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  • 8/17/2019 Analiza Spectrala a Materialelor Metalice

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    UNIVERSITATEA “DUNĂREA DE JOS” GALATIFACULTATEA DE INGINERIEM.S.I.M

    PROIECT  E T O D E T E N S I O E T R I C E

     

    AUTOR,  Ionuţ ŞUCHEA

     ÎNDRUMĂTOR,

      Po!. ". #n$. Ionel Chirica 

    http://www.im.ugal.ro/om/personal/Ionel%20Chirica/index.htmhttp://www.im.ugal.ro/om/personal/Ionel%20Chirica/index.htm

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      INTRODUCERE

    C%&%'(%( %)'% *o('% &%+ (# "#n(#& )%&'o "% (&'#-#'('%, )u*u) &%+o (# "u%&o*%'#'## )# *%(n%n' )u *%)#un%( )o+#'(#+o "% *#('(. In "uu+ "% +( #"%% +( (*+#&('#% /

    &%&%'(%( %)'% *#u+ )%$%n', &%+ &(% ("0u"%&( )(u *#%"%, *%n'u &(% nu %1#)'( -#&%/&(*#on#.

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    Globalizarea, !%no%n &(% &((&'%#2%(2( #n *%2%n' %&ono#( on"#(+(, *%)u*un%#n'o"u&%%( (*#"( ( noilor tehnologii  )# o'#n%%( "% noi produse  *%n'u ( !# #n *%(n%n'3#n (&'u(+#'('%.

    Coun#'('#+% u(n% )un' "%)&#)% )# %-(+u('% "% &%+% (# u+'% o# 4n !un&'#% "%&(*('('%( +o "% ( $()# #0+o(&% '%5n#&% *#n &(% )( )u*(-#%'u#()&(, )( )% adapteze&on"#'##+o "% %"#u )# )(  progreseze  *% *+(n %&ono#&, )o(+ )(u *o+#'#&. In &on'%1'u+!(&'o#+o &(% #n!+u%n'%(2( "#%&' ()u*( *o&%)u+u# "% *o"u&'#% '%u#% +u(' #n &on)#"%(%&(, metodele analitice aplicate #n'%-#n *% "#!%#'% %'(*% (+% &+u+u# "% -#('3 ( *o"u)%+o 6# (u&( o#%&'#- %+u"(%( ()*%&'%+o )*%!#&% !#%&3%# !(2% "#n lantul tehnologic.Po*#%'('#+% 6#

     *%!o(nţ%+% &((&'%#)'#&% (+% unu# (nu#' '#* "% ('%#(+, &( !(&'o "#%&' "% &(% "%*#n"%)%&-%n'( '%5no+o$#&( ("o*'('3 *%n'u %(+#2(%( unu# o#%&' (nu%, &u *%!o(n'%&((&'%#)'#&% #*u)%, )un' %-#"%n'#('% *#n (*+#&(%( uno %'o"% )*%!#&% "% (n(+#2( )#on#'o#2(%.

    S/( "o-%"#' &( 4n'%+%$%%( )# &uno()'%%( (# *o!un"(, *% (2( "('%+o o'#nu'% *#n(n(+#2%+% !#2#&o/&5##&%, ( !%no%n%+o "#n *(&'#&( ( "u) +( *%!%&'#on(%( &on'#nu( (

     *%!o(n'%+o o$(n#2('##+o 7#n)'#'u'##+o $u-%n(%n'(+% )(u ( !#%+o *#-('%8, (+% *o"u)%+o, ('%#(+%+o )(u '%5no+o$##+o. D% (&%%(, instrumentelor analitice 7)(u (*(('%+o &u &(% )% %1%&u'( ()u('o#+%8 +# )/( ()#$u(' *% *+(n on"#(+ un loc important #n )'##n'3 )#'%5n#&(, +(o('o(% "% &##n(+#)'#&(, +(o('o(% &+#n#&%, #n #n"u)'#( )(u &o%'u+ &u *o"u)%)#"%u$#&% )# nu 4n u+'#u+ (n" #n "o%n#u+ on#'o#2(## *o+u(n'#+o %"#u+u#.Iun('('##+% (u !(&u' #n)'u%n'%+% (# &o*+%1%, "( (# )#*+u "% )'(*(n#', "% %$u+(()#)'('% "% un &(+&u+('o )(u un #&o*o&%)o.

    Con"u&%%( )# $()#%( )o+u'##+o o*'#% (+% *o&%)%+o '%5no+o$#&% )% *o' !(&% 4n&on"#'## "%o)%#' "% un% "(&3 )% &ooo%(2( &u metode performante de investigare amaterialelor , (*+#&('% #n '%5no+o$##+% o"%n% )# &(% (u +( (2( u+'#%+% %(+#2(# #n"o%n##+% %)*%&'#-% (+% !#2##, %+%&'o'%5n##, %+%&'on##, &5##%# )# *o'%0(%( %"#u+u#.

    “Obiectele materiale şi tehnologiile sunt expresii concrete şi materializări ale ideilor şi gândirii umane” ( V.G. Childe)

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    1. ANALIZA SPECTRALA

    1.1. SPECTROSCOPIA 

     Spectroscopia  %)'% )'##n'( &(% )'u"#(2( #n'%(&'#un%( "#n'% ("#('##+% %+%&'o($n%'#&%&u ('%#(. S*%&'o)&o*#( %)'% 'o'o"('( o "%nu#% $%n%#& "('( un%# &+()% "% *o&%"%% )#'%5n# %1*%#%n'(+% *#n &(% )% u(%)'% )# )% &u(n'#!#&( %!%&'u+ %#)#%# )(u ()o'#%# "%%n%$#% "% &('% o *o( )o+#"(, +#&5#"( )(u $(2o()(, #n )&o*u+ (n(+#2%# &(+#'('#-% )#9)(u&(n'#'('#-% ( (&%)'%#(. P('%( )*%&'o)&o*#%# &% )% o&u*( &u +%$('u( "#n'% #n'%n)#'('%( ("#('##+o %+%&'o($n%'#&% &% #n'%(&'#on%(2( &u ('%#(+ (n(+#2('( )# &on&%n'('#( )*%#+o ('o#&% )(uo+%&u+( "#n ('%#( (n(+#2('( *o('( "%nu#%( "% spectrometrie.

     Analiza spectrala %*%2#n'( %'o"% )# *o&%"%% "% #n-%)'#$(% ( )u)'(n'%+o &% )% (2%(2( *% &%&%'(%( )*%&'%+o (&%)'o(. Un )*%&'u o!%( #n!o('## *%)% "%)*% &o*o2#'#(&(+#'('#-( )# &(+#'('#-( ( ('%#%# (n(+#2('(.

     Analiza spectroscopica calitativa )% (2%(2( *% "%*%n"%n' *%)( &% %1#)'( #n'%un (nu#' %+%%n', ("#&(+, $u*(% !un&'#on(+ )(u o+%&u+( )# +un$## "% un"(7!%&-%n'%8 )*%!#& +( &(% %#' )(u ()o ("#('#% %+%&'o($n%'#& )*%#+%&5##&%. O (nu#'( )*%% &5##&( *%2#n'( %#)#% )(u ()o'#% "% ("#('#%%+%&'o($n%'#& *% (# u+'% +un$## "% un"( )*%!#&. P%n'u #"%n'#!#&(% %)'%!o+o)#'( "% %$u+( +un$#%( "% un"( un"% ("#('#( (% #n'%n)#'('% (1#( "%%#)#% )(u ()o'#%. L( (%)'%&u# &o*+%1%, un"% %1#)'( +un$## "% un"(!o('% (*o*#('% +( "ou( )*%# "#!%#'%, &(% *o' "u&% +( %o(% "% #"%n'#!#&(%

     *#n &on!un"(%, )% (*%+%(2( +( +un$## "% un"( )*%!#&% &u #n'%n)#'('%( ("#('#%#(# #&(.

     Analiza spectroscopica cantitativa  *o('( "%nu#%( "% spectrometrie )# )% (2%(2( *% "%*%n"%n' "#n'% #n'%n)#'('%( %#)##+o )(u ()o'##+o )*%&'(+)*%!#& %+%%n'%+o, ("#&(+#+o, $u*(#+o !un&'#on(+% )(u o+%&u+%+o "#n&o*u)# )#*+# )(u (%)'%&u# &o*+%1% "% &o*u)# )# &on&%n'('#( (&%)'o(. In)o*u+ %!%&'u(## (n(+#2%# &(n'#'('#-% %)'% ()u('( !o'o%+%&'# #n'%n)#'('%( ("#('#%#%+%&'o($n%'#&% %#)% )(u ()o#'% "% )u)'(n'( (n(+#2('(, &(% %)'% &on-%'#'(

     *% (2( uno %+('## ('%('#&% )# ( uno &u% "% %'(+on(% #n -(+o# "%&on&%n'('#%.

    1.2. METODE SPECTROSCOPICE UZUALE PENTRU ANALIZA

    CANTITATIVA

    D#!(&'#( &u (2% : S*%&'o)&o*#% "% !+uo%)&%n' &u (2% : S*%&'o)&o*#% "% ()o'#% )#9)(u %#)#% ('o#&( S*%&'o)&o*#% "% !+uo%)&%n' ('o#& S*%&'o)&o*#% "% ()o'#% o+%&u+( UV/VIS C(+o#%'#% S*%&'o)&o*#% "% !+uo%)&%n' o+%&u+( UU/VIS S*%&'o)&o*#% IR  S*%&'o)&o*#% R((n S*%&'o)&o*#% "% ()( o$(n#&( S*%&'o)&o*#% "% ()( ; ICP

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    S*%&'o)&o*#% "% ()( ; GC

    D#!%#'%+% %'o"% )*%&'o)&o*#&% nu *%2#n'( (&%+%()# *%!o(n'% +( "%'%#n(%(&on&%n'('##+o #n "o%n#u+ u%+o &( +( "%'%#n(%( &on&%n'('##+o #n "o%n#u+ *o&%n'%+o )(u 2%+o "% *o&%n'%. In (&%)' )%n), )un' *%2%n'('% #n '(%+u+ n.

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    • S*%&'o)&o(*% "% +(o('o• S*%&'o)&o(*% *o'(#+%.

    2. DETER INAREA CHI ICA CANTITATIVA PRIN TEHNICI DE

    SPECTROSCOPIE DE E ISIE OPTICA

    2.1.ENERALITATI

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    %+%%n'%+o "% #n'%%).

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    P!TMULT1PLIERS

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    o*'##2('(, "% ()%%n%(, )%n)##+#'('%( #n 0uu+ -(+o## "% >> n #n o"#nu+ (+ "o#+%(. D(&(!o+o)# un )#n$u o"#n "% "#!(&'#%, "o( o )#n$u( +un$#% "% un"( +(2% -( !# *%2%n'(.

    O (+'( "#!%%n'( )%n#!#&('#-( #n'% o"#nu+ #n'(# )# o"#nu+ (+ "o#+%( %)'% dispersiaretelei , &(% %)'% %1*#('( "% "#)'(n'( *% &u( !o&(+( &(% &o%)*un"% unu# < n #n

    )OCAL

    PLANE

    CRATIN

    SLIT

    MONOC!ROMATICRADIATION

    POLIC!ROMATIC

    RADIATION

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    )*%&'u. In *#u+ o"#n (% o "#)*%)#% %*o&( +#n#(( %"#% "% >. n9 , #n '#* &%#n (+ "o#+%( o"#n !un#2%(2( o "#)*%)#% +#n#(( %*o&( %"#% "% >. n9 . O "#)*%)#%+($( 7%"#( "#)*%)#%# +#n#(% %*o&% (# #&(8 &on"u&% +( o )&n)##+#'('% )# %2o+u'#% (#

     un(. S%n)##+#'('%( %)'% &%)&u'( *%n'u &( !on"u+ %)'% %"#(' *% un "o%n#u (# +($ "%+un$## "% un"(, #n '#* &% %2o+u'#( &%)'% *%n'u &( )*%&'u+ %)'% %1*(n"(' *% o "#)'(n'((# (% #n *+(nu+ !o&(+ 7("#&( *o(#+#'('%( "% #n'%!%%n'( %)'% (# )&(2u'(8. R%'%(u( &(%

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    D(&( )% !o+o)%)'% o %'%( *%n'u "o%n#u+ /> n, !(n'( "% #n'(% -( !# "%

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    %)'% (# oo$%n(, &( %2u+'(' (+ !(*'u+u# &( ( !o)'  prelucrata  7(% o )'u&'u( (# !#n(8.E'(+o(n%+% "% )'(n"("#2(% '%u#% )( (#( &on&%n'('## %"## *%n'u &(' "% u+'% %+%%n'%%)'% *o)##+. P%n'u ( (&o*%# 'o('% %+%%n'%+%, "% &%+% (# u+'% o#, %)'% &%u' (# u+' "%un )#n$u %'(+on "% )'(n"("#2(%.

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    '('(.( Etalonarea

    E'(+on(%( )% !(&% &u ('%#(+% "% %!%#n'( *%n'u ( "%'%#n( !o( $%n%(+( (%+('#%# &on&%n'('#%9 #n'%n)#'('% *%n'u %+%%n'%+% "% #n'%%).

    D% o#&%# )% !o+o)%)& ./)' probe &u n#-%+% "% &on&%n'('## "#!%#'%, *%n'u ( (&o*%# 'o'#n'%-(+u+ "% %'(+on('. F#%&(% ardere !un#2%(2( o -(+o(% ( (*o'u+u# "% #n'%n)#'('#, &(% %)'%(*o'u+ #n'% #n'%n)#'('%( %+%%n'u+u# (n(+#2(' )# #n'%n)#'('%( %+%%n'u+u# ('##. A&%)'%(*o('% (+% #n'%n)#'('#+o )un' (*o# !o+o)#'% *%n'u ( &(+&u+( &u( "% %'(+on(% 7&%( (# un(!#'(%8 !o+o)#n" metoda celor mai mici patrate. Con)'(n'%+% &u%# "% %'(+on(% )un' (*o#!o+o)#'% *%n'u ( &(+&u+( &on&%n'('#(. Cu (+'% &u-#n'%, rapoartele intensitatii sunt variabileindependente )# concentratiile calculate sunt variabile dependente.

    '('(0(Standardizarea

    S'(n"("#2(%( &o%&'%(2( o'#%( )(u '(n)+('#( &u%# "% &(+#(% #n !un&'#% "% '#*,"('o#'( )&5#(#+o "% '%*%('u( )(u o"#!#&(#+o # (+% &on"#'##+o "% %"#u 7%1.o"#!#&(# "% '%*%('u(8.

    1recventa standardizarii   "%*#n"% "% nu(u+ "% *o% &(% )un' ()u('% )##n'%-(+u+ #n &(% )un' (n(+#2('%. In $%n%(+, &u &(' #n)'u%n'u+ %$% (# u+' &u ('(' )&("%(# u+' !%&-%n'( )'(n"("#2(##.

    '('(0()(Standardizarea intr/un singur punct 

    L( )'(n"("#2(%( #n'/un )#n$u *un&' nu(# un (*o' (+ #n'%n)#'('#+o !#%&(u#%+%%n' %)'% +u(' *%n'u ( )% &o%&'( !('( "% (*o('%+% #n#'#(+%, ()'!%+ nu(# un *un&' "%)'(n"("#2(% (0u)'%(2( *(n'( &u%# 7o#$#n%( ((n% n%o"#!#&('(8. S'(n"("#2(%( #n'/un)#n$u *un&' %$% #n% "(&( &on&%n'('##+% *o%+ "% )'(n"("#2(% )# *o%+% "% (n(+#2(')un' +( #0+o&u+ )(u #n 0u('('%( )u*%#o(( ( &u%# "% %'(+on(%. S'(n"("#2(%( #n'/un

    )#n$u *un&' %)'% #n o" o#)nu#' !o+o)#'( ('un &(n" &u( "% %'(+on(% *%n'u un %+%%n'

    %)'% *%n'u un domeniu ingust de concentratii .

    '('('(0(Standardizarea in doua puncte

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    L( )'(n"("#2(%( #n "ou( *un&'% "ou( (*o('% (+% #n'%n)#'('#+o, &o%)*un2('o(% un%#&on&%n'('## #n(+'% )# un%#( 0o()% *%n'u !#%&(% %+%%n', )un' !o+o)#'% *%n'u ( %)'(#+# *o2#'#(o#$#n(+( 7#n#'#(+(8 ( &u%# "% %'(+on(%. In (&%)' o" "% (o"(% *(n'( )# o#$#n%( &u%#)u!%( (0u)'(#.

    O )'(n"("#2(%( #n "ou( *un&'% %)'% %&o(n"('( &(n" intervalul in concentratie (

     probelor este mare  )#9 )(u concentratia elementelor "% #n'%%) este aproape de limita dedetectie. O *o( *u( )(u (*o(*% *u( *o('% )%-# "%*' *o( "% )'(n"("#2(% *%n'u *un&'u+ "% #n#. In'%-(+u+ "#n'% &%( (# "% 0o) )# &%( (# "% )u) *o( "% )'(n"("#2(% ( '%u# )( !#% "%)'u+ "% (%, (+'!%+ )'(n"("#2(%( #n'/un )#n$u *un&' -( !# (# (*#"( )# (#(&u('(.

    '('('(2( Standardizarea de tip

    In )'(n"("#2(%( "% '#*, o *o( )*%!#&( %)'% !o+o)#'( *%n'u &o%&'(%( &u%+o "%%'(+on(%. A&%()'( '%5n#&( )% !o+o)%)'% *%n'u a3ustarea acuratetii curbelor de etalonare +( o

     *o( reala &(% nu &o%)*un"% %1(&' &u ('#&%( %'(+o(n%+o u'#+#2('% +( )'(#+#%( &u%+o "%

    %'(+on(%. E'(+onu+ "% '#* '%u#% )( !#% oo$%n. Co*o2#'#( %'(+onu+u# "% '#* '%u#% )( !#%"%'%#n('( *#n %'o"% &5##&% u%"%, ()o'#% ('o#&(, %'&. )(u *#n (+'% '%5n# (n(+#'#&%()o+u'%. 4u trebuie determinata &u un (+' )*%'o%'u "% %#)#% o*'#&(. Co%&'##+% )% !(& &u!(&'o# "% &o%&'#% u+'#*+#&('#-# )(u ("#'#-#.

    2.3.STANDUL ANALITIC

     Standul analitic %)'% %$#un%( #n)'u%n'u+u# un"% %)'% ()%2('( )# %1'('( *o(. In&%+% (# u+'% &(2u#, )*%&'o%'u+ !o+o)%)'% o )u)( &u )&(n'%#%% &(% %)'% on'('( *%

     *('%( "% 0o) "#n )'(n$( #n)'u%n'u+u#, "u*( &u )% (('( #n  fig(+. D(&( )% "o%)'%, )% *o'on'( "ou( )'(n"u# (n(+#'#&%. S'(n"u+ *o%# %)'% #n *('%( "%(*'( ( )#)'%u+u# "(&(

    #n)'u%n'u+ %)'% &u un )#n$u )'(n".

    Po( "% (n(+#2(' )% *un% *% )u*(!('( %)%# *o%#, &( #n  fig( +. E1'(%( (% +o& #n#n'%#ou+ %)%# *o%#, #n &(%( "% %1'(%, &(% %)'% o &(-#'('% )*(+('( &u ($on. T%n)#un%(

     *%n'u %1'(% )% (*+#&( #n'% *o( )# &on'(/%+%&'o"u+ &(% %)'% #n #n'%#ou+ +o&u+u#.R("#('#( %2u+'(n'( '%&% *#n +o&u+ "% on'(% ( )'(n"u+u# (n(+#'#& 7&(% +%($( )'(n"u+(n(+#'#& "% #n)'u%n'8 )# !%%()'( "% #n'(%, *%n'u ( #n'( #n &o*('#%n'u+ o*'#&.

    R%$#un%( "#n ()( *o%# #n &(% (% +o& %1'(%( %)'% *u0('( &u ($on *%n'u (#n"%*('( (%u+ )# -(*o## "% (*(. A&%)'% $(2% ()o ("#('#( "#n "o%n#u+ UV %"u&(n")%n#!'&('#- #n'%n)#'('%( +#n##+o )*%&'(+%.

    O !%%()'( "% #n'(% %)'% *+()('( #n'% )'(n"u+ (n(+#'#& )# &o*('#%n'u+ o*'#&.A&%()'( !%%()'( *o('% !# )&o()( *%n'u &u('(%.

    )i*.3. San/+l analiic

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    '(+()( Asezarea probei pe masa probei 

    Po( %)'% ()%2('( *%)'% o "%)&5#2('u( "% *% ()( *o%#, )# !#1('( &u (% ('%n'#% *%n'u ((&o*%# #n #n'%$#% &(%( "% ("%%. Po( '%u#% )( (#( o )u*(!('( *+(n( )# '%u#% )( (&o*%%"%)&5#2('u(. O#&% -(#('#% #n !+u1u+ "% ($on &(u2('( "% ()%2(%( n%&o%)*un2('o(% ( *o%#,!o+o)#%( un%# *o% &u )u*(!('( n%*+(n( )(u ( un%# *o% &(% &on'#n% $o+u#, $(u# )# &(*('u# -((!%&'( u+' "%)&(&(%( )# "% )# validitatea analizei 

    '(+('( Sistemul de gaz pentru pur3are

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    In'% ("%#, &(%( "% )&(n'%#%% %)'% )*(+('( &on'#nuu &u ($on. A&%()'( #&)o%(2( *%#o("("% '#* &%u'( *%n'u %+##n(%( o#&(o -(*o# "% (*(9 (% ('un &(n" o nou( *o( '%u#%(n(+#2('(.

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    . SPECTROMETRU CU EMISIE OPTICA SPECTROVAC DV-6 BAIRD

    3.1.CARACTERISTICI TE!NICE

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    S*%&'o%'u+ &u %#)#% o*'#&( KAIRD Mo"%+ DV/ %)'% *o#%&'(' *%n'u (n(+#2%&(n'#'('#-% (*#"% (+% %+%%n'%+o #n )o+#"%. E)'% u'#+#2(' #n +(o('o(%+% "% *% *+('!o(A&%+oM#''(+ G(+('# *%n'u "%'%#n(%( &o&%n'('#%# &5##&% ( *o%+o "#n o'%+ )# !on'(,

     *#n %'o"% )*%&'o)&o*#&% "% %#)#% o*'#&( / (n(+#2( &(n'#'('#-( "% %#)#% &u %1'(% #n)&(n'%#%.

    S#)'%u+ #n&+u"% u('o(%+% &o*on%n'%B

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    un &o*u'% "%"#&(' "%)'#n(' &on-%)#%# )%n(+%+o #n'/un !o(' *%n'u *o&%)(%( "('%+o *#n'/un &o*u'% *%)on(+ )# (*+#&('## )o!'(%

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    SLAKALI, LAS < *%n'u o'%+ )+( (+#('INO: *%n'u o'%+ #n(+' (+#('

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    3.2.MODUL DE LUCRU

    P%n'u %!%&'u(%( (n(+#2%# )% (+%$% *o$(u+ "o#' ()'!%+ B

    S% (*()( ESC ENTER *% ROUTINE ANALIEENTER *% *o$(u+ "o#'

    P%n'u *()'(%( (n(+#2%+o *% %&(n +( )&5#(%( *o$(u+u#, )% *o&%"%(2( ()'!%+ B

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    L( #n&%*u'u+ +u&u+u# &u (*(('u+ )% -%#!#&( ($onu+ "(&( %)'% #n *((%'# 7*% (n(+#2( *+u'#'ou+ '%u#% )( !#%

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     *o%# 7#%2u+8. Po( '%u#% *o2#'#on('( ()'!%+ #n&(' )( (&o*%% o#!#u+ 7#n &(% )% (!+(%+%&'o"u+8, "u*( &(% )% !#1%(2( &u )u*o'u+ )# )% #n&5#"% &(*(&u+.

    S% )&(n'%#(2( *o(, '()'#n" F.

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    P%n'u #*#(%( %2u+'('%+o )% !o+o)%)'% '()'( F,

    P%n'u )'%$%%( un%# (n(+#2% )% !o+o)%)'% '()'( DELETE "% "ou( o# #( (*o# )%

    '()'%(2( ESC.

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    C(n" nu )% +u&%(2( &u (*(('u+ )% -( #"#&( &(*(&u+ )'(n"u+u# #( o#!#u+ )% (&o*%(&u o *o( *%n'u ( nu *%#'% *('un"%%( (%u+u# #n )'(n".

    P%n'u (nu+(%( un%# &o%n2# )% '()'%(2( ESC.

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    S'(n"("#2(%( 7%&(+#(%(8 )% -( !(&% o# "% &('% o# %)'% n%&%)(. S'(n"("#2(%(&o%&'%(2( o'#%( )(u '(n)+('#( &u%# "% &(+#(% #n !un&'#% "% '#* "('o#'( )&5#(##&on"#'##+o "% +u&u 7'%*%('u(, ($on, &u('(%( +%n'#+%#)# ( )'(n"u+u# "% (n(+#2(8. A&%()'()&5#(% #n &u( "% %'(+on(% %)'% &o*%n)('( *#n ()u(%( &('o-( %'(+o(n% *%n'u ("%'%#n( no#+% -(+o# *%n'u *(n'( )# o"on('( +( o#$#n%. S% !o+o)%)'% )'(n"("#2(%( #n "ou(

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