system economic mexico and uk

System Economic A

The three types of government are capitalists, UK is an exporting region, based in

Industry as Mexico. USA is a country principal importing of world, in established

older technology firms and most important factory.

It then describes in detail each Economy United Kingdom

The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the second largest

economy in Europe after Germany. Over the past two decades, the government

has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare

programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European

standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor

force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural

gas reserves are declining and the UK became a net importer of energy in 2005.

Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for

the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to decline in importance.

After emerging from recession in 1992, Britain's economy enjoyed the longest

period of expansion on record during which time growth outpaced most of Western

Europe. In 2008, however, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly

hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Sharply declining home prices,

high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded Britain's

economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008

and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of

measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets; these

include nationalizing parts of the banking system, temporarily cutting taxes,

suspending public sector borrowing rules, and moving forward public spending on

capital projects. Facing burgeoning public deficits and debt levels, in 2010 the

CAMERON-led coalition government (between Conservatives and Liberal

Democrats) initiated a five-year austerity program, which aimed to lower London's

budget deficit from over 10% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 1% by 2015. In November

2011, Chancellor of the Exchequer George OSBORNE announced additional

austerity measures through 2017 because of slower-than-expected economic

growth and the impact of the euro-zone debt crisis. The CAMERON government

raised the value added tax from 17.5% to 20% in 2011. It has pledged to reduce

the corporation tax rate to 21% by 2014. The Bank of England (BoE) implemented

an asset purchase program of up to £375 billion (approximately $605 billion) as of

December 2012. During times of economic crisis, the BoE coordinates interest rate

moves with the European Central Bank, but Britain remains outside the European

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). In 2012, weak consumer spending and

subdued business investment weighed on the economy. GDP fell 0.1%, and the

budget deficit remained stubbornly high at 7.7% of GDP. Public debt continued to

increase.

Economic USA

The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world,

with a per capita GDP of $49,800. In this market-oriented economy, private

individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and

state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private

marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in

Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus

workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, they face higher barriers

to enter their rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets. US

firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers

and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment; their advantage has narrowed

since the end of World War II. The onrush of technology largely explains the

gradual development of a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the bottom lack

the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more

and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other

benefits. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to

the top 20% of households. Since 1996, dividends and capital gains have grown

faster than wages or any other category of after-tax income. Imported oil accounts

for nearly 55% of US consumption. Crude oil prices doubled between 2001 and

2006, the year home prices peaked; higher gasoline prices ate into consumers'

budgets and many individuals fell behind in their mortgage payments. Oil prices

climbed another 50% between 2006 and 2008, and bank foreclosures more than

doubled in the same period. Besides dampening the housing market, soaring oil

prices caused a drop in the value of the dollar and a deterioration in the US

merchandise trade deficit, which peaked at $840 billion in 2008. The sub-prime

mortgage crisis, falling home prices, investment bank failures, tight credit, and the

global economic downturn pushed the United States into a recession by mid-2008.

GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, making this the deepest and longest

downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, in

October 2008 the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief

Program (TARP). The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in

US banks and industrial corporations, much of which had been returned to the

government by early 2011. In January 2009 the US Congress passed and

President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal

stimulus to be used over 10 years - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third

on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover. In 2010 and 2011,

the federal budget deficit reached nearly 9% of GDP. In 2012 the federal

government reduced the growth of spending and the deficit shrank to 7.6% of

GDP. Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required major shifts in national resources from

civilian to military purposes and contributed to the growth of the budget deficit and

public debt. Through 2011, the direct costs of the wars totaled nearly $900 billion,

according to US government figures. US revenues from taxes and other sources

are lower, as a percentage of GDP, than those of most other countries. In March

2010, President OBAMA signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable

Care Act, a health insurance reform that was designed to extend coverage to an

additional 32 million American citizens by 2016, through private health insurance

for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished. Total spending on

health care - public plus private - rose from 9.0% of GDP in 1980 to 17.9% in 2010.

In July 2010, the president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and

Consumer Protection Act, a law designed to promote financial stability by

protecting consumers from financial abuses, ending taxpayer bailouts of financial

firms, dealing with troubled banks that are "too big to fail," and improving

accountability and transparency in the financial system - in particular, by requiring

certain financial derivatives to be traded in markets that are subject to government

regulation and oversight. In December 2012, the Federal Reserve Board

announced plans to purchase $85 billion per month of mortgage-backed and

Treasury securities in an effort to hold down long-term interest rates, and to keep

short term rates near zero until unemployment drops to 6.5% from the December

rate of 7.8%, or until inflation rises above 2.5%. Long-term problems include

stagnation of wages for lower-income families, inadequate investment in

deteriorating infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging

population, energy shortages, and sizable current account and budget deficits -

including significant budget shortages for state governments.

Economic México

Mexico has a free market economy in the trillion dollar class. It contains a mixture

of modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the

private sector. Recent administrations have expanded competition in seaports,

railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas distribution, and

airports. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution

remains highly unequal. Since the implementation of the North American Free

Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, Mexico's share of US imports has increased

from 7% to 12%, and its share of Canadian imports has doubled to 5.5%. Mexico

has free trade agreements with over 50 countries including Guatemala, Honduras,

El Salvador, the European Free Trade Area, and Japan - putting more than 90% of

trade under free trade agreements. In 2012 Mexico formally joined the Trans-

Pacific Partnership negotiations and in July it formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru,

Colombia and Chile. In 2007, during its first year in office, the Felipe CALDERON

administration was able to garner support from the opposition to successfully pass

pension and fiscal reforms. The administration passed an energy reform measure

in 2008 and another fiscal reform in 2009. Mexico's GDP plunged 6.2% in 2009 as

world demand for exports dropped, asset prices tumbled, and remittances and

investment declined. GDP posted positive growth of 5.6% in 2010 with exports -

particularly to the United States - leading the way. Growth slowed to 3.9% in 2011

and slightly recovered to 4% in 2012.

System Government

The biggest differences are the most obvious ones: The USA is a republic, Mexico

also is a Republic, while the UK is a constitutional monarchy: in this case, a

representative democracy with a monarch at its head. The USA and Mexico has a

written constitution while the constitution of the UK is unwritten.

The President of the USA must have reached his thirty-fifth birthday and he must

be American born. The British PM must be at least 21 and a British citizen, though

citizens of certain other Commonwealth countries are eligible. The president of the

Mexico must have reached his thirty-fifth birthday and he must be Mexico born.

There are no set dates for general elections. A government by law can last no

longer than five years, but the election maybe called at any time inside that period.

The date of the general election is entirely the choice of the sitting Prime Minister,

who will naturally choose a date when his party is ahead in the opinion polls. This

does not always guarantee victory, as opinion polls can be wrong (eg 1970 and

1992). At the end of five years there has to be an election, whether the PM wants it

or not. PMs who hang on until the very end of their five-year period usually come to

grief (eg 1979 and 1997). It is not unheard of for a Prime Minister to call an election

quite soon after the previous one in order to win, he hopes, an increased majority

in the House of Commons (eg March 1974 and October 1974). By tradition but not

by law, elections always take place on Thursdays. In USA every four years

president is elected, with the possibility of reelection, in Mexico every six years

president is elected, with not the possibility of reelection.

In Mexico and UK have different Political Parties, USA meanwhile only two Political

Parties (Democrats and Republic).

The UK government is not split into branches. The House of Commons reigns

supreme, and the party with the greatest number of members of the Commons is

the governing party. The leader of the governing party becomes Prime Minister,

who almost has the power of a king. He or she alone has the power to declare war,

to make alliances, to use nuclear weapons, and to appoint the people of his choice

to the Cabinet, the various government ministries and offices of state. These

appointments are entirely his choice and are not subject to scrutiny or confirmation

by any other person of body. The PM also has the power to dismiss (“demand the

resignation of”) any serving minister or secretary of state. In USA It’s divided into

chamber of senators and House of Representatives, which serve as opposition or

support for President, in Mexico it’s divided into chambers of Diputados and

chamber of senators, also it serve as opposition or support for President, similar to

USA.

Education

Children from ages 5 to 16 are required to attend school in the UK, either through

state schools, independently, or home-schools (state schools are free) (“Office of

Public Sector Information”). At the age of 16, students have a choice of whether

they want to continue or not. If they continue, they will leave 'school' and attend

sixth form (what they call 'college), which is two years of pre-requisite courses for

students interested in going to university. At the age of 16, students in the UK

decide on what their field of study will be while in university. The courses they take

at sixth form will be related to what they will study while at university (ex. an

engineer will take mathematics/physics courses during sixth form). In order to pass

sixth form, students need to pass standardized A-level tests. Students then apply

to the universities of their choice. The scores that they receive on their A-levels are

given to universities to help determine whether the student is accepted or not.

In the US, students are required to attend school until they are 16 via public or

private schools, or by being home schooled. Students typically enter high school at

the age of 14, and complete the four years of high school and graduate at 18. At

the age of 18, students either have the choice to continue their education at

university (also known as college in the US), or they can stop school and attempt

to find work. Students electing to contine their studies will apply to universities of

their choice. During the last two years of high school, students take a nationwide

standardized test that covers math, science, reading, and writing (the test is either

the ACT or SAT, depending on where you live and what university you're applying

to). The results on these tests along with the students' average grade in high

school help the universities determine whether or not the student gets accepted.

In Mexico to Basic education includes preschool, primary school and lower

secondary school. Federal, state, and local governments provide 93 percent of

basic education, while private schools provide about 7 percent.

Preschool is optional and free, covering children aged between three and five

years of age in three grades.

Primary education (6 years) is compulsory, with the state providing free

education from the age of six. Primary school children spend between four and

four-and-a-half hours in class every day. There are several educational pathways

for specific population groups, including general education, bilingual-bicultural

education and community education for children in the isolated regions of the

country.

Lower-secondary education (3 years) is considered part of basic education and

is compulsory as well. In order to enter students are required to have successfully

completed six years of primary education.

After completing basic education students have the option to continue their studies

in upper-secondary education (3 years). This stage is non-compulsory and has

three pathways:

General upper-secondary

Technical professional education

Technological upper-secondary

Grading system Mexico

The grading system for most institutions at all levels ranges from 1 to 10 with

the following grades:

9-10: Muy Bien (MB) – very good

8: Bien (B) – good

6-7: Suficiente (S) – sufficient

0-5: Reprobado (R) – fail

Advance level in UK

The General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Level ('A'-level), is graded

on a scale of A*-E, with U as Unclassified (Failed), and previously an intermediate

N (Nearly passed) which was awarded for papers missing grade E by a very small

margin. The marks in each paper are converted to a “Unified Mark Scheme” (UMS)

according to the difficulty and weighting of the paper, and the individual UMS for

each paper is added to give an overall score (out of 600 for a full 'A'-Level). It is

important to note that UMS marks for a paper are not the raw marks. The UMS

marks for each grade, and maximum obtainable, are as follows:

Numerical and Letter grades in USA

The typical awarded from participation in a course are (from highest to lowest) A,

B, C, D, and F. Variations on the traditional five grade system allow for awarding

A+, A, A−, B+, B, B−, C+, C, C−, D+, D, D−, and F. D− is sometimes omitted,

under the assumption that anything less than a D is by definition, failure. In primary

and secondary schools, it is also uncommon for a D to be considered passing, so

the general standard is that anything below a 60 or 75 is failing, depending on the

grading scale. In college and universities, a D is considered to be an unsatisfactory

passing grade; the student gains credit for the class but cannot move on to more

advanced classes until a C or better is obtained.

Below is the grading system found to be most commonly used in United States

public high schools, according to the 2009 High School Transcript Study.

Bibliography

https://www.justlanded.com/english/Mexico/Mexico-Guide/Education/Introduction

http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/compare/Mexico/United-States/Economy

http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/compare/United-Kingdom/United-

States/Economy

http://bucknakedpolitics.typepad.com/buck_naked_politics/2007/08/t-13-8-

thirteen.html

http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/USvsUK.html

http://www.patjk.com/2011/01/united-kingdom-uk-vs-united-states-usa-education-

systems

http://www.fulbright.org.uk/study-in-the-usa/school-study/us-school-system