Anatomy and Physiology

EyeSensory organ located in the orbit of the

skullComponents

○ Sclera, cornea, iris, pupil○ Anterior chamber, posterior chamber○ Lens, retina, choroid layer, posterior cavity

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Anatomy and Physiology

EarExternal ear, middle ear, inner earExternal ear: pinna and auditory canalExternal and middle ear separated by

tympanic membraneMiddle ear called the tympanic cavity

○ Contains three bones: malleus, stapes, incus

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Anatomy and Physiology

EarInner ear is most sophisticated part Responsible for hearing and equilibriumConsists of vestibule, semicircular canals,

round window, and cochleaCochlea is organ of hearing

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Common Signs and Symptoms Eye

Pain or burning in or around the eyeDecreased visual acuity or ability to seeAny disorder such as seeing flashes of lightEye redness

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Common Signs and Symptoms Ear

OtalgiaDeafnessVertigoTinnitus

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Diagnostic Tests

EyeOphthalmoscopyVisual acuityTonometrySlit lampAngiography

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Diagnostic Tests

EarOtoscopyAudiometry

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Eye Refractive Errors Inability to focus images on retina One-third of population affected Types

Myopia - nearsightednessHyperopia - farsightednessPresbyopia – age-related hyperopiaAstigmatism - irregularity of cornea surface

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Blepharitis

Inflammation of edge of eyelid, eyelash follicles, and glands

Due to bacterial infection, allergic reaction, or seborrhea

Red, swollen, and crusted eyelids Treatment: antibiotics, allergy

medication, treatment of seborrhea

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Keratitis

Inflammation of cornea caused by trauma or infection

Usually unilateral Symptoms - photophobia, pain,

excessive tearing Treatment - antibiotic, drops, eye patch

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Hordeolum

Stye - inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of eyelid

Styes resemble pimples Treatment: warm compresses, topical or

systemic antibiotics

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Cataract

Clouding of lens Causes

Change in metabolism and nutrition in lensAging

Symptom: decreased visual acuity Treatment: surgery

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Glaucoma

Excessive eye pressure Slow progression with or without

symptoms Permanent damage can occur before

patient is symptomatic Treatment: eye drops or surgery

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Nystagmus

Constant, involuntary movement of eyes May affect one or both eyes Causes: brain tumors, disease, alcohol

abuse, congenital defects Treatment: correct underlying cause

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Strabismus

Eyes fail to focus in same direction simultaneously

Due to muscle weakness in one or both eyes

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Strabismus

TreatmentCover normal eye to train affected eye to

function Eye exercises Corrective lensesSurgery

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Macular Degeneration

Degeneration of macular area of retina Most common cause is age related Primary symptom: loss of central vision Treatment: laser surgery to improve

vision

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Diabetic Retinopathy

Leading cause of blindness in United States

Diabetes Mellitus causes vascular changes in retina leading to decreased visual acuity

Treatment: laser photocoagulation Prevention: controlling blood sugar

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Infection of the Ear

Otitis MediaInflammation in middle earUsually affects infants and young childrenSerous and suppurative Otitis Media

TreatmentAnalgesics, decongestants, and antibiotics

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Otitis Externa

“Swimmer’s ear” Inflammation of external ear canal Caused by bacterial or fungal infection

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Otitis Externa

SymptomsExtreme pain and feverPruritus and hearing lossClear or purulent drainage

Treatment Keep ear canal clean and dryAnalgesics and antibiotics

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Mastoiditis

Inflammation of mastoid bone or process

Acute mastoiditis is usually a result of middle ear infection

Symptoms: tinnitus and otalgia Treatment: antibiotics or mastoidectomy

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Deafness

Affects more than 25 million people Conductive and Sensory

Conductive:○ Caused by external or middle ear disorders

that decrease or stop sound conduction

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Deafness

Causes: impacted cerumen, otosclerosis, ruptured eardrum

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Deafness

Sensory Cochlear or auditory nerve damage

preventing sound to be carried to the brain

Cause is related to damaging noise levels and ototoxic medications

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Impacted Cerumen

Cerumen is a soft, yellow-brown secretion commonly called earwax

Causes skin dryness, excessive hair, narrow ear canal, excessive dust

Treatment: ear irrigation

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Otosclerosis

Bony fixation of middle ear bones do not allow vibrations from eardrum to inner ear

Treatment: stapedectomy

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Sensorineural Deafness

Sensory deafness due to damage to cochlea or auditory deafness

May be due to exposure to loud noise Damage is often permanent

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Motion Sickness

Experiencing nausea when traveling by car, boat, or airplane

Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and vertigo

Treatment: anti-motion sickness medication, rest, and closing eyes

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Corneal Abrasion

CausesObstruction trapped between eyelid and

corneaIll-fitting or worn contact lensesAccidentally poking a finger in eyeExtreme light, as with welding

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Corneal Abrasion

TreatmentRemove obstructionAntibiotic ointment or analgesicsPressure dressing to prevent eye movementReduce pain of photophobia

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Retinal Detachment

Often occurs with trauma, diabetes, and other retinopathies

Symptoms: blurred vision, flashes of light, floating spots

Painless disorder but needs attention Treatment: surgery

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Ruptured Tympanic Membrane Common cause is middle ear infection

or sticking a sharp object in ear canal Symptoms: pain, partial loss of hearing,

bloody or purulent discharge Treatment: antibiotics and surgical

patching of membrane with tissue graft

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Retinoblastoma

Hereditary malignant tumor of the eye occurring during infancy and childhood

If left untreated, the condition is fatal Treatment: enucleation, radiation, and

chemotherapy

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Meniérè’s Disease

Chronic disease of inner ear Symptoms:

TinnitusVertigoProgressive hearing lossFeeling of fullness in ear

Attacks: few hours to several days

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Meniérè’s Disease

Treatment Medications to control nausea Low salt dietDiureticsAntihistaminesNo smoking

Surgery may be necessary

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Color Blindness

Ability to see color diminishes with age due to yellowing of lens

Inherited Most common affects ability to

distinguish between red and green No cure

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