the atmosphere

CHAPTER 1OUR ATMOSPHERE

CHAPTER 1OUR ATMOSPHERE

The atmosphere consists of fiveprincipal layers.The atmosphere consists of fiveprincipal layers.

THE TROPOSPHERE

THE STRATOSPHERE

THE MESOSPHERE

THE THERMOSPHERE

THE EXOSPHERE

39,600 MILES39,600 MILES

322 MILES322 MILES

20 MILES20 MILES

20 MILES20 MILES

20 MILES20 MILESTHE EARTHTHE EARTH

Our atmosphere is a mixtureof different gases.Our atmosphere is a mixtureof different gases.

oxygenoxygen

nitrogennitrogen

argon 1%argon 1%

21%21%

78%78%

Scattered within the atmosphere is about1 percent water vapor, called humidity.Scattered within the atmosphere is about1 percent water vapor, called humidity.

EquatorialEquatorial

PolarPolar

PolarPolar

The amount of water vapor is greater inequatorial regions than in polar regions.The amount of water vapor is greater inequatorial regions than in polar regions.

Virtually all of the Earth’s weather (tempestuous air ocean) occurs within the first 3.5 miles of our atmosphere.

Virtually all of the Earth’s weather (tempestuous air ocean) occurs within the first 3.5 miles of our atmosphere.

Tumultuous; turbulentTumultuous; turbulent

TempestuousTempestuous

About 99% of theatmosphericgases lie below20 miles.

About 99% of theatmosphericgases lie below20 miles.

20 MILES20 MILES

TroposphereTroposphere

Beyond 45 miles, onlyhelium and hydrogenexist in minute amounts.

Beyond 45 miles, onlyhelium and hydrogenexist in minute amounts.

322 MILES322 MILES

11 MILES11 MILES

20 MILES20 MILES

20 MILES20 MILES

18,000

372

50

3011 miles

ChemosphereChemosphere(Ozone)(Ozone)

The tropopause lies between the troposphere and the stratosphere.The tropopause lies between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

18,000

372

50

3011 miles

TropopauseTropopause

The chemosphere (ozone layer) liesmainly between the stratosphere andmesosphere.

The chemosphere (ozone layer) liesmainly between the stratosphere andmesosphere.

18,000

372

50

3011 miles

ChemosphereChemosphere(Ozone)(Ozone)

TropopauseTropopause

500

IonosphereIonosphere

The ionosphere is the whole areaencompassing the mesosphereand the thermosphere.

The ionosphere is the whole areaencompassing the mesosphereand the thermosphere.

What element or gas makes up the majority of the Earth’s atmosphere?

a. Nitrogenb. Oxygenc. Argond. Carbon dioxide

What element or gas makes up the majority of the Earth’s atmosphere?

a. Nitrogenb. Oxygenc. Argond. Carbon dioxide

The troposphere extends to a height of about 11 miles above the equator, some 7.5 miles in the temperate zones,and only about 5 miles above the poles.

The troposphere extends to a height of about 11 miles above the equator, some 7.5 miles in the temperate zones,and only about 5 miles above the poles.

THE EARTHTHE EARTH 11 MILES11 MILES

THE TROPOSPHERETHE TROPOSPHERE

The lowest layer of the atmosphere,within which there is a steady dropin temperature with increasingaltitude and within which nearly allcloud formations occur and weatherconditions manifest themselves

The lowest layer of the atmosphere,within which there is a steady dropin temperature with increasingaltitude and within which nearly allcloud formations occur and weatherconditions manifest themselves

TroposphereTroposphere

Nearly all clouds are in the troposphere,so it is here that weather occurs. Airheated by the Earth rises, in a processcalled convection.

Nearly all clouds are in the troposphere,so it is here that weather occurs. Airheated by the Earth rises, in a processcalled convection.

In the troposphere,the air automatically changes about 5½°for each 1,000 feettraveled vertically.This is calledadiabatic warmingor cooling.

In the troposphere,the air automatically changes about 5½°for each 1,000 feettraveled vertically.This is calledadiabatic warmingor cooling.

TroposphereTroposphere

85 °F (Sea level)85 °F (Sea level)

56 °F56 °F

Swift movement of cold air massesabout the vast Antarctic continent isa major factor in determining theworld’s weather.

Swift movement of cold air massesabout the vast Antarctic continent isa major factor in determining theworld’s weather.

New

Zealand

New

Zealand South

America

South

America

AntarcticaAntarctica

Located in the area between 20,000 and40,000 feet is the jet stream. It is most prominent above the extra tropical and Arctic tropopause overlap.

Located in the area between 20,000 and40,000 feet is the jet stream. It is most prominent above the extra tropical and Arctic tropopause overlap.

Jet StreamJet Stream

The jet stream was discovered in WW II,when B-29 bombers flying about 4 mileshigh, found great assistance fromwesterly winds of up to 300 mph.

The jet stream was discovered in WW II,when B-29 bombers flying about 4 mileshigh, found great assistance fromwesterly winds of up to 300 mph.

It has been found that jet streams are the strongest over Japan and the New England states.

It has been found that jet streams are the strongest over Japan and the New England states.

Summer Jet StreamSummer Jet Stream

The stratosphere lies just above thetropopause and extends to an altitudeof about 30 miles, characterized by little vertical change in temperature (a fairly constant -40 to -50 °F). There is almost no weather here due to the thin air andfew clouds.

The stratosphere lies just above thetropopause and extends to an altitudeof about 30 miles, characterized by little vertical change in temperature (a fairly constant -40 to -50 °F). There is almost no weather here due to the thin air andfew clouds.

THE EARTHTHE EARTH

30 MILES30 MILESTHE STRATOSPHERETHE STRATOSPHERE

Modern commercial airlines seek to flyin the stratosphere when not using thejet stream because there is so muchless air resistance. This makes forbetter fuel mileage, little turbulence,and flight at top speeds.

Modern commercial airlines seek to flyin the stratosphere when not using thejet stream because there is so muchless air resistance. This makes forbetter fuel mileage, little turbulence,and flight at top speeds.

18,000

372

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3011 miles

500

The ionosphere is an area of electrically charged ions lying above the stratosphere. It begins 30 - 40 miles up and extends to about 500 miles.

The ionosphere is an area of electrically charged ions lying above the stratosphere. It begins 30 - 40 miles up and extends to about 500 miles.

Disturbances from the Sun can causechanges in the ionosphere’s form.These magnetic and electrical stormscause the Northern Lights.

Disturbances from the Sun can causechanges in the ionosphere’s form.These magnetic and electrical stormscause the Northern Lights.

The ionospherewill reflect radiowaves of certainfrequencies.

By determining thebest frequenciesand times of day totransmit messages,communications aregreatly enhanced.

The ionospherewill reflect radiowaves of certainfrequencies.

By determining thebest frequenciesand times of day totransmit messages,communications aregreatly enhanced.

THE EARTHTHE EARTH

30 MILES30 MILESTHE MESOSPHERETHE MESOSPHERE

11 MILES11 MILES

The lowest level of the ionosphere, themesosphere, extends from 30 - 50 milesabove the Earth. Temperatures rangefrom a high of 32 °F to a low of minus100 °F.

The lowest level of the ionosphere, themesosphere, extends from 30 - 50 milesabove the Earth. Temperatures rangefrom a high of 32 °F to a low of minus100 °F.

The region between the ionosphereand the exosphere, extending fromabout 30 - 50 mi. above the surfaceof the Earth

The region between the ionosphereand the exosphere, extending fromabout 30 - 50 mi. above the surfaceof the Earth

MesosphereMesosphere

THE EARTHTHE EARTH

322 MILES322 MILESTHE THERMOSPHERETHE THERMOSPHERE

The thermosphere is the highest layerof the ionosphere. The principal radioreflecting layers are here. Temperaturesin the thermosphere may reach 1,700 °Fat 300 miles up.

The thermosphere is the highest layerof the ionosphere. The principal radioreflecting layers are here. Temperaturesin the thermosphere may reach 1,700 °Fat 300 miles up.

The region of the upper atmospherein which temperature increasescontinuously with altitude,encompassing essentially all of theatmosphere above the mesosphere

The region of the upper atmospherein which temperature increasescontinuously with altitude,encompassing essentially all of theatmosphere above the mesosphere

ThermosphereThermosphere

Starting below and extending into the ionosphere is the chemosphere (ozone layer). It begins at about 15 miles upand shields the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.

Starting below and extending into the ionosphere is the chemosphere (ozone layer). It begins at about 15 miles upand shields the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.

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The layer of the upper atmospherewhere most atmospheric ozone isconcentrated, from about 8 - 30 mi.(12 - 48 km) above the Earth, withthe maximum ozone concentrationoccurring at an altitude of about12 mi. (19 km.)

The layer of the upper atmospherewhere most atmospheric ozone isconcentrated, from about 8 - 30 mi.(12 - 48 km) above the Earth, withthe maximum ozone concentrationoccurring at an altitude of about12 mi. (19 km.)

Ozone Layer(Chemosphere)

Ozone Layer(Chemosphere)

The ozone layer is being depleted by luorocarbons used as propellants for aerosol cans and refrigerants used for air conditioning systems.

The exosphere begins about 500miles above theEarth’s surfaceand continuesout about 18,000miles. Only lighthydrogen andhelium atomsexist because ofintense cosmic radiation. Temperatures may range from 4,500 °Fto near absolute zero.

The exosphere begins about 500miles above theEarth’s surfaceand continuesout about 18,000miles. Only lighthydrogen andhelium atomsexist because ofintense cosmic radiation. Temperatures may range from 4,500 °Fto near absolute zero.

18,00018,000

Located within the exosphere are intense radiation areas called the Van Allen Radiation Belts.

Located within the exosphere are intense radiation areas called the Van Allen Radiation Belts.

Van Allen Radiation Belts

The inner belt is located about 400 -3,400 miles above the Earth. It containshigh-energy protons.

The inner belt is located about 400 -3,400 miles above the Earth. It containshigh-energy protons.

Van Allen Radiation Belts

Inner

Belt

Van Allen Radiation Belts

OuterBelt

The outer belt is located 8,000 - 40,000miles above the Earth. It contains high-energy electrons.

The outer belt is located 8,000 - 40,000miles above the Earth. It contains high-energy electrons.

Manned spacemissions areintentionally flownwell below thelower limits of theVan Allen Belts,and satellitesoperating in theseregions must beshielded againstthe radiationencountered there.

Manned spacemissions areintentionally flownwell below thelower limits of theVan Allen Belts,and satellitesoperating in theseregions must beshielded againstthe radiationencountered there.

The weight of the atmosphere varies with the amount of water vapor present, the temperature, and the height above the Earth’s surface. A barometer measures variations in atmospheric pressure.

The weight of the atmosphere varies with the amount of water vapor present, the temperature, and the height above the Earth’s surface. A barometer measures variations in atmospheric pressure.

Generally employed for use at sea, the mercurial type barometer consists of an accurately calibrated glass tube filled with mercury. It is used at shore activities to check aneroid barometers for accuracy.

Generally employed for use at sea, the mercurial type barometer consists of an accurately calibrated glass tube filled with mercury. It is used at shore activities to check aneroid barometers for accuracy.

Mercurial BarometerMercurial Barometer

Vacuum Chamber

Lever

Spindle

PointerAneroid Barometer

The aneroid, or dry barometer, contains a small metallic cell that atmosphericPressure increases and expands whenPressure decreasesmoving a needlethat points to agraduated scale.

The aneroid, or dry barometer, contains a small metallic cell that atmosphericPressure increases and expands whenPressure decreasesmoving a needlethat points to agraduated scale.

Barometers can be graduated in eitherinches of mercury or millibars. Millibarsare normally used on weather charts.

Barometers can be graduated in eitherinches of mercury or millibars. Millibarsare normally used on weather charts.

The metric unit of measurement forair pressure

A centimeter-gram-second unit ofpressure equal to one thousandthof a bar or 1000 dynes per squarecentimeter, used to measure airpressure

The metric unit of measurement forair pressure

A centimeter-gram-second unit ofpressure equal to one thousandthof a bar or 1000 dynes per squarecentimeter, used to measure airpressure

MillibarMillibar

The average atmospheric pressure at the Earth’s surface is 29.92 inches, or1,013.2 millibars.

The average atmospheric pressure at the Earth’s surface is 29.92 inches, or1,013.2 millibars.

An air mass is a large body of air withthe same temperature and humidity. Itgenerally takes on the characteristics ofthe surface over which it forms but hasdifferent characteristics.

An air mass is a large body of air withthe same temperature and humidity. Itgenerally takes on the characteristics ofthe surface over which it forms but hasdifferent characteristics.

It takes more heat to warm water temperatures than soil temperatures.It takes more heat to warm water temperatures than soil temperatures.

In seawater, heat is absorbed to depths in excess of 80 feet.In seawater, heat is absorbed to depths in excess of 80 feet.

Only a few inches of topsoil willabsorb radiation. This means oceansare slower to warm up and cool downthan landmasses.

Only a few inches of topsoil willabsorb radiation. This means oceansare slower to warm up and cool downthan landmasses.

In winter, the United States is sweptby continental air masses from thecold Arctic.

In winter, the United States is sweptby continental air masses from thecold Arctic.

Winter Air MassesWinter Air Masses

In summer, we are swept by warm,moist maritime air masses.In summer, we are swept by warm,moist maritime air masses.

Summer Air MassesSummer Air Masses

When warm and cold air masses touch, the boundary between them is called a front.

When warm and cold air masses touch, the boundary between them is called a front.

A warm front is formed when a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass.

A warm front is formed when a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass.

Warm FrontWarm Front

A cold front is formed when a cold air mass moves under a warm air mass and pushes the warm air up.

A cold front is formed when a cold air mass moves under a warm air mass and pushes the warm air up.

Cold FrontCold Front

A front between warm and cold airmasses that is moving very slowly,or not at all

When a warm or cold front stopsmoving, it becomes a stationaryfront.

A front between warm and cold airmasses that is moving very slowly,or not at all

When a warm or cold front stopsmoving, it becomes a stationaryfront.

Stationary FrontStationary Front

Violent frontal weather systems canbe predicted from a chart showing atmospheric pressures.

Violent frontal weather systems canbe predicted from a chart showing atmospheric pressures.

Weather charts usually illustrate barometric pressures as millibar reading points. The lines on the above map, drawn through points of equal pressure, are called isobars, which never join or cross.

Weather charts usually illustrate barometric pressures as millibar reading points. The lines on the above map, drawn through points of equal pressure, are called isobars, which never join or cross.

Isobars give a rough indication of theamount of wind in an area. The closerthe bars, the stronger the wind in thatarea.

Isobars give a rough indication of theamount of wind in an area. The closerthe bars, the stronger the wind in thatarea.

The weight of the atmosphere varies from place to place depending on which of the following?

a. Wind, temperature, pressureb. Temperature, height, windc. Water vapor, temperature, heightd. Water vapor, pressure, wind

The weight of the atmosphere varies from place to place depending on which of the following?

a. Wind, temperature, pressureb. Temperature, height, windc. Water vapor, temperature, heightd. Water vapor, pressure, wind

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of its heat, pressure, wind, and moisture.

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of its heat, pressure, wind, and moisture.

It is heat, and the transfer of heat, that causes the weather. Without it there would be no winds, varying airpressures, storms, rain, or snow. Allweather changes are caused bytemperature changes in different partsof the atmosphere.

It is heat, and the transfer of heat, that causes the weather. Without it there would be no winds, varying airpressures, storms, rain, or snow. Allweather changes are caused bytemperature changes in different partsof the atmosphere.

Fundamental natural laws determine weather changes:Fundamental natural laws determine weather changes:

• Warm air is lighter in weight and can hold more water vapor than cold air.

• Cold air is heavier and has a tendency to flow toward the rising warm air.

• Warm air is lighter in weight and can hold more water vapor than cold air.

• Cold air is heavier and has a tendency to flow toward the rising warm air.

Fundamental natural laws determine weather changes:Fundamental natural laws determine weather changes:

• As air moves, wind is created. This is beginning of the complex forces that cause the changing weather.

• As air moves, wind is created. This is beginning of the complex forces that cause the changing weather.

The Sun is our principal source ofenergy:

• It bombards the Earth with 126 trillion horsepower each second.

• Its energy waves, or radiation, travel at 186,300 miles per second (speed of light).

The Sun is our principal source ofenergy:

• It bombards the Earth with 126 trillion horsepower each second.

• Its energy waves, or radiation, travel at 186,300 miles per second (speed of light).

Solar energy is referred to as insolation, Incoming Solar Radiation.Solar energy is referred to as insolation, Incoming Solar Radiation.

About 43% of the radiation reaching our planet is changed into heat.

• Clouds reflect back 75% of sunlight.• Earth’s average cloudiness is 52%.• About 36% of the total insolation never reaches Earth.

• Clouds reflect back 75% of sunlight.• Earth’s average cloudiness is 52%.• About 36% of the total insolation never reaches Earth.

Clouds and other atmospheric influencesabsorb some of the incoming radiation, but they reflect much of it.

Clouds and other atmospheric influencesabsorb some of the incoming radiation, but they reflect much of it.

Dense forests absorb 95% of insolation.Dense forests absorb 95% of insolation.

Water reflects 60 - 96% of insolation, depending on the angle the light hits the surface.

Water reflects 60 - 96% of insolation, depending on the angle the light hits the surface.

In effect, the Earth’scloud cover acts likethe glass of a greenhouse. It letsshort solar rayspass through; theEarth absorbs theones that getthrough, thenre-radiates longheat rays.

In effect, the Earth’scloud cover acts likethe glass of a greenhouse. It letsshort solar rayspass through; theEarth absorbs theones that getthrough, thenre-radiates longheat rays.

Long heat wavescannot all getthrough theatmospherebecause they areabsorbed by watervapor, so theystay within the“greenhouse” in acontinual cycle.

Long heat wavescannot all getthrough theatmospherebecause they areabsorbed by watervapor, so theystay within the“greenhouse” in acontinual cycle.

AtmosphereAtmosphere

EarthEarth

HeatHeat

Without atmosphere, the Earth would be like the Moon with boiling temperatures during the day and sub-freezing temperatures during the night.

Without atmosphere, the Earth would be like the Moon with boiling temperatures during the day and sub-freezing temperatures during the night.

The Navy and most civilians in America use thermometers with a Fahrenheit (F) scale.

The Navy and most civilians in America use thermometers with a Fahrenheit (F) scale.

Steam Point

Ice Point 32°F

212°F

Fahrenheit

Noting, pertaining to, or measuredaccording to a temperature scale inwhich 32° represents the freezingpoint and 212° the boiling point

Noting, pertaining to, or measuredaccording to a temperature scale inwhich 32° represents the freezingpoint and 212° the boiling point

FahrenheitFahrenheit

Temperatures inmeteorology andmost other sciences,however, are usuallyexpressed accordingto the Celsius (C)scale.

Temperatures inmeteorology andmost other sciences,however, are usuallyexpressed accordingto the Celsius (C)scale.

Boiling Point

Freezing Point

Celsius

0°C

100°C

Pertaining to or noting a temperature scale in which 0° represents the freezing point and 100° the boiling point of water

Pertaining to or noting a temperature scale in which 0° represents the freezing point and 100° the boiling point of water

CelsiusCelsius

There are 5 °C temperature for every9 °F. There are 5 °C temperature for every9 °F.

Formula: C = 5/9 (F - 32)Formula: C = 5/9 (F - 32)

Since 32 °F is equivalent to 0 °C, to change a Fahrenheit reading to Celsius, you subtract 32° and then multiply the remainder by 5/9.

Since 32 °F is equivalent to 0 °C, to change a Fahrenheit reading to Celsius, you subtract 32° and then multiply the remainder by 5/9.

What is the temperature in Celsius if it is 59 °F?

First subtract 32 from the F temperature

Then multiply the number by 5/9 to get the C temperature

What is the temperature in Celsius if it is 59 °F?

First subtract 32 from the F temperature

Then multiply the number by 5/9 to get the C temperature

What is the temperature in Celsius if it is 59 °F?What is the temperature in Celsius if it is 59 °F?

- 32 °- 32 °59 °59 °

27 °27 °27 °27 °

55

99= 15 °C= 15 °CXX

Conversion FormulaConversion Formula

This process is reversed to convertFahrenheit to Celsius.This process is reversed to convertFahrenheit to Celsius.

Formula: F = 9/5 C + 32°Formula: F = 9/5 C + 32°

What is the temperature in Fahrenheit if it is 15 °C?

First multiply the C temperature by 9/5

Then add 32 to the product to get the Fahrenheit temperature

What is the temperature in Fahrenheit if it is 15 °C?

First multiply the C temperature by 9/5

Then add 32 to the product to get the Fahrenheit temperature

+ 32 °+ 32 °27 °27 °

59 °F59 °F15 °15 °

99

55= 27 °= 27 °XX

What is the temperature in Fahrenheitif it is 15 °C?What is the temperature in Fahrenheitif it is 15 °C?

If you compare these thermometers, you will note that the top of the column of alcohol is in the shape of a curve called a meniscus. The accurate reading for an alcohol thermometer is at the bottom of this curve; for mercury it is at the top.

If you compare these thermometers, you will note that the top of the column of alcohol is in the shape of a curve called a meniscus. The accurate reading for an alcohol thermometer is at the bottom of this curve; for mercury it is at the top.

Alcohol in GlassAlcohol in Glass

Mercury in GlassMercury in Glass

A crescent or a crescent-shapedbody

The convex or concave uppersurface of a column of liquid, thecurvature of which is caused bysurface tension

A crescent or a crescent-shapedbody

The convex or concave uppersurface of a column of liquid, thecurvature of which is caused bysurface tension

MeniscusMeniscus

Heat causes evaporation of millions of tons of water daily.Heat causes evaporation of millions of tons of water daily.

A process called transpiration causes additional huge amounts of water to enter the air from the green leaves of plants.

A process called transpiration causes additional huge amounts of water to enter the air from the green leaves of plants.

The passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere

The passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere

TranspirationTranspiration

As warm, moist air rises, it expands and cools, eventually reaching its saturation level (100% relative humidity) and causes the vapor to condense into a liquid. Water droplets form in the clouds, and precipitation occurs.

As warm, moist air rises, it expands and cools, eventually reaching its saturation level (100% relative humidity) and causes the vapor to condense into a liquid. Water droplets form in the clouds, and precipitation occurs.

Falling products of condensation inthe atmosphere, as rain, snow, orhail

Falling products of condensation inthe atmosphere, as rain, snow, orhail

PrecipitationPrecipitation

This hydrologic cycle of evaporation,condensation, and precipitation iscontinually in process.

This hydrologic cycle of evaporation,condensation, and precipitation iscontinually in process.

Precipitationon Land

Evaporationfrom Land Evaporation

from Ocean

Precipitationon Ocean

Moistureover Land

Since warm air can hold more moisture than cold air, relative humidity goes up when air with a given amount of water vapor cools, and drops when that air is heated.

Since warm air can hold more moisture than cold air, relative humidity goes up when air with a given amount of water vapor cools, and drops when that air is heated.

When air is cooled to its dew point temperature, small water droplets condense on objects and dew is formed.

When air is cooled to its dew point temperature, small water droplets condense on objects and dew is formed.

The temperature to which air mustbe cooled, at a given pressure andwater vapor content for it to reachsaturation

The temperature at which dewbegins to form

The temperature to which air mustbe cooled, at a given pressure andwater vapor content for it to reachsaturation

The temperature at which dewbegins to form

Dew PointDew Point

Relative humidity is measured using a psychrometer, an instrument for determining the atmospheric humidity by the reading of two thermometers, the bulb of one being kept moist and ventilated

Relative humidity is measured using a psychrometer, an instrument for determining the atmospheric humidity by the reading of two thermometers, the bulb of one being kept moist and ventilated

PsychrometerPsychrometer

Sling psychrometers are often used aboard ship to speed up the process of getting accurate wet and dry-bulb readings.

Sling psychrometers are often used aboard ship to speed up the process of getting accurate wet and dry-bulb readings.

Sling Psychrometer

A.1. TRUEA.1. TRUE

Q.1. TRUE or FALSE. The harsh Russian winter weather was a factor that helped defeat Hitler in World War II.

Q.1. TRUE or FALSE. The harsh Russian winter weather was a factor that helped defeat Hitler in World War II.

A.2. GalileoA.2. Galileo

Q.2. Who invented the thermometer?Q.2. Who invented the thermometer?

A.5. A general view of the weatherA.5. A general view of the weather

Q.5. What does synoptic meteorology mean?Q.5. What does synoptic meteorology mean?

A.6. As observational toolsA.6. As observational tools

Q.6. How do meteorologists use satellites?Q.6. How do meteorologists use satellites?

A.7. MeteorologyA.7. Meteorology

Q.7. What name is given to the science of weather?Q.7. What name is given to the science of weather?

A.8. A crude hygrometerA.8. A crude hygrometer

Q.8. What was the first meteorological instrument to be developed?

Q.8. What was the first meteorological instrument to be developed?

A.9. An ocean of air immediately above the Earth’s surfaceA.9. An ocean of air immediately above the Earth’s surface

Q.9. What is the troposphere?Q.9. What is the troposphere?

A.10. The transitional zone between the troposphere and the near void of the stratosphere

A.10. The transitional zone between the troposphere and the near void of the stratosphere

Q.10. What is the tropopause?Q.10. What is the tropopause?

A.11. The consistent temperature change due to change in altitude

A.11. The consistent temperature change due to change in altitude

Q.11. What is adiabatic warming and cooling?Q.11. What is adiabatic warming and cooling?

A.12. A current of air that moves swiftly from west to east around the Earth

A.12. A current of air that moves swiftly from west to east around the Earth

Q.12. What is a jet stream?Q.12. What is a jet stream?

A.13. Mercurial and aneroidA.13. Mercurial and aneroid

Q.13. In the Navy, what two types of barometers are used?Q.13. In the Navy, what two types of barometers are used?

A.14. ExosphereA.14. Exosphere

Q.14. What is the topmost layer of the atmosphere?Q.14. What is the topmost layer of the atmosphere?

A.15. MesosphereA.15. Mesosphere

Q.15. What is the lowest level of the ionosphere?Q.15. What is the lowest level of the ionosphere?

A.16. ThermosphereA.16. Thermosphere

Q.16. What is the highest level of the ionosphere?Q.16. What is the highest level of the ionosphere?

A.17. When warm and cold air masses touch, the boundary between them is a front.

A.17. When warm and cold air masses touch, the boundary between them is a front.

Q.17. What is a front?Q.17. What is a front?

A.18. A large body of air with the same temperature, humidity, and pressure

A.18. A large body of air with the same temperature, humidity, and pressure

Q.18. What is an air mass?Q.18. What is an air mass?

A.19. The chemosphere or ozone layerA.19. The chemosphere or ozone layer

Q.19. Which layer shields the Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays?

Q.19. Which layer shields the Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays?