anatomy and physiology

35
Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Vernix caseosa is a ________. 1) A) cheesy - looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns B) coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men C) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands D) substance contributing to acne during adolescence Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 2) Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin. 2) Answer: Sweat is mostly an odorless watery secretion produced by eccrine and apocrine glands. The odor usually arises due to the metabolic activities of bacteria on the surface of the skin. Explanation: MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 3) Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair." Answer: A A) Vellus 3) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 4) The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well - being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? 4) A) stratum lucidum B) stratum granulosum C) stratum basale D) stratum corneum Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 5) The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet. 5) Answer: lucidum Explanation: 1

Upload: lotsoflovetogive

Post on 01-Dec-2014

62 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Anatomy and Physiology

Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Vernix caseosa is a ________. 1)A) cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newbornsB) coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding menC) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glandsD) substance contributing to acne during adolescence

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

2) Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year.Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin.

2)

Answer: Sweat is mostly an odorless watery secretion produced by eccrine and apocrineglands. The odor usually arises due to the metabolic activities of bacteria on thesurface of the skin.

Explanation:

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:3) Hair that lacks pigment and is often

called "immature hair."Answer: A

A) Vellus 3)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

4) The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health,well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for celldivision and replacement?

4)

A) stratum lucidum B) stratum granulosumC) stratum basale D) stratum corneum

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

5) The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms,fingertips, and soles of the feet.

5)

Answer: lucidumExplanation:

1

Page 2: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

6) A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? 6)A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneumB) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basaleC) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneumD) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

7) Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage whenkeratinocytes ________.

7)

A) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granulesB) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denatureC) provide the melanocyte with a protective shield against abrasionD) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking

pigment layerAnswer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

2

Page 3: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:8) Area that produces the hair. 8)

Answer: DExplanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

9) A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in theskin color.

9)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

10) The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________. 10)Answer: lunulaExplanation:

3

Page 4: Anatomy and Physiology

11) Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands. 11)Answer: 1. eccrine

2. apocrine3. ceruminous4. mammary

Explanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

12) The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and thereforethere are no sensory receptors in the skin.

12)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:13) The protein found in the epidermis

that is responsible for toughening theskin.Answer: A

A) Keratin 13)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

14) Albinos commonly contract skin cancer. What seems to be their problem and what is a solution?Answer: Albinos lack melanin and consequently do not have the normal defense against UV light. As a result,

skin cells can be affected by UV and skin cancer can occur. Covering all body areas and avoiding brightsunlight can prevent the situation.

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:15) The glands that serve an important

function in thermoregulation.Answer: A

A) Sudoriferous glands 15)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

16) The dermis is composed of the reticular and ________ layers. 16)Answer: papillaryExplanation:

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

17) John, a younger teenager, notices that he is experiencing a lot of pimples and blackheads, which frequentlybecome infected. What is causing this problem?Answer: Because of hormonal changes, teenagers frequently have overactive sebaceous (oil) glands, which can

clog, become infected, and inflammed. Scratching, squeezing, or irritating the tissue can lead to infection.

4

Page 5: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:18) Only dermal part of the hair. 18)

Answer: EExplanation:

5

Page 6: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

19) Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protectthe skin from the effects of UV damage?

19)

A) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, issynthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.

B) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color.C) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural

sunscreen.D) The skin is protected by increasing the number of Langerhans' cells, which help to activate

the immune system.Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

20) Mary noticed a large, brown spot on her skin. She has been playing tennis in the sun for several years withoutsun protection. She reported the discovery to a friend, who told her to apply the ABCD rule to determinewhether or not she had malignant melanoma. Her friend told her that if her answer was "no" to the questionsthat were asked by the ABCD rule, she had nothing to worry about. What is the ABCD rule and should sheignore the spot if her answers are negative?Answer: The ABCD rule refers to the following: asymmetry where the two sides of the spot do not match;

border irregularity the borders are not round and smooth; color the pigmented spot contains shades ofblack, brown, tan, and sometimes blues and reds; and diameter the spot is larger than 6 mm indiameter. It is imperative that Mary have a physician examine the spot immediately. Any unusual lesionon the skin of a sun worshipper should be examined.

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

21) The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in theunderlying dermis.

21)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

22) When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns thatcover approximately one-third of the body.

22)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

6

Page 7: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

23) The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae restupon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, andfingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

23)

A) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.B) Every human being has the same pattern of ridges.C) Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.D) Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily.

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

24) There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these otherfactors.

24)

Answer: Stressors such as acutely high fever, surgery, severe emotional trauma; drugs suchas antidepressants and chemotherapy drugs; burns and radiation; and aprotein-deficient diet can cause hair loss or thinning.

Explanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

25) The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. Thesuperficial surface has structures called:

25)

A) reticular papillae. B) dermal papillae.C) ceruminous glands. D) hair follicles.

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

26) Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes. 26)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

27) The most important factors influencing hair growth are ________. 27)A) nutrition and hormones B) age and glandular productsC) the size and number of hair follicles D) sex and hormones

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

7

Page 8: Anatomy and Physiology

28) Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps? 28)A) levator folliculi B) arrector integumentC) arrector pili D) arrector folliculi

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

29) Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues arecalled epidermal ridges.

29)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:30) Composes the root sheath of the hair follicle. 30)

Answer: CExplanation:

8

Page 9: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

31) Acne is a disorder associated with ________. 31)A) sweat glands B) ceruminous glandsC) sebaceous glands D) Meibomian glands

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

32) What are the functions of the papillary layer of the skin? 32)Answer: 1. Feed and oxygenate the epidermis.

2. Provide touch and pain receptors.3. Form the underlying foundation for ridges of the hands and toes.

Explanation:

33) Why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem? 33)Answer: Good because the sweat and evaporating of the sweat causes cooling of the body.

Bad because excessive water and salt loss may occur. Fluid and electrolyteimbalances may follow.

Explanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

34) Incisions should be made across rather than parallel to cleavage lines produced by collagen fiberbundles.

34)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

35) Cradle cap in infants is called ________. 35)Answer: seborrheaExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

36) The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow andmigrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?

36)

A) macrophages called Langerhans' cellsB) keratinocytes, because they are so versatileC) cells found in the stratum spinosumD) Merkel cells

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

9

Page 10: Anatomy and Physiology

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

37) Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle. 37)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

38) Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? 38)A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.B) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.C) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.D) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair.

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

10

Page 11: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:39) Dense irregular connective tissue. 39)

Answer: DExplanation:

11

Page 12: Anatomy and Physiology

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:40) Thick basement membrane. 40)

Answer: BExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

41) Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________. 41)A) weight B) size C) male hormones D) age

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

42) Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore theirlost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness.

42)

Answer: It appears to be genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by adelayed-action gene that responds to DHT and alters normal metabolism.

Explanation:

12

Page 13: Anatomy and Physiology

43) The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair. 43)Answer: terminalExplanation:

44) Name the layers of the epidermis in order from the surface down. 44)Answer: Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.Explanation:

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

45) The Waldorf family was caught in a fire but escaped. Unfortunately, the father and daughter suffered burns.The father had second-degree burns on his chest, abdomen, and both arms, and third-degree burns on hisentire left lower extremity. The daughter suffered first-degree burns on her head and neck and second-degreeburns on both lower extremities.

a. What percentage of the father's body was covered by burns?b. What percentage of the daughter's body received first-degree burns?c. What part of the daughter's body has both the dermis and epidermis involved?d. The father experiences a good deal of pain in the area of the chest and

abdomen, but little pain in the leg. Why?Answer: a. 48%

b. 9%c. 36%d. Normally, third-degree burns sear nerve endings off. When the tissue regenerates, pain will return.Second-degree burns are usually very painful because of the irritation to the nerve endings.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

46) The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. 46)A) bind the hair root to the dermisB) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passedC) allow the hair to assist in touch sensationD) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

47) The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen. 47)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

13

Page 14: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

48) Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. 48)A) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.B) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.C) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.D) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

49) A Langerhans' cell is a ________. 49)A) specialized nerve cell B) specialized melanocyteC) specialized squamous epithelial cell D) specialized phagocytic cell

Answer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

50) The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax. 50)A) eccrine B) ceruminous C) apocrine D) mammary

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

51) ________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred andgums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.

51)

A) Porphyria B) Rosacea C) Decubitus ulcer D) ImpetigoAnswer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

52) The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________. 52)A) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shockB) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorberC) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucusD) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

14

Page 15: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

53) A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appearsalmost metallic bronze, it may be the result of ________ disease.

53)

Answer: Addison'sExplanation:

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:54) Pulls the hair follicle into an upright position. 54)

Answer: AExplanation:

15

Page 16: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

55) Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or lightpressure?

55)

A) Krause's end bulbs B) free nerve endingsC) Meissner's corpuscles D) Pacinian corpuscles

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

56) The dermis has a connective tissue and adipose layer that loosely binds the body together. 56)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

57) Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________. 57)A) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermisB) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skinC) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermisD) filtration

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

58) The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers. 58)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:59) The layer that contains the mitotic

viable cells of the epidermis.Answer: A

A) Stratum basale 59)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

60) The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of thedermis.

60)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

16

Page 17: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

61) Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that thedermis has been stretched and/or torn?

61)

A) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.B) Because the pain is acute due to the large number of Meissner's corpuscles.C) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing

"black and blue marks."D) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Answer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

62) Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include________.

62)

A) the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other externalsubstances

B) cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temperatureconditions

C) epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoirD) resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present

them to the immune systemAnswer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

63) Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of thefollowing changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

63)

A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.B) Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause.C) It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.D) The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

64) Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are thetwo types of sweat glands?

64)

A) holocrine and mammary B) eccrine and apocrineC) sebaceous and merocrine D) mammary and ceruminous

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

17

Page 18: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

65) What are vellus hairs? 65)Answer: Pale, fine body hair associated with newborn children, women, and bald men.Explanation:

66) Why is skin not considered a heat barrier for the body? 66)Answer: The skin proper must retain flexibility to give up excess body heat, so it must not

function as a heat barrier. The hypodermis contains adipose which acts as aninsulator. With this set up, extra blood (and heat) can be shunted above thehypodermis when heat loss is desireable.

Explanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

67) Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play littlerole in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

67)

A) beneath the flexure lines in the bodyB) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermisC) in the axillary and anogenital areaD) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

18

Page 19: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:68) Pain receptors are found here. 68)

Answer: EExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

69) Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because ________. 69)A) they are able to transform from living cells to plasma membranes and still functionB) they produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective propertiesC) they are a powerful defense against damaging UV raysD) they are able to reproduce sporadically as needed

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

19

Page 20: Anatomy and Physiology

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

70) Explain why soap that has an alkaline base may not be healthy for some patients to use daily.Answer: The skin's acid mantle retards growth of bacteria. Soap may destroy the acid mantle of the skin, causing

it to lose its protective mechanism. Some soaps contain antibacterial agents, which can change thenatural flora of the skin.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

71) How are burns classified? Give an example. 71)Answer: Burns are classified according to their severity or depth. For example, in

first-degree burns, only the epidermis is damaged; in second degree burns, theepidermis and upper dermis are damaged; in third degree burns, there iswidespread damage of epidermis and dermis.

Explanation:

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

72) The temperature yesterday was an uncomfortable 98° F. You unwisely chose to play tennis at noon, countingon your body's internal defenses to protect you against heat exhaustion. How did your body respond to thisdistress?Answer: The thermoreceptors in the skin sense the temperature change, and the body responded by stimulating

sweat glands. Their watery products evaporated at the skin surface and cooled the body. Blood vesselsin the dermis also responded to neural stimulation by dilating and releasing heat to the exterior.

73) Sarah complains of severe pain after burning her hand from scalding grease. What layer of skin was injuredand why is she in pain?Answer: The dermis layer was affected. The dermis is richly supplied with nerve fibers and a burn would expose

the nerve endings to air and cause pain.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

74) Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which ofthe following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

74)

A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted intoextracellular spaces.

B) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.C) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick

bundles of intermediate filaments.D) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it.

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

20

Page 21: Anatomy and Physiology

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

75) Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes. Melanoma is most common in Caucasiansbetween 40 and 70 years of age. Explain why Caucasians would have a greater incidence of melanoma.Answer: Melanoma has its beginnings in melanocytes, the skin pigment cells. These cells produce the dark

protective pigment called melanin. It is the melanin that is responsible for suntanned skin acting as apartial protection against the sun. Melanocytes of black- and brown-skinned people produce manymore darker melanocytes than those of fair-skinned individuals. Dark brown or black skin is not aguarantee against melanoma, but the incidence is higher in Caucasians.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

76) Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body.How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

76)

A) by observing the tissues that are usually moistB) by measuring urinary output and fluid intakeC) through blood analysisD) by using the "rule of nines"

Answer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

77) When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels willdilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.

77)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

78) If eccrine sweat glands produce dermicidin, why produce a fluid with a pH of 4-6? 78)Answer: Dermicidin has an effect on many bacteria but not all. A low pH slows the

bacteria's ability to reproduce and grow. The slowing allows the dermicidin moretime to work and allows macrophages to work as well.

Explanation:

79) The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is thestratum ________.

79)

Answer: granulosumExplanation:

21

Page 22: Anatomy and Physiology

80) What are six of the functions of the epidermis? 80)Answer: 1. Protection against abrasion.

2. Protection from the sun's radiation.3. Involved in the immune system. First line of defense.4. Protection from water loss.5. Protection from heat loss.6. Covers the body interphase with the outside.7. Sensory perception.

Explanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

81) The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. Thesecretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

81)

A) by hormones, especially androgensB) as a protective coating when one is swimmingC) when the air temperature dropsD) by high temperatures

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

22

Page 23: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:82) This structure hardens to become the hair shaft. 82)

Answer: AExplanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

83) Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would bestbe described as a third-degree burn.

83)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

23

Page 24: Anatomy and Physiology

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

84) We are told that every surface we touch is teeming with bacterial cells, and bacteria are found in the pools weswim in, the water we wash with, and on the hands of friends. Why are we not inundated with bacterialinfections on our skin?Answer: The low pH of the skin secretions, otherwise known as the acid mantle, retards the multiplication of

bacteria on the skin. Also, in areas where sufficient sebum is produced regularly, many species ofbacteria cannot exist. Beside the barrier qualities of the skin, it is also true that not all bacteria areharmful or thrive on skin.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

85) The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________. 85)A) cortex B) external root sheathC) cuticle D) medulla

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

86) What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? 86)A) infection B) loss of immune functionC) unbearable pain D) catastrophic fluid loss

Answer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

87) The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viablecells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft.

87)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:88) Must be activated in the skin in order

to enhance calcium metabolism.Answer: A

A) Vitamin D 88)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

89) The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath. 89)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

24

Page 25: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

90) If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cellswould be damaged?

90)

A) lucidum B) granulosum C) basale D) spinosumAnswer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:91) Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis. 91)

Answer: BExplanation:

25

Page 26: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

92) The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likelyto be found in the dermis?

92)

A) goblet cells, parietal cells, and Kupffer cellsB) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cellsC) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytesD) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

93) The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. 93)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:94) The layer of the epidermis where the

cells are considered protective butnonviable.Answer: A

A) Stratum corneum 94)

26

Page 27: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:95) Contains capillaries that supply nutrients to the hair. 95)

Answer: EExplanation:

27

Page 28: Anatomy and Physiology

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:96) Region that thickens markedly when one gains weight. 96)

Answer: BExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

97) In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which ofthe following is another vital function of the skin?

97)

A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calciummetabolism.

B) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.C) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.D) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

28

Page 29: Anatomy and Physiology

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

98) The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue. 98)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

99) The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps. 99)Answer: arrector piliExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

100) The dermis ________. 100)A) has two layers B) is an avascular connective tissue layerC) is where melanocytes are found D) lacks sensory corpuscles and glands

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

29

Page 30: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:101) Contains the medulla. 101)

Answer: AExplanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

102) During the resting phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies. 102)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

103) ________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis. 103)Answer: Second-degreeExplanation:

30

Page 31: Anatomy and Physiology

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

104) The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. 104)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

105) The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and isresponsible for the tension lines in the skin?

105)

A) the reticular layer B) the papillary layerC) the hypodermal layer D) the subcutaneous layer

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

106) The epidermis is responsible for protecting the body against invasion of bacteria and other foreignagents primarily because it is composed of ________.

106)

A) a tough layer of connective tissueB) three layers of keratinized cells onlyC) four different cell shapes found in five distinct layers, each cell shape with a special functionD) stratified columnar epithelium

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

107) What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces? 107)Answer: Large losses of skin, as with severe burn injuries, allow excessive fluid loss and

infection. Skin grafting or "synthetic skin" applications are usually necessary.Explanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

108) The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenatedhemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflectingthrough the epidermis.

108)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

31

Page 32: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:109) Sudoriferous gland. 109)

Answer: CExplanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

110) Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands. 110)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

111) In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some otherbiologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions.

111)

Answer: Keratinocyte enzymes can neutralize carcinogens that penetrate the epidermis.Keratinocytes are also able to convert topical steroid hormones to a powerfulanti-inflammatory drug.

Explanation:

32

Page 33: Anatomy and Physiology

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

112) The 68-year-old client was admitted to the hospital medical floor with a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. Hiswife asks the nurse why his skin looks blue. How would you explain cyanosis to the client and his wife?Answer: Cyanosis is a dusky bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs with

reduced oxygen levels of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to the tissues. Without enoughoxygen getting to the tissues the skin in Caucasians appears blue. In dark-skinned clients, closeinspection of the conjunctiva and palms and soles may also show evidence of cyanosis.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:113) Sit e of the dermal ridges that produce epidermal ridges on the epidermal surfaces of the

fingers.113)

Answer: EExplanation:

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

114) Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil. 114)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

33

Page 34: Anatomy and Physiology

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

115) Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are? 115)A) Fingernails are a separate tissue from the skin, formed from a different embryonic layer.B) Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.C) Fingernails are extensions of the carpal bones.D) Fingernails are derived from osseous tissue.

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

116) The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. 116)A) metabolic wastesB) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin CC) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitaminsD) primarily uric acid

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

117) Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________. 117)A) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicleB) hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined

lengthC) they grow much slowerD) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Answer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

118) Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following iscorrect?

118)

A) Mammary glands are not considered a modified sweat gland.B) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.C) Eccrine are the most numerous, being found primarily in the axillary regions.D) Apocrine glands are larger than eccrine, and empty secretions directly to the surface of the

skin.Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

34

Page 35: Anatomy and Physiology

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

119) ________ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis. 119)Answer: MelanocytesExplanation:

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

120) Melanocytes ________. 120)A) are involved in the immune systemB) are involved with the nervous systemC) are spidery-shaped cells in contact with cells in the stratum basaleD) work their way up to the surface just like the keratinocytes

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

121) The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle. 121)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

122) Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures. 122)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:123) The most abundant cells of the

epidermis.Answer: A

A) Keratinocytes 123)

35