Joints/ArticulationsWhere two or more bones come

together

Anthrology = study of joints

Three types of Joints

A. Fibrous joint or Synarthrosis – immovable to slightly moveable• Two adjacent edges separated with a

small amount of fibrous tissue or a thin layer of cartilage

Examples 1. Skull – joints called sutures

Three types of Joints

A. Fibrous joint or Synarthrosis – immovable to slightly moveable• Two adjacent edges separate with a small amount of fibrous tissue or a thin layer of cartilage

Examples1. Skull – joints called sutures

2. Gomphosis – tooth joins its bony socket

Three types of Joints

A. Fibrous joint or Synarthrosis – immovable to slightly moveable• Two adjacent edges separate with a small amount of fibrous tissue or a thin layer of cartilage

Examples1. Skull – joints called sutures2. Gomphosis – tooth joins its bony socket

3. Syndesmosis – joint of ulna and radius where slightly movable.

Three types of Joints

A. Fibrous joint or Synarthrosis

B. Cartilaginous joints or AmphiarthrosisTwo adjacent bones are separated by a substantial amount of fibrocartilage or hyaline which gives them mobilitySlightly movable

Examples1. Vertebrae with disk cartilage

Three types of Joints

A. Fibrous joint or Synarthrosis

B. Cartilaginous joints or AmphiarthrosisTwo adjacent bones are separated by a substantial amount of fibrocartilage or hyaline which gives them mobility

ExamplesVertebrae with disk cartilage

2. Pubic symphysis – pubic portions of pelvic bone

Three types of Joints

A. Fibrous joint or Synarthrosis

B. Cartilaginous joints or AmphiarthrosisTwo adjacent bones are separated by a substantial amount of fibrocartilage or hyaline which gives them mobility

Examples1. Vertebrae with disk cartilage2. Pubic symphysis – pubic portions of pelvic bone

3. Sacroiliac joint – where sacrum joins the illium

c. Synovial joints or Diarthrosis

Freely movable

There are 6 kinds of synovial joints

Characteristic – ends of bones covered with articular cartilage

c. Synovial joints or Diathrosis Freely movable There are 6 kinds of synovial joints Characteristic – ends of bones covered with articular cartilage

Anatomy of the Synovial JointJoint is surrounded by an outer joint capsule called the fibrous capsule which is an extension of the periosteum which forms ligaments.

Anatomy of the Synovial Joint

Joint is surrounded by an outer joint capsule called the fibrous capsule which is an extension of the periosteum which forms ligaments

Bursa = articular capsule extends way beyond the joint and is filled with fluid to cushion

Bursitis = inflammation of the bursa

Anatomy of the Synovial Joint

Synovial Membrane – inner membrane that produces the synovial fluid which is a slipper liquid to reduce friction

Six major types of synovial joints:

1. Ball and socket joint:

Has most freedom of movementcan move in all directions and also rotateExample – hip and shoulder

Six major types of synovial joints:

1. Ball and socket joint

2. Hinge joint The convex surface of one bone

fits into the concave surface of another

Permits movement in one plane only

Ex. Elbow, phalanges, knee

Six major types of synovial joints:1. Ball and socket joint2. Hinge joint

3.Saddle joint Both bones have articulating concave

and convex regions One bone fits the complementary

surface of the other Variety of movement in two planes, all

but rotation Examples: Carpal and Metacarpel of

thumb More motion than hinge, less ball/socket

Six major types of synovial joints:1. Ball and socket joint2. Hinge joint3. Saddle joint

4. Ellipsoid Ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the

elliptical cavity of another Movement forward and backwards,

left and right, but no rotation Ex. Metacarpals to phalanges,

mandible to temporal bone

Six major types of synovial joints:1. Ball and socket joint2. Hinge joint3. Saddle joint4. Ellipsoid

5. Pivot The cylindrical surface of one bone

rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue of a ligament

Permits rotational movement only Ex. Atlas and axis of neck and radius

and ulna

Six major types of synovial joints:1. Ball and socket joint2. Hinge joint3. Saddle joint4. Ellipsoid 5. Pivot

6. Gliding The articulating surfaces are flat or

nearly curved. Allows bones to move a little bit in all

directions by sliding over each other. Ex. Wrist, ankle, vertebra

gliding

Anatomical terms:

Anatomical position – the body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side, and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forwards.

Anterior = front

Posterior = back

Motion and terms of motion:Midline – imaginary line that runs down center of the body

Midsagital plane – runs through the body at the midline

Lateral – way from the midline

Medial – toward the midline

anterior

posterior

Terms of Movement of joints:

Extension – straighten joint – increasing the angle between the two bones

Flexion – decreasing the angle between the two bones

Extension and Flexion

Movement of joints

Plantar flexion –movement of the ankle so that you can stand on your toes.

Dorsiflexion – movement of the ankle to decrease the angle between your foot and tibia.

Terms of Movement of joints

Abduction - moving body part away from the midline of the body

Adduction – moving the body part toward the midline of the body

Terms of Movement of joints:

Circumduction – circular rotation of a ball and socket joint

Terms of Movement of joints:Rotation – movement in which a body part moves about an axis

Medial rotation – rotation towards the midline

Lateral rotation – rotation away from the midline

Movement of joints:

Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand backward or opposite the anatomical position

Supination – rotating the palm of the hand forward or into anatomical position

pronation

supination

Movement of joints:

Inversion – rotation of the sole of the foot inward

Eversion- rotation of the sole of the foot outward