An introduction

1.    Date: November 18 (Week 10)Date: November 18 (Week 10)2.    each group has 12-15 minutes2.    each group has 12-15 minutes3.    A mini-drama (live)3.    A mini-drama (live)4.    In English or in Chinese4.    In English or in Chinese5.    Topics: Old Testament, Moses, 5.    Topics: Old Testament, Moses,

David, Solomon, Greek Mythology, David, Solomon, Greek Mythology, Odyssey…Odyssey…

6.    All students must have a role (and 6.    All students must have a role (and some lines) in the performance.some lines) in the performance.

7.    The sequence will be decided on the 7.    The sequence will be decided on the spot.spot.

1. 影片欣賞 (25 分鐘 )2. 古希臘簡介 (50 分鐘 )3. 希臘眾神 (25 分鐘 ) 4. 小組討論 (25 分鐘 )5. 小組討論結果分享 (25 分鐘 )

112/04/212011--Alice Y. Chang 3

發明畢氏定理，為數學、音樂之父。

是最早的實驗科學家之一。由月相圖（月的盈虧）推測月球是

球狀的，進一步地推測地球與其他星體也是球狀的。環繞著它的地球，

  太陽、月球、五大行星及恆星。

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not only pioneered the study of mathematics in the western world, but was also a reputed miracle worker.

His famous theorem for calculating the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is well known.

Less well known is his mystical theory of the transmigration of souls.

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physician and medical writer, is the father of modern medicine.

He established a renowned school of medicine on the island of Cos, where students learned to diagnose illness through observation rather than theory.

It was from this school that the first version of the Hippocratic oath derived.

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is most famous for running through the streets shouting “Eureka!” when he discovered the principle of specific gravity while sitting in his bath.

But we can also credit him with the invention of the Archimedean screw—a device still used to draw water upwards—and many important theories of geometry.

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The Prehistoric PeriodsPaleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Periods

The Bronze Age  : 3000 - 1100 B.C.The Early Iron Age : 1100 - 900 B.C.The Geometric Period  : 900-700 B.C.The Archaic Period : 700-480 B.C.The Classical Period : 480-323 B.C.The Hellenistic Period : 323- 31 B.C.The Roman Period in Greece: 31 B.C. - A.D. 323The Byzantine Period in Greece  : A.D. 323 - 1453

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The area is the Mediterranean basin, and the period the twelve hundred years from, roughly, 800 B.C. to A.D. 400.

In this place and time the intellectual and religious foundations of the modern Western outlook were laid.

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The literature of that world, which, whether or not we are acquainted with it, still underlies many of our institutions, attitudes, and thought, was written in three languages–Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. languages–Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.

The peoples who spoke these languages created their civilizations independently in place and time, but the development of the Mediterranean area into one economic and political unit brought them into contact with one another and produced a fusion of their typical attitudes that formed the basis of later European thought.

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The first apex of the Greek civilization

The second millennium B.C. saw a brilliant culture, called Minoan after the mythical king Minos, flourishing on the large island of Grete, and the citadel of Mycenae and the palace at Pylos show that mainland Greece, in that same period, had centers of wealth and power unsuspected before the excavators discovered the gold masks of the buried kings and clay tablets covered with strange signs.

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"Medallion Pithoi", or storage jars, at the Knossos palace.

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A Kamare style vase, 2100-1700 BCE

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Marine style, fragment from an oil jug, Aigina, 15th century BC,

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Crete is a mountainous island with natural harbors. There are signs of earthquake damage at many Minoan

sites and clear signs of both uplifting of land and submersion of coastal sites due to tectonic processes all along the coasts.

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A detail of the restored Dolphin fresco on the wall of the Queen’s Room in the Minoan palace at Knossos.

The rosette pattern below the dolphins is typically Minoan and the whole fresco probably dates from the last phase of the New palace, around 1450-1400 BCE.

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http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/7/1893.full

Homer recorded a tradition that Crete had 90 cities.

To judge from the palace sites the island was probably divided into at least eight political units during the height of the Minoan period.

The north is thought to have been governed from Knossos, the south from Phaistos, the central eastern part from Malia, and the eastern tip from Kato Zakros and the west from Chania. Smaller palaces have been found in other places.

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邁錫尼文明The

second apex

The decipherment of these signs (published in 1953) revealed that the language of these Myceneans was an early form of Greek.

It must have been the memory of these rich kingdoms that inspired Homer’s vision of “Mycenae rich in gold” and the splendid armed hosts that assembled for the attack on Troy.

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With them disappeared not only the arts and skills that had created Mycenaean wealth but even the system of writing.

For the next few hundred years the Greeks were illiterate and so no written evidence survives for what, in view of our ignorance about so many aspects of it, we call the Dark Age of Greece.

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emphasizes those aspects of the universe that imply a harmonious order.

The elements of disorder in the universe are, in the story of Creation, blamed on humankind, and in all Hebrew literature the evidences of disorder are something the writer tries to reconcile with an a priori assumption of an all-powerful, just God; no one tampers with the fundamental datum.

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The Olympian gods, like the natural forces of sea and sky, follow their own will even to the extreme of conflict with extreme of conflict with each othereach other, and always with a sublime disregard for the a sublime disregard for the human beingshuman beings who may be affected by the results of their actions.

It is true that they are all subjects of a single more powerful god, Zeus.

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Such gods as these, representing as they do the blind forces of the universe that humans cannot control, are not always thought of as connected with morality.

Morality is a human creation, and though the gods may approve of it, they are not bound by it.

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The stories told in the Homeric poems are set in the age of the Trojan Warthe Trojan War, which archeologists (those, that is, who believe that it happened at all) date to the twelfth century B.C.

Though the poems do preserve some faded memories of the Mycenaean Agethe Mycenaean Age, as we have them they probably are the creation of later centuries, the tenth to the eighth B.C., the so-called Dark Age that succeeded the collapse (or destruction) of Mycenaean civilization.

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The Third Apex

The geography of Greece – a land of mountain barriers and scattered islands – encouraged this fragmentation.

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The Greek cities never lost sight of their common Hellenic heritage, but it was not enough to unite them except in the face of unmistakable and overwhelming danger, and even then only partially and for a short time.

They differed from each other in custom, political constitution, and even dialect: their relations with each other were those of rivals and fierce competitors.

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It was in the cities founded on the Asian coast that the Greeks adapted to their own language the Phoenician system of writing, adding signs for the vowels to create their alphabet, the forerunner of the Roman alphabet and of our own.

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By the beginning of the fifth century B.C. the two most prominent city-states were Athens and Sparta.

These two cities led the combined Greek resistance to the Persian invasion of Europe in the years 490 to 479 B.C.

The defeat of the solid Persian power by the divided and insignificant Greek cities surprised the world and inspired in Greece, and particularly in Athens, a confidence that a confidence that knew no bounds.knew no bounds.

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According to Classical-era mythology, after the overthrow of overthrow of the Titansthe Titans, the new pantheon of gods and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal Greek gods were the Olympians, residing atop Mount Olympus under the eye of Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus. Zeus.

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Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Aris, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis,

Hephaestus 希臘神話衆神 http://memo.cgu.edu.tw/yu-yen/2008-greek-mythology1.pdf

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Zeus (Jupiter)/ Hera (Juno) / Demeter (Ceres) / Artemis (Diana)/ Aphrodite (Venus)/  Eros (Cupid)/ Hermes (Mercury) / Hephaistos (Vulcan) / Poseidon (Neptune) / Apollo (Apollo) / Ares (Mars) / Athena (Minerva) / Hestia (Vesta) / Dionysus (Bacchus)/ Pan (Faunus)/ Heracles (Hercules) / Asclepius (Aesculapius) / Hades (Pluto) / Persephone (Proserpine)

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Temple of Zeus (600 BCE), the largest Greek pantheon outside of Athens

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Mercury (Hermes) 水Venus (Aphrodite) 金Earth (Gaia) 地Jupiter (Zeus) 木Mars (Ares) 火Saturn (Cronus)土Uranus 天王星Neptune (Poseidon) 海王星Pluto (Hades) 冥王星

Greek literature begins with two masterpieces, the IliadIliad and and OdysseyOdyssey, ,

which cannot be accurately dated cannot be accurately dated (the conjectural dates range over three centuries)

and which are attributed to the poet Homer, about whom nothing is known except his name.

With them disappeared not only the arts and skills that had created Mycenaean wealth Mycenaean wealth but even the system of writing.

For the next few hundred years the Greeks were illiterate were illiterate and so no written evidence survives for what, in view of our ignorance about so many aspects of it, we call the Dark Dark Age of GreeceAge of Greece.

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The stories told in the Homeric poems are set in the age of the Trojan Warthe Trojan War, which archeologists (those, that is, who believe that it happened at all) date to the twelfth twelfth century B.C. century B.C.

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• The two great epics that have made his name supreme among poets may have been fixed in something like their present form before the art of before the art of writing was in general use in writing was in general use in GreeceGreece;

• it is certain that they were intended not for reading but for oral recitation.

• The earliest stages of their composition date from around the beginnings of Greek around the beginnings of Greek literacy—the late eighth century B.C.literacy—the late eighth century B.C.

• The poems exhibit the unmistakable characteristics of oral composition.

When he told again for his hearers the old story of Achilles and his wrathstory of Achilles and his wrath, he was recreating a traditional story that had been recited, with variations, additions, and improvements, by a long line of predecessors.

the concept denoting the respectability an honorable man accrues with accomplishment (cultural, political, martial), per his station in life.

The warrior’s consequent rancor against the dishonorable king ruins the Greek military cause.

Of the two poems the Iliad is perhaps the earlier.

Its subject is warIts subject is war; its characters are men in battle and women

whose fate depends on the outcome.

The war is fought by the Achaeans the Achaeans against the Trojans for the recovery of Helenfor the recovery of Helen, the wife of the Achaean chieftain MenelausMenelaus;

the combatants are heroes who in their chariots engage in individual duels before the supporting lines of infantry and archers.infantry and archers.

Achilles slays Hector

We see Hector, as we do not see Achilles, against the background of the patterns of

civilized life—the rich city civilized life—the rich city with its temples and palaces, with its temples and palaces, the continuity of the familythe continuity of the family.

The duel between these two men is the inevitable crisis of the poem, and just as inevitable is Hector’s defeat and death.

At the climactic moment of climactic moment of Hector’s deathHector’s death, as everywhere in the poem, Homer’s firm control of his material preserves the preserves the balance balance in which our contrary emotions are held;

pity for Hector pity for Hector does not entirely rob us of sympathy for Achillessympathy for Achilles.

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普羅米修斯是一個為了人類而從奧林帕斯山山上偷走火的泰坦巨人，因而遭到宙斯給予他極為可怕的懲罰。他是艾爾佩提斯的兒子；亞特拉斯和艾皮米修斯的兄弟。 " 普羅米修斯（ Prometheus ） " 在希臘語中是 " 遠見（ foresight ） " 的意思。

普羅米修士與智慧女神雅典娜共同創造了人類，並教會了人類很多知識。

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當時 Zeus禁止人類用火，他看到人類生活的困苦，幫人類從奧林匹斯偷取了火，因此觸怒宙斯。

宙斯將他鎖在高加索山的懸崖上，每天派一隻鷹去吃他的肝，又讓他的肝每天重新長上，使他日日承受被惡鷹啄食肝臟的痛苦。然而普羅米修士始終堅毅不屈。幾千年後，赫剌克勒斯為尋找金蘋果來到懸崖邊，把惡鷹射死，並讓半人半馬的肯陶洛斯族的喀戎來代替，解救了普羅米修士。

但他必須永遠戴一隻鐵環，環上鑲上一塊高加索山上的石子，以便宙斯可以自豪地宣稱他的仇敵仍然被鎖在高加索山的懸崖上。

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PROMETHEUS & THE EAGLE

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1. 期中報告主題與腳色分配2. 人類文明與火的關聯。

回家作業 : 閱讀 Odyssey Book 4( 之後課堂討論文本細節 )