restore order • Caesar’s defiance of the senate

ANSWER

Caesar helped restore order, then seized power. His occupation of Rome and his rule as dictator effectively ended the republic.

• Caesar’s rule as dictator

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End of Section 2

Christianity begins with the teachings of Jesus in Judea. The new religion spreads quickly throughout the empire.

Overview Assessment

Key Idea

The Rise of Christianity

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Christianity arose in Roman-occupied Judea and spread throughout the Roman Empire.

As the world’s most widespread religion, Christianity guides the lives of millions today.

Overview

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• Jesus

• apostle

• Peter

• Paul

• Diaspora

• bishop

• pope

• Constantine

• heresy

The Rise of Christianity

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

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The Rise of Christianity

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe five events that led to the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire.

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Rome takes over Jewish kingdom.

Jesus gathers many followers.

Constantine issuesEdict of Milan.

Paul and other missionaries spread Jesus’ message.

Theodosius makes Christianity the empire’s official religion.

The Rise of Christianity

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWER

• No. Christianity would have grown more slowly outside the empire.

• Yes. It would have spread just as fast or faster without Roman persecutions.

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2. Do you think Christianity would have developed in the same way if it had arisen in an area outside the Roman Empire? Explain. THINK ABOUT

• Jesus’ growing popularity • the effect of actions Rome took against Jesus and his followers • the depth of belief of Jesus’ followers

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• the advantages of being part of a vast empire

3. Who do you think did more to spread Christianity—Paul or Constantine? THINK ABOUT

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The Rise of Christianity

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• Paul did more to spread Christianity because he carried it throughout the empire and welcomed Gentiles.

• Constantine did more because he accepted Christianity and ended the persecution.

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• Paul’s travels • the opening of Christianity to the Gentiles • Constantine’s power as an emperor

The Roman Empire splits in two. Economic, military, and political decay and outside invaders bring down the Western Roman Empire, but the eastern half survives.

Overview Assessment

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The Decline of the Roman Empire

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Internal problems and nomadic invasions spurred the division and decline of the Roman empire.

The decline and fall of great civilizations is a repeating pattern in world history.

Overview

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• inflation

• mercenary

• Diocletian

• Constantinople

• Alaric

• Attila

The Decline of the Roman Empire

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the causes of each of the effects listed below.

The Decline of the Roman Empire

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Section 4 Assessment

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Decline of the Roman EmpireCausesEffects

Inflation

Untrustworthy army

Decreased citizen interest in government

Soldiers fought for money.

Citizens had little influence; officials burdened with debts. The empire couldn’t maintain its defenses; army was weakened.

Gold and silver squandered; coins worth less

Section 4 Assessment

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2. How do you think the splitting of the empire into two parts helped it survive for another 200 years? THINK ABOUT

• the differences between the eastern and western halves of the empire

• the advantages of a smaller empire

The Decline of the Roman Empire

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The wealthier eastern half included most of the empire’s great cities and trading centers. By creating a smaller area that was easier to defend, Constantine was able to preserve the empire for another 200 years.

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Greco-Roman culture continues to influence the arts, science and technology, government, and legal systems of the Western world and other parts of the globe.

Overview Assessment

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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

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The Romans developed many ideas and institutions that became fundamental to Western civilization.

Evidence of Roman culture is found throughout Europe and North America and in Asia and Africa.

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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

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• Greco-Roman culture

• Pompeii

• Virgil

• Tacitus

• aqueduct

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each of the categories below, list the accomplishments of Roman culture.

Section 5 Assessment

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Realistic sculpture,murals,mosaics

Histories,Virgil’s Aeneid,Ovid’s Amores,Tacitus’s Annals and Histories

Arch, dome,aqueduct, roads

Equal treatment before the law, innocent until proven guilty, burden of proof on the accuser, unfair laws set aside

Fine Arts LawEngineeringLiterature

Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

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Section 5 Assessment

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• Equal treatment before the law because it erases class differences.

• Innocent until proven guilty because there can be no punishment without conviction.

• Unfair laws can be set aside because bad laws can be changed.

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2. Which principle of law do you think has been Rome’s greatest contribution to modern legal systems? THINK ABOUT

• equality before the law• innocent until proven guilty • unfair laws could be set aside

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3. Why do you think the Greek philosophy of Stoicism was so appealing to Romans? THINK ABOUT

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Stoicism emphasized virtue, duty, and endurance, qualities that would appeal to the citizen-soldier. Also, Stoics believed that human laws should be reasonable and just, concepts that influenced Roman legal systems.

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• Stoic philosophy • the Roman citizen-soldier• Roman law

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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

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