analytical study of ground water contamination in …...analytical study of ground water...

Analytical study of ground water contamination

in Ankleshwar Taluka of Gujarat

Abstract: Groundwater is considered as most valuable natural resource to human lives. In the recent era fresh ground water is a topic to think. To access clean portable drinking water is challenge to people; as groundwater quality is affected by public activity and utility. The area having high contamination of ground water is selected named as Ankleshwar located in Bharuch district of Gujarat. The study area became center of attraction due to urbanization as well as many chemical refineries and pharmaceutical companies are located around. The objective of study to access water quality parameter in 22 numbers of selected wells. Most effected pollutant like TDS, Alkalinity, Nitrogen and fluoride analyzed during study. Spatial distribution analysis of these all parameter is done with help of Arc GIS. Graphs are also plotted to show ground water quality index with reference of dirking water quality standard IS 10500-2012. Study revels high constrictions of alkalinity and TDS in Ground water of study area due to industrial effluents. Also higher magnitude of nitrogen is because of excessive use of fertilizer and pesticide.

Index Terms — Nitrogen, TDS, Alkalinity, Groundwater,

IDW.

I. INTRODUCTION

Groundwater resources are affected by enlargement of

irrigation activities, industrialization and urbanization.

Monitoring and conserving this essential useful resource is

essential. The exceptional of water is described in phrases

of its physical, chemical and biological parameters.

Ascertaining the satisfactory of groundwater is

indispensable earlier than its use for a number of functions

such as drinking, agricultural, leisure and industrial

activities.

The movement of groundwater is very slow as compare to

surface water, the rate of movement of ground water is

depending upon the parameters like transmissivity,

permeability, aquifer storage capacity etc. Ground water

helpful in most of agricultural and industrial utilization, for

the development of arid and semi arid region ground water

takes part vital role. A large number of ground water

reservoirs are still uninvestigated and undeveloped although

the ground water is distributed among the world.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Groundwater Quality is an issue of great importance and

concern. With continuous utilization of surface water

sources, utilization of ground has increased in last few

decades which have raised new challenges and issues.

Amongst these issues related to quality are significant.

Many scholars and researchers have worked on study and

analysis of ground water quality worldwide. They have

used many approaches and methods. Amongst most widely

used tools use of GIS and Statistical Models are very

popular. Some of the studies related to India and nearby

region are as follows.

S.Krishnaraj et al carried out spatial analysis of

groundwater quality using GIS for Karur district of Tamil

Nadu, India. They analyzed number of water samples for

physico-chemical parameters like TDS, TH, TA Chloride,

and Fluoride. They also did geographic information system-

based groundwater quality mapping and contour map.

Finally they developed an integrated map showing three

priority classes such as Excellent, Good and Poor

groundwater quality zones of the study are.

The urban groundwater quality assessment of their

physiological characteristics have done by P.Satyanarayana

et al of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation

Area of Andhra Pradesh, India. The water quality standards

of WHO, BIS and CPHEEO are taken as reference and final

results were compared with that.

Mukesh A Modi, Assistant Professor, Civil Engg. Dept., Faculty of Tech. and Engg., M. S. University of Baroda.

Hettal M. Tokle, Assistant Professor, Sal Institute of Tech. and Engineering Research-Ahmedabad

Dr. N J Shrimali, Associate Professor, Civil Engg. Dept., Faculty of Tech. and Engg., M. S. University of Baroda.

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 14, No.1, 2019 (Spl.) pp. 16-21© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Spatial Distribution of Ground water Quality is done by

S.Tikle et al; the domain area is selected in Pune city-

Maharashtra. The study bore well sample of data collected

are 29 numbers and the study is done with using Arc GIS

software. The prescription from APHA is taken as a

reference and the physicochemical parameters are analyzed

that are finally compared with WHO (2006, 2008) water

quality standards for drinking. Also, maps were prepared

using IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) technique in GIS.

Gursimran Singh et al studied effect of polluter surface

water on ground water for BudhaNullah near Ludhiana and

Machhiwara region of India. They collected number of

samples and analyzed all the quality parameters using

standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for

examination of water and wastewater”. The total study

covers so many samples of data within range of study area,

the data sample then analyzed and compared with ISO

10500 drinking water quality standards; in the result found

that the sample of water collected found to be unfit for

drinking. Optimum value for soil is found in Sodium

adsorption ratio (SAR) test shows results within the ranges

from 3.78 to 6.98 mg/kg; the soil having SAR value less

than 10 are generally considered as a good soil for leaching

and water percolation. The presence of impurities and

heavy metals are found in other forms in the ground water.

Akhtar and Z.Tang carried out study related to

contamination sources-identification and concentration of

TDS in urban area of Pakistan. They collected data and

analyzed graphically. In the conclusion; contaminated river

water and drain systems, poor unregulated landfills are

found as major sources of pollution.

III. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION:

The study area Ankleshwar is located in Bhruch district of

Gujarat. It lies between 21.6264° N (latitude), 73.0152° E

(longitude). Akleshwar taluka is located around 14Km from

Bharuch District. The beautiful Bharuch district is situated

on bank of Narmada river, which also known as lifeline of

Gujarat. The river banks of Bharuch district are covered by

greenery.

Ankleshwar town and Bharuch also have remarkable

peculiarities in ancient time. Many pharmaceutical

companies are located in Ankleshwar taluka. There are

around 2000 industries located in this area.

Ankleshwar industrial association is the largest association

of industry in Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation

(GIDC). In 2011 Ankleshwar had population around

140839. Major predominant geological formation found in

study area is Deccan Trap, Sandstone, and Alluvium.

Figure1. MAP OF ANKLESHWAR

GUJARAT

INDIA

Figure: 1 Study area map of Ankleswar

2012-13

District: Bharuch Water sample: Tube well Lab: Ankleswar TDS

Sr No

Village Name Location Testing Date Testing result

1 ALANJ Vav of Vill. Aalunj 06/12/2012 2680.00 mg/l 2 GADKHOL Nr. Tank 22/12/2012 3880.00 mg/l 3 KARMALI Near Panchayat 26/02/2013 2200.00 mg/l 4 KARMALI Nr. Samshan 19/06/2012 2356.00 mg/l 5 KHAROD Near Tank 26/02/2013 2250.00 mg/l 6 MOTALI Sarpanch's house 19/06/2012 3848.00 mg/l 7 PUNGAM Rajput Faliya 11/10/2012 3240.00 mg/l 8 SAMOR Nr Amravati Wadi 22/12/2012 2300.00 mg/l 9 SANJALI Bore Water 26/02/2013 3650.00 mg/l 10 SANJALI Mazid 02/03/2013 3500.00 mg/l 11 SARANGPOR Near Navi Nagri 26/02/2013 2120.00 mg/l 12 SARANGPOR Nr. Gram Panchayat 11/10/2012 2360.00 mg/l 13 UMARWADA Bore Water 26/02/2013 2300.00 mg/l 14 UMARWADA Talav 19/06/2012 2264.00 mg/l

NITRATE

1 MOTALI Sarpanch's House 19/06/2012 253.81 mg/l 2 SANJALI Bore Water 26/02/2013 115.18 mg/l 3 SANJALI Mazid 02/03/2013 115.18 mg/l 4 SANJALI Tank 19/06/2012 176.30 mg/l 5 SARANGPOR Nr.Panchayt ofiice 11/10/2012 121.09 mg/l 6 UMARWADA Bore Water 26/02/2013 115.18 mg/l

ALKALINITY

1 KHAROD Near Tank 26/02/2013 780.00 mg/l 2 UMARWADA Bore Water 26/02/2013 680.00 mg/l

2017-18

District: Bharuch Water sample: Tube well Lab: Ankleswar

TDS Sr

No VillageName Location Testing Date Testing result

1 DIVA Bore Near Tank 20/11/2017 2262.00 mg/l 2 DIVA Near Pond 20/11/2017 2276.00 mg/l 3 DIVA Near panchayat 20/11/2017 7688.00 mg/l 4 DIVI Primary school 20/11/2017 2344.00 mg/l 5 DIVI Nr Aganvadi 20/11/2017 2444.00 mg/l 6 KARMALI Nr School 06/04/2017 3600.00 mg/l 7 KOSAMADI kosamadi 03/05/2017 2600.00 mg/l 8 SARFUDDIN Nr Tank 20/11/2017 2594.00 mg/l 9 SARFUDDIN Nr aganvadi, 20/11/2017 3052.00 mg/l 10 SURWADI Primary school 20/11/2017 2312.00 mg/l

NITRATE

1 DIVA Near panchayat 20/11/2017 47.38 mg/l

2 DIVA Plot Vibhag-01, 20/11/2017 129.55 mg/l

3 DIVA Plot vibhag-02, 20/11/2017 141.47 mg/l

4 KARMALI Near Tank 31/08/2017 72.57 mg/l

5 KARMALI At Nea School 06/04/2017 273.00 mg/l

6 KOSAMADI Name: kosamadi 03/05/2017 60.28 mg/l

7 SARFUDDIN Nr aganvadi 20/11/2017 54.86 mg/l

8 UMARWADA Nr panchayat 06/04/2017 120.30 mg/l

ALKALINITY

1 HARIPURA At office Faliya 07/04/2017 760.00 mg/l

2 SARFUDDIN Nr Tank 20/11/2017 644.00 mg/l

FLOURIDE

1 SARFUDDIN Primary school 20/11/2017 3.04 mg/l


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However some data are out of Ankleswar but having lot of

contamination and instructed topic to highlight in research.

For analysis data used are secondary/ancillary data

collected from NRDWP and other internet sources, as well

as some data are found from GPCB website and software

like goggle earth pro so as to identify ground position.

IV. METHODOLOGY:

The groundwater samples were analyzed with help of

analytical and graphical method. Ground water parameters

are then compared with IS 10500 (2012): Drinking water.

The samples collected were analyzed for important

chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids,

Alkalinity, fluorides, and NO3.

The expression of all these chemical constituents is in mg/L

(milligrams/liter). The sample is divided with reference of

the parameter which having higher contaminations are

taken account. Spatial distribution of these parameters is

done with the help of arc GIS 10 software.

Inverse distance weighting IDW approach of GIS is an

advantageous device for preliminary decision making of

groundwater contaminant extent. This tool is interpolation

technique for creating spatial distribution maps and has

been used for parameters which are greater than its

permissible limit as per standard.

IDW Uses the measured values surrounding the prediction

location to predict a value for any unsampled location,

based on the assumption that things that are close to one

another are more alike than those that are farther apart

(ESRI Arc gis).

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

A TDS(Total Dissolved Solid ):

The study area of Ankleswar is the leading industrial zone

of southern Gujarat. The industries which are having boiler

and cooling tower blow down and processing waste water

stream containing alkalinity and hardness are the result of

higher magnitude of TDS in surface as well as ground water

of the area.

Due to dissolved impurities come from rocks and mineral

matters the amount of TDS also increased in groundwater.

Figure:2 TDS concentration in 2012-13 at Ankleswar

Figure:3 TDS concentration in 2017-18 at Ankleswar

B Nitrate:

In the atmosphere fundamental sources of nitrate consist of

reactions prompted via lightning, photochemical oxidation

in the stratosphere, chemical oxidation of ammonia, soil

manufacturing of NO by means of microbial processes, and

fossil gasoline combustion.

Nitrate in groundwater originates primarily from fertilizers,

septic systems, and manure storage or spreading operations


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Figure:4 Nitrate concentration in 2012-13 at Ankleswar

Figure:5 Nitrate concentration in 2017-18 at Ankleswar

C Alkalinity:

As per available information from NRDWP, the alkalinity

above IS standard of 200mg/l were observed in ground

water of Kharod, Umarwada, Haripura and Safruddin

villages. The Natural processes such as dissolution of

carbonate mineral and dissolution of atmospheric, and soil

CO2 gas are supplying CO3 to the groundwater.

Figure:6 Alkalinity in 2012-13 at Ankleswar

Figure:6 Alkalinity in 2017-18 at Ankleswar

C Fluoride:

In the year of 2017-18, a surprising location of Safruddin

village bore well sample got higher value of Fluoride 3.04

mg/l which was due to phosphate fertilizers used in

irrigation lands.


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VI. CONCLUSION:

From this study it is found that the utility of GIS combined

with analytical data to assess and mapping of groundwater

quality. The spatial distribution map of Total Dissolved

Solids, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Chloride and

Fluoride shows that, these parameters were not within the

permissible limit throughout the study area uniformly.

Spatial distribution maps of a number of quality parameters

are used to demarcate the locational distribution of water

quality in a complete manner and assist in suggesting

groundwater appropriate for domestic usage purposes.

The study region and its nearby locations are going through

a quantity of groundwater issues, such as water shortages,

locally excessive pollution, and low recharge and over

exploitation of the resource. The important sources of

pollution in the study area are negative unregulated

landfills, contaminated river water and drain systems. All of

these issues will intensify with passage of time unless steps

are taken in the.

It is felt that we have no strong approach to guard the

groundwater gadget from pollutant, which are continually

infiltrating into the aquifer.

A groundwater monitoring gadget is most essential for

stopping these. There are some considerable guidelines for

preventing in addition groundwater satisfactory

deterioration

1) A massive waste water extent from domestic sewage that

enters into the quite a number water bodies positioned in

the city. Effective treatment plants must be set up to deal

with municipal waste water before thru into river or other

water bodies. Fractured and ancient sewage traces ought to

be exchange to make it insure fix leaking problem.

2) Landfills must be maintained precise and generated

leachate collection mechanism need to be established.

Groundwater recharge places and buildings are protected

from surface pollution. Agricultural activities, specifically

those the use of large quantities of fertilizer and pesticide,

need to be excluded from the recharge sites.

3) Enforce current environmental safety laws and boost

additional guidelines and policies as necessary.

4) There is a crucial need of continuously monitoring

groundwater levels and high-quality so that issues can be

identified and dealt quickly.

The outcomes obtained in this study with the spatial

database mounted in GIS will be beneficial for monitoring

and managing ground water quality and its pollution in the

study area.

REFERENCES

[1] Akhtar M. M. and Tang Zhonghua “Identification of

Contamination Sources and TDS Concentration in

ground water of Second Biggest City of Pakistan”

International Journal of Environmental Science and

Development, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013

[2] R. Ghazavi and Z. Ebrahimi, “Assessing groundwater

vulnerability to contamination in an arid environment

using DRASTIC and GOD models” Int. J. Environ.

Sci. Technol. (2015) 12:2909–2918

[3] S. Krishnaraj, Sanjiv Kumar and K.P. Elango

1Department of Petrochemical Engg., R.V.S College

“Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality Using

Geographic Information System – A Case Study”

IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology

and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT, Volume 9,

Issue 2 Ver. III (Feb 2015), PP 01-06

[4] Satyanarayana P., N.Appala Raju, K.Harikrishna and

K.Viswanath “Urban Groundwater Quality

Assessment: A Case Study of Greater Visakhapatnam

Municipal Corporation Area (Gvmc), Andhra Pradesh,

India” International Journal of Engineering Science

Invention Volume 2 Issue 5, May. 2013, PP.20-31

[5] Tikle Suvarna, Saboori Mohammad Jawid and

Sankpal Rushikesh, “Spatial Distribution Of Ground

Water Quality In Some Selected Parts Of Pune City,

Maharashtra, India Using GIS” Current World

Environment Vol. 7(2), 281-286 (2012)

V. AUTHORS DETAILS:

Mukesh A. Modi received the B.E.degree from S.V.N.I.T.,

Surat and M.E. degree from L.D. College of Engineering,

Ahmedabad and pursuing PhD in Civil Engineering from The

M.S. University of Baroda. He obtained his Master degree with

specialization in Water Resources Management in 2004. He

served L.E. College, Morbi for a short period and then joined

Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M.S. University of

Baroda in 2004. He has written several research papers and

delivered many technical expert talks as well as lectures. He

has been guiding many scholars for their Masters in the field of

water resources engineering which includes Ground water

Modeling, Irrigation water management, Water pollution and

contamination studies and ground water vulnerabilities.


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Ms. Hettal M. Tokle received the degree from Shantilal Shah

Engineering College- Bhavnagar and M. E. degree from L. E.

College- Morbi in specialization subject of Water Resources

Engineering and Management. She has one year industrial

Experience as Drafts men Designer cum site engineer. She

served as Asst. Prof. in Arunmuchhala Engineering College-

Dhari for two years and Atmiya Institute of Engineering and

Technology for two years. She also served as Laboratory

Engineer at S.V.N.I.T.-Surat under TQP-2 cell on river

morphological project. Currently she is serving at Sal Institute

of Engineering and Research-Ahmedabad. She has published

several research papers on different areas. Interested research

area and study area is Ground water hydrology, River water,

Ground water contamination, river morphology, Ground water

recharge, modeling with help of software like Arc GIS, Surfer,

ANN, Sewer Gems, Water Gems.

Dr.Narendra J. Shrimalireceived the B.E. and M.E. degree

in Civil Engineering from The M.S. University of Baroda. He

obtained his Ph.D. degree from the same university in Civil

Engineering in 2010. He served B. & B. Polytechnic college,

VallabhVidya Nagar for a short period and then joined

Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M.S. University of

Baroda in 1996. He has written several research papers and

delivered many technical expert talks as well as lectures. He

has been guiding many scholars for their Masters and Ph.D.

His area of interest and specialization includes Ground water

Modeling, Surface water Hydrology, Water pollution and

contamination studies and water resources management.

Acknowledgement

The Author/s are grateful to the Department of

Chemical Engineering, Sal College of Engineering,

Ahmedabad for giving us an opportunity to present

our work in the National Seminar “Pollution control,

Cleaner Production and Chemical Security Program-

Issues & Concerns” Sept 19-20, 2018 jointly organized

by Department of Chemical Engineering – SAL

College of Engineering, Gujarat pollution Control

Board, Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers-ARC &

Institution of Engineers India)- Gujarat Centre. We are

pleased to know that the Department of Chemical

Engineering, SAL College of Engineering is helping us

to publish our research paper in the journal “IJAER”.

We also extend our gratitude to the Department for the

same.

Declaration:

We also declare that the presented work is done

by us. Any of the staff members/ faculty

members of the above mentioned organizers and

that of SAL Education campus is not responsible

for data or work presented in the paper. We

publish our paper “Analytical study of ground

water contamination in Ankleshwar Taluka of

Gujarat” in the above said journal at our sole

responsibility and resolve the issues if raised any

time at ourselves.


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