an introduction to continuum phenomena in biomedical ... · an introduction to continuum phenomena...
TRANSCRIPT
An Introduction to Continuum Phenomena in Biomedical
Engineering Eric A. Nauman, Ph.D.,
Director, HIRRT Laboratory
School of Mechanical Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Basic Medical Sciences
A Brief History 1972 Moorhead, MN 1995 B.M.E. University of Delaware 1998 M.S. University of California,
Berkeley 2000 Ph.D. University of California,
Berkeley
A Brief History 1972 Moorhead, MN 1995 B.M.E. University of Delaware 1998 M.S. University of California,
Berkeley 2000 Ph.D. University of California,
Berkeley 2000 - 2004 Assistant Professor of
Biomedical Engineering Tulane University
A Brief History 1972 Moorhead, MN 1995 B.M.E. University of Delaware 1998 M.S. University of California,
Berkeley 2000 Ph.D. University of California,
Berkeley 2000 - 2004 Assistant Professor of
Biomedical Engineering Tulane University
2004 – Present Assistant/Associate/Full Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering and BMS
The Eye is Even More Amazing Than You Think
• The eye focuses light on the retina which then uses biochemistry to transmit signals through the optic nerve head and on to the brain
• Visual processing requires about 30% of your cortext (compared to 8% for touch and 3% for hearing)
• There is a weak spot
The Lamina Cribrosa Holds the Back of the Eye Together
• Idealized models allow us to calculate the mechanical properties and mass transport characteristics of the tissue.
Bone Fractures and Ruptures of Tendons and Ligaments
• Not all bone fractures are traumatic – but most of them are.
• There are lots of ways to
hurt yourself.
Bone Fractures and Ruptures of Tendons and Ligaments
• Not all bone fractures are traumatic – but most of them are
• There are lots of ways to hurt yourself
Basketball Injuries are Related to Head Injuries in Football?
• Kevin Ware • Kevin Ware -
High Definition
19
Multi-scale Models of Vascular Transport for Drug Delivery
Intravascular Space
Extravascular Space
Vessel Wall
Cell
Plasma Skimming
Layer
Interstitial Space
Red Blood Cell Extravascular
Flux
Let’s Talk about Brain Injury
– Why is it important? – Military – Sports – Motor Vehicle Collisions
– What can we do? – Develop methods to detect,
prevent, and treat TBI based on quantitative data and continuum level modeling
The Original Question… “Why do some players, who have similar magnitude and number of blows to the head, sustain concussions and others do not?”
What we learned …
Our current definitions of TBI need to be re-examined in light of advances in medical imaging.
Traumatic Brain Injury • TBI Case Definition (CDC, 1995):
– Injury to the head with one or more of - Skull fracture, - Observed or self-reported decrease/loss of
consciousness - Amnesia - Neurological or neuropsychological abnormality - Diagnosed intracranial lesion (hemorrhage, contusion,
penetrating wound) - Death resulting from head trauma
“Concussion”
Redefining Brain Injury On November 1, 2010, the world’s perception of what constitutes “traumatic brain injury” began to change.
Concussion Biomechanics • Not a contact phenomenon
– Brain does not hit cranial vault
• Rotational shear and pressure gradients – Whiplash induces concussions (Ommaya 1968) – Concussions without head motion (Gurdjian 1976) – Frontal lobe (anterior fossa) a critical injury ROI in
biomechanics and in CTE (Ommaya 1974; McKee 2009)
Adapted from P.V. Bayly, et al. J Neurotrauma. 2005 Aug; 22(8):845-56. Time
Concussion Biomechanics • Focal Injury
– Coup/contrecoup phenomenon – Primary axotomy & hematoma
• Diffuse injury – Possibly a result of whole-brain
shearing • Rotational acceleration
– Tied to focal & diffuse injury – Rotational strains may induce motor/
consciousness deficits – Not reflected in any head injury criteria
P.V. Bayly, et al. J Neurotrauma. 2005 Aug; 22(8):845-56.
Imaging Quanti+ies Injury...
P121 (Season 2)
P213 (Season 4)
Pre-Season
Pre-Season
Concussion! (24 hrs)
“Healthy”
Symptoms Do Not
Normal Control
Football Helmet Telemetry • Football: Helmet Impact Telemetry
(HIT™) System (Simbex; Lebanon, NH) – Measures six linear accelerations
• Approximates linear acceleration at head center of mass
• Approximates impact location • Soccer: Prototype sensor (X2Impact,
LLC; Seattle, WA) – Concept similar to HIT System
Image from Chicago Tribune, 6 October 2010