ancient civilizations ( river valley civilizations ) asian studies ii

96
Ancient Civilizations (River Valley Civilizations) Asian Studies II

Upload: kerry-hicks

Post on 03-Jan-2016

232 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Ancient Civilizations(River Valley Civilizations)

Ancient Civilizations(River Valley Civilizations)

Asian Studies IIAsian Studies II

Page 2: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

*NOTES*

CIVILIZATION- (1) group of people living and working together for the purpose of creating an organized society.

(2) “the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species”

(3) “complex systems or network of cities that emerge from pre-urban culture”

WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION???

Page 3: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

*NOTES*EIGHT BASIC FEATURES OF A CIVILIZATION:

(1) Writing Systems (2) Infrastructure- public works such as bridges, roads etc.

(3) Government / Laws

Page 4: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

*NOTES*

(4) Art / Architecture

(5) Social Classes

Page 5: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

*NOTES*

(6) Organized Religion (7) Job Specialization

(8) Development of Cities

Page 6: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

An agricultural surplus led to the emergence of civilization

CultureThe way of life of a

group of peopleRise of cities

Growth of Government.

Usually monarchs

Emergence of Religion

Priests take an active role. New Social

StructureDifferent social classes emerge

Use of WritingFirst was Cuneiform in

Sumer

Artistic ActivityTemples, Pyramids,

Palaces, Painting, and Sculpture

Page 7: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II
Page 8: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Seatwork 2.3: In one paragraph (5-7 sentences), discuss two negative (bad) and two positive (good) consequences of civilization building. What types of issues do complex societies deal with???

Page 9: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

ASIAN CIVILIZATIONSocial Studies II

Archaeologists believe this is where one of the world’s first civilizations arose. Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq) – is known as the cradle of Civilization.

TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:• Summarize how geography affected the cultural development in the Fertile Crescent.• Describe city-states and how other cultures learned from them.• Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology.• Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations.

Page 10: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: 4 early River Valley Civilizations

• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)

• Egyptian Civilization - Nile River

• Harappan Civilization - Indus River

• Ancient China - Huang Ho (Yellow) River

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 11: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)

City-States in Mesopotamia

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 12: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaI. GEOGRAPHY

A. Mostly dry desert climate in SW Asia (Middle East)

SW Asia

(the Middle East)

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Fertile Crescent

1. Except in region between Tigris / Euphrates rivers2. a flat plain known as Mesopotamia lies between the two rivers3. Because of this region’s shape and the richness of its soil, it is called the Fertile Crescent. - the rivers flood at least once a year, leaving a thick bed of mud called silt.

Page 13: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaI. GEOGRAPHY

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

3. Because of this region’s shape and the richness of it’s soil, it is called the Fertile Crescent. - the rivers flood at least once a year, leaving a thick bed of mud called silt.

Sumerians were first to settle in this region, attracted by the rich soil.

B. Three Disadvantages / Environmental Challenges1. Unpredictable flooding / dry summer months2. No natural barriers for protection - small villages lying in open plain were defenseless3. Limited natural resources - stone, wood, metal

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 14: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaI. GEOGRAPHY

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Sumerians were first to settle in this region, attracted by the rich soil.

B. Three Disadvantages / Environmental Challenges

1. Unpredictable flooding / dry summer months

2. No natural barriers for protection - small villages lying in open plain were defenseless3. Limited natural resources (stone, wood, metal)

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

C. Solutions 1. Irrigation ditches

2. Built city walls with mud bricks3. Traded with people around them for the products they lacked. Initiated Bronze Age.

Sumerian innovations in achieving civilization

set example others would follow.

But to arrive at these solutions,

required organized government.

Let’s now look at the type of government the Sumerians had.

Page 15: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaII. The City-State Structure of Government

A. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent

countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat –

a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Definetype of

government

Page 16: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

The Ziggurat at Ur was first excavated by British archaeologist Woolley in 1923. The Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities restored its lower stages in the 1980s.

Page 17: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaII. The City-State Structure of Government

A. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent

countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat – a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.

Right: Standing nude "priest-king," ca. 3300–3000 B.C.; Uruk.

Left: Bas-relief depicting priests intervening between worshipers and gods.

Definetype of

government

Page 18: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaII. The City-State Structure of Government

A. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent

countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm land

Definetype of

government

D. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At the center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat – a massive,

tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.

G. Military commanders eventually became ruler / monarch - then began passing rule to their own heirs, creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty – a series of rulers descending from a single family line.

Definetype of

government

Historians wonder…Did the Sumerians develop this new type of government on their own, or did they learn and adopt it only after contact with other peoples – cultural diffusion?

Page 19: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Cultural diffusion is the spread of elements of one culture to another people, generally through trade.

Take the spread of writing. Similarities between the pictograms of Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian cuneiform, and the Indus script are striking.

Can you give examples of cultural diffusion in your society today?

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 20: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaII. The City-State Structure of Government

A. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent

countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat –

a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.

G. Military commanders eventually became ruler / monarch - then began passing rule to their own heirs, creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty – a series of rulers descending from a single family line. H. Through their trade with neighboring peoples, the Sumerians spread their new innovations. This is cultural diffusion – the spread of one culture’s ideas, products, traditions, beliefs etc. to another people.

Let’s now examine Sumerian beliefs and other elements of their culture.

Page 21: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaIII. SUMERIAN CULTURE

A. RELIGION

A Sumerian warrior-god, gold figurine, ca. 2,400-2,500 B.C.E.

1. Belief in many gods - polytheismGod of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. The Sumerians viewed their gods as hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)

Marduk, the Dragon god

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Reflection Time:

How does every event happening to people at any given moment affect how they think about their God(s)?

Page 22: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaIII. SUMERIAN CULTURE

A. RELIGION1. Belief in many gods - polytheism

God of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. They were viewed as often hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)

2. Gilgamesh Epic, one of the earliest works of literature. Contains a “flood story” that predates the Hebrew Old Testament story of Noah by at least 2,000 years.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 23: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaIII. SUMERIAN CULTURE

A. RELIGION1. Belief in many gods - polytheism

God of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. They were viewed as often hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)

2. Gilgamesh Epic, one of the earliest works of literature. Contains a “flood story” that predates the Hebrew Old Testament story of Noah by at least 2,000 years.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 24: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaIII. SUMERIAN CULTURE

B. SOCIETY1. Three social classes

a. Priests and royalty (kings)b. Wealthy merchantsc. Ordinary workers

[Slaves] –were not free citizens and thus not included in class system

2. Women

Left: Statue of Sumerian woman with hands clasped at chest, ca. 2600-2300 B.C. Right: Gypsum statue of man and woman at Inanna Temple at Nippur, circa 2600-2300 B.C.

a. Had more rights than in many later civilizations (could own property, join lower ranks of priesthood)b. But not allowed to attend schools (could not read or write)

Page 25: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaIII. SUMERIAN CULTURE

C. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY1. One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform

Cylinder seals and their ancient impressions on administrative documents and locking devices are our richest source for a range of meaningful subject matters.A wealth of these have been discovered at Sumerian sites. *

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 26: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”

City-States in MesopotamiaIII. SUMERIAN CULTURE

C. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY1. One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

2. Invented wheel, the sail, the plow and sickle3. First to use bronze.

Other Sumerian Achievements

• one of the earliest sketched maps

• astronomy

• a number system in base 60from which stems our modern units of measuring time

and the 360 degrees of a circle.

Page 27: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Sumerian Schools: EDUBBAS or Tablet houses

SUMERIAN EDUCATION

Numerical System: based on 60, F R A C T I O N S

Used in writing: STYLUS . Clay tablets: TEXTBOOKS

Development of WEIGHTS and MEASURES

Page 28: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Develop Banking System

Use Shell coins

Set Laws

First Law From Ur-Nammu, ruler of Ur: Sumeria

Page 29: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

SUMERIAN ORNAMENTS

Bust of Lady Pu-abi

Reconstructed with golden earrings and elaborate headdress

Page 30: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

A Mesopotamian statue known as "The Ram in the Thicket". This object was found in the Great Death Pit at the Royal Cemetery at Ur and dates from the third millenium BC.

DEATH PIT OF UR

Page 31: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM

http://mesopotamia.mrdonn.org

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sumer.htm

http://www.nlcs.k12.in.us/oljrhi/brown/mesopotamia/meso.htm

http://www.earth-history.com

SUMERIAN REFERENCES

Page 32: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

A K K A D I A N SA K K A D I A , C I T Y O F A K K A

DTHE VERY FIRST EMPIRE IN HISTORY

1800 – 1530 B.C.

Page 33: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia

IV. First EMPIRE BuildersA. 3,000 – 2,000 B.C.E. the City-States began to war with each other.

These internal struggles meant they were too weak to ward off an attack by an outside enemy. B. Sargon of Akkad (ca. 2,350 B.C.E.)

1. Took control of the region, creating world’s first empire - when several peoples, nations, or previously independent states are placed under the control of one ruler.

Definetype of

government

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 34: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

2. The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years, 2350 – approx. 2150 B.C.E.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 35: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia

IV. First EMPIRE BuildersA. 3,000 – 2,000 B.C.E. the City-States began to war with each other.

These internal struggle meant they were too weak to ward off an attack by an outside enemy.B. Sargon of Akkad (ca. 2,350 B.C.E.)

1. Took control of the region, creating world’s first empire - bringing together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states and place them under the control of one ruler.

Definetype of

government

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

2. The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years

3. Spoke a Semitic language (related to Arabic and Hebrew)

Arabic Hebrew sample Akkadian text

Invasions, internal fighting, and a severe famine all contributed to the end of the Akkadian Empire.

Page 36: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

AKKADIAN’S INTERNAL DISSENTION

Sargon abolished the

local dynasties Sargon diverted the Persian Gulf trade of copper, precious stones to Agade which resulted to Sumer’s impoverishment.

Sargon was of different race.

Page 37: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia

C. Babylonian Empire1. Overtook Sumerians around 2,000 B.C.2. Built capital, Babylon, on Euphrates river

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 38: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia

C. Babylonian Empire1. Overtook Sumerians around 2,000 B.C.E.2. Built captial, Babylon, on Euphrates river

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

3. Reign of Hammurabi [1792-1750 B.C.E.]

Page 39: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

3. Reign of Hammurabia. Famous Code of Law

A total of 282 laws are etched on this 7 ft. 5 in. tall black basalt pillar (stele). The top portion, shown here, depicts Hammurabi with Shamash, the sun god. Shamash is presenting to Hammurabi a staff and ring, which symbolize the power to administer the law. Although Hammurabi's Code is not the first code of laws (the first records date four centuries earlier), it is the best preserved legal document reflecting the social structure of Babylon during Hammurabi's rule. This amazing find was discovered in 1901 and today is in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris, France.

• he wisely took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified them into one code. This helped unify the region.

• Engraved in stone, erected all over the empire.

Why do you think Hammurabi thought it important to place all the cities within his Empire under the same uniform code of laws?

And why do you think he believed it important to place the laws in prominent locations so the people could visibly see them?

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 40: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

3. Babylonian Reign of Hammurabia. Famous Code of Law

A total of 282 laws are etched on this 7 ft. 5 in. tall black basalt pillar (stele). The top portion, shown here, depicts Hammurabi with Shamash, the sun god. Shamash is presenting to Hammurabi a staff and ring, which symbolize the power to administer the law. Although Hammurabi's Code is not the first code of laws (the first records date four centuries earlier), it is the best preserved legal document reflecting the social structure of Babylon during Hammurabi's rule. This amazing find was discovered in 1901 and today is in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris, France.

• he wisely took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified them into one code. This helped unify the region. • Engraved in stone, erected all over the empire.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

• Strict in nature – “the punishment fits the crime” / “eye for an eye” Such laws were adopted by neighbors – many similar found in Hebrew scriptures (Old Testament)• His act set an important precedent – idea that the government was responsible for what occurred in society.

Page 41: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Cute websitehttp://www.phillipmartin.info/hammurabi/hammurabi_situation_index.htm

CH 2 Sec. 1 Primary Source Document Analysis: “Hammurabi’s Code” (see handout)

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Page 42: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Partnered Students

Hammurabi, the king of righteousness,On whom Shamash has conferred the Law,

am I.

When Marduk sent me to rule over men, to give the protection of right to the land,

I did right and in righteousness brought about the well-being of the oppressed.

Below are situations Hammurabi faced.  You and your partner decide what you think to be a fair way to deal with the problem.

Then together we’ll view what Hammurabi actually declared.  We’ll find out if Marduk, the supreme god, will be pleased with your decisions?

1. What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and kills the owner? 2. What should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband? 3. What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the wine shop for a drink? 4. What should be done if a son is adopted and then the birth-parents want him back? 5. What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts? 6. What should happen to a boy who slaps his father? 7. What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters gathered at her shop?8. How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another?

Page 43: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

BABYLONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS

First to Study the Planets

Divided the week into 7 days

Invented the clock and sundial to measure time

Page 44: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

OLDEST MAP IN HISTORY

WITH BABYLON AT THE CENTER

Page 45: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

BABYLONIAN BELIEF

SOOTHSLAYERS make predictions by studying internal organs of butchered animals

Page 46: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

laws which dealt with crimes against the state.

CODE OF HAMMURABI

LEX TALIONIS “Law of Retaliation”

Hammurabi – 1st King of Babylonian Empire

Law of JUSTICE

Page 47: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

The oldest known copies of these Sumerian versions royal court entertainment in the reign of the Third dynasty of Ur and King Shulgi. 

Gilgamesh, King of Uruk

author’s name : Shin-eqi- unninni, who is now the oldest known human author

GILGAMESH

Page 48: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

http://www.maverickscience.com/archaeoastronomy.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia

http://www.deeperstudy.org/link/babylonian_empire.html

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/gelbmyth/babylonianflood.jpg

BABYLONIAN REFERENCES

Page 49: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

H I T T I T E S

The Hittites were a Hamitic race. They are called "the sons of Heth"

1100. – 612 B.C.

Page 50: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II
Page 51: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Indo – European Speaking People from Asia Minor

Living in Hatti (Anatolia, Turkey)

First Hittite Kingdom founded by King Labarnas

Hattic Language

Page 52: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

H I T T I T E S GOVERNMENT

MURSILIS I – King lead in to the victory over the Babylonians

SUPPILULIUMAS I – Made the Hittite Kingdom reach its height

SUPPILULIUMAS II – Last King of the Hittites

Page 53: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

H I T T I T E S POLITICS

KADESH PARITY PEACE TREATY

Very First Treaty signed by two great empires: Hittite and Egypt (Hatussili III) (Ramses II)

Page 54: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Lion Gate of Hattusa, the capital of Hittites,

H I T T I T E ARCHITECTURE

Page 55: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

H I T T I T E MINING AND FIRST IRON WEAPONS

Hittite (bull) Rhyton

Page 56: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

HITTITE EXPERT HORSE RIDERS

THE THREE MAN CHARIOT

Page 57: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Assyrians (1176-612 B.C.) They were semetic people living in the North Mesopotamia

Page 58: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Important People:

A.Shanishi-Abad (Monarch)- attempted to build an empire.

B.Tukulti-Ninurta – began their first conquest

C.Ashurnasirpal II – started the policy of territorial expansion

D.Tiglat- Pileser – extended their control to Syria and Armenia

E.Sargon II – divided the expanded domain to manageable areas

Important People:

A.Shanishi-Abad (Monarch)- attempted to build an empire.

B.Tukulti-Ninurta – began their first conquest

C.Ashurnasirpal II – started the policy of territorial expansion

D.Tiglat- Pileser – extended their control to Syria and Armenia

E.Sargon II – divided the expanded domain to manageable areas

AshurbanipalAshurbanipal-last great

monarch. He assembled a library of all literature in

Mesopotamia

Page 59: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Contributions:1.Experts in carving stones

2.Perfected the use of iron

3.Skilled hunters

4.Professional soldiers (science and art of war)

Page 60: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

ASSYRIAN CARVING STONES

Page 61: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

CHALDEANS

For behold, I am rousing up the Chaldeans, that bitter and impetuous nation who march through the breadth of the earth to take possession of dwelling places that do not belong to them. [II Kings 24:2.]

612 – 539 B.C.

Page 62: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Chaldeans (612-539 B.C.)

• They were also called the “New Babylonians”

• They forced a large part of Jewish population to relocate.

Page 63: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

• Contributions:1. Hanging Garden2. Tower of Babel3. The system of

1hour=60minutes4. Lunar and Solar Calendars

with days, months and year5. High level of Algebra,

Science and Astronomy

Hanging garden

Page 64: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

CHALDEAN ARCHITECTURE

HANGING GARDENS- KING

NEBUCCHADNEZZAR

Page 65: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

TOWER OF BABEL

CHALDEAN ARCHITECTURE

Page 66: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Important Leaders• Eriba Marduk- founder of

the Chaldean dynasty

• Merodach Balden- attempted to seize the Babylonian crown with the help of the Elamites

• Mushezib Marduk – the prince who revolted with the support of the Elamites

Eriba Marduk

Page 67: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PHOENICIANS

KNOWN AS THE CANAANITES AND SIDONIANS

S E A F A R E R S "shipmen that had a knowledge of the sea.“ (I Kings

9:27)

Page 68: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II
Page 69: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Semetic people living in Mediterranean Coast (Lebanon, some part of Syria and Israel) most skillful shipbuilders and navigators of their time seafaring, manufacturing, and trading nation

PHOENICIAN LIFE

Page 70: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

When sailing at night, sailors kept their ship in the right direction by observing constellations and the North Star, or what the ancient world called the "Phoenician Star." There were other voyages undertaken by Phoenician explorers

Page 71: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PHOENICIAN PORTS

TYRECENTER OF DYE

INDUSTRY

SIDONCENTER OF GLASS

INDUSTRY

Page 72: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II
Page 73: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PHOENICIAN COLONY

Coastal city on the Gulf of Tunisia founded by the Tyrian Phoenicians in 814 B.C.

Page 74: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

From a snail, the murex, they obtained a crimson dye called TYRIAN PURPLE.

PHOENICIAN T R A D E

METAL WORK

GLASS

Page 75: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PHOENICIAN BUST,EGYPTIAN INFLUENCED

CEDAR TREES FOR SHIP BUILDING

GOLD ORNAMENTS

PHOENICIAN COINS

Page 76: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PHOENICIANNEW WRITING SYSTEM

Page 77: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PHOENICIAN RELIGION

Phoenician religion was inspired by the powers and processes of nature. Many of the gods they worshiped, however, were localized and are now known only under their local names. A pantheon was presided over by the father of the gods, but a goddess was the principal figure in the Phoenician pantheon.

BAAL: KING OF EARTH

ASHERAH:QUEEN OF HEAVEN

Page 78: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

H E B R E W S". . . I will bless you and make your name great ; and you shall be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse him who curses you; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed“ (Genesis 12:2-3)

Page 79: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

HEBREW HISTORY

Hebrews travelled to Canaan with leader, ABRAHAM

During the famine, some Hebrews went to Egypt

Great Exodus from Egypt, under the rule Ramses II

Hebrews settled at Mt. Sinai

Hebrews went to the land of Canaan, under

Joshua’s leadership

Page 80: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

HEBREW KINGDOM

בן-ישי מלך ישראל דודDavid ben Yishai, Melekh Ysra’el

KING SAUL

KING DAVID

KING SOLOMON

Page 81: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

HEBREW RELIGION

MONOTHEISM

ARC OF THE

COVENANT

YAHWEH

AGELESS

ETERNAL

SUPREME

Page 82: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

HEBREW EMPHASIZES MORAL BEHAVIOR

1. I am the Lord your GOD2. You shall have no other

gods before me. You shall not make for yourself an idol.

3. You shall not make wrongful use of the name of your God.

4. Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy.

5. Honor your father and mother.

6. You shall not murder.7. You shall not commit

adultery.8. You shall not steal.9. You shall not bear false

witness against your neighbor.

10. You shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor.

10 COMMANDMENTS

Page 83: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PROPHETS EXPRESS HEBREW BELIEFS

Messenger of God Preached obedience to God’s Law Warned of Dangers of breaking any of God’s LawUrged Hebrews to remain firm to their Faith

Page 84: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Star of David or Shield of David

symbol of Jewish Identity and Judaism

named after King David of ancient Israel.

Page 85: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

God's Lamp, Man's Light: Mysteries of the Menorah

Hanukkah, Menorah

celebrates the rededication of the Temple after the successful Jewish revolt against the

Seleucid monarchy

Page 86: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIANSIn the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, in order to fulfill the word of the LORD spoken by Jeremiah, the LORD moved the heart of Cyrus king of Persia to make a proclamation throughout his realm and also to put it in writing (EZRA 1:1)

529 B.C.

Page 87: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II
Page 88: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIAN SOCIETY

INDO – EUROPEAN SPEAKING TRIBE

SOUTHWESTERN IRAN

CONTROLLED BY MEDES

Page 89: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIAN RULERS

CYRUS THE GREAT

1ST PERSIAN RULER DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFEATED ASSYRIAN TRIBE: MEDES CAPTURED LAND OF CHALDEANS EXTENDED PERSIA TO BORDERS OF INDIA(EAST) AEGEAN SEA(WEST) AND EGYPT (SOUTH)

Page 90: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIAN RULERS

CAMBYSES TOOK OVER PERSIA AFTER FATHER’S DEATH EXPANDED TERRITORY TO EGYPT SUFFERED MENTAL ILLNESS: SOCIAL ANXIETY: SUICIDE

Page 91: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIAN RULERS

DARIUS THE GREAT

EMPIRE INTO PROVINCESDIRECTED SATRAPS (GOVERNORS)PUBLIC WORKS SYSTEMGOLD COINS “DARICS”

Page 92: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIAN RELIGION

ZOROASTRIANISM

ZOROASTER : PROPHET

AHURA MAZDA: DIVINE GOD

Page 93: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIAN PUBLIC WORKS

Page 94: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE

Page 95: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

PERSIAN BEHISTUN ROCK

imperishable stone of a 4,000-foot Iranian mountain, artisans of Darius the Great carved his vainglorious autobiography almost 2,500 years ago

DISCOVERED BY HENRY RAWLINSON IN 1835 - 1852

Page 96: Ancient Civilizations ( River Valley Civilizations ) Asian Studies II

Two centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, the Babylonian Empire fell to nomadic raiders. New groups would rule over the Fertile Crescent in the future. However, the innovative ideas of the Sumerians and their descendants in the region would be adopted by the later peoples – including the Assyrians, the Persians, Phoenicians and the Hebrews (Jews).

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.