providing for the infant’s developmental needs
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PROVIDING FOR THE INFANT’S
DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS
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Physical Development
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Length and Weight
Average length of baby at birth is 20-21 inches. During the first year, they increase their
length 1.5 times (about 9-10 inches)
By the 9th month, infants are rather chubby because the fat tissues under the skin begin to increase.
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Age in Months Length in Inches Weight in Pounds
Birth 20 7 ½
3 23 ¾ 12 ½
6 26 16 ¾
9 28 20
12 29 ½ 22 ¼
Average Length and Weight During First Year
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Length and Weight Cont… Failure to thrive: their rate of growth
slow considerably over time.Possible causes:
○ Diseases that prevent all/some nutrients from being absorbed
○ Baby’s food is not providing enough nutrients○ Feeds are offered too infrequently, or don’t
last long enough○ Baby is not held, touched, talked to, or
abuse/neglect is taking place
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Teeth
Teeth begin forming during the 6th week of prenatal life. By birth, all teeth are developed deep in the jaw.
Most babies begin cutting teeth during the second half of the first year.
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Teeth Cont…
Some babies are born with one or more teeth.
Other children are more than one year old when their first teeth appear.
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Motor DevelopmentThe use and control of muscles the direct body movements.
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Gross-motor skills: Learning to use and control large muscles, such as the trunk, arms, and legs which helps the babies crawl and walk.
Fine-motor skills: being able to control the small muscles, such as the hands and fingers.
Motor development increases as the brain develops
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Center-to-Extremities Development
Control begins with the trunk, then arms, hands, and fingers.
Babies can use their arms to hands to crawl and lift objects before they can use the hand and finger control needed to tack blocks.
When babies are born, their Palmar reflex makes babies automatically grasp whatever is placed in the hand.
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Voluntary grasping: baby grasping with the intention of actually grabbing something.6-7 month olds usually bring any grasped item to
their mouth to explore it.
At 7 months babies can grab for two separate items.
A month or 2 later, babies can use the thumb and forefingers to pick up objects. (called princer grasp)
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Physical Needs: Feeding
The most basic needs of humans.
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Feeding Most basic physical need
The baby grows 3 times faster in the first year than in the second or third year.
Babies may experience physical pain when they are hungry.
Nutrients: the substances in food that gives babies energy and help them grow.
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First Foods
Start out with an all-liquid diet of milk (breast milk or formula).
Between 6 months to 1 year, the baby begins to eat cereals, fruits, vegetables, meats, and breads. (these are called solids)
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Why babies shouldn’t be fed solids before 6 months Not born with ability to swallow solids. Babies do not need the nutrients offered by
solids.Digestive system cannot process the complex
nutrients Physical problems Solids have too much sodium for babies May be too high in calories Spoon-feeding does not allow for close physical
bonding like holding a baby to breast feed or bottle feed.
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Introducing New Foods Parents should introduce one food at a
time, feeding only one bite or two per time. Parents should not add another new food
for at least 5 days.This helps the parent see if the baby has an
intolerance for the food.○ Intolerance: a negative physical reaction that
eating certain food can cause.○ If baby shows an intolerance for a food, parents
should wait until after 1st birthday to try the offending food again.
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Foods to Avoid
Small or hard foods may cause baby to choke.
Some food/beverages may be too sugary, high in sodium, or artificial flavors.
Stimulants and depressants should be avoided.
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The Feeding Schedule
Some babies like smaller, more frequent meals. Others eat more food less often.
When the babies growth rate slows
toward the end of the first year, his or her appetite will decrease.
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First-Year Daily Feeding Schedule
Months Hours Between Feedings
1 to 3 3 to 4
3 to 5 5 (nutritious snacks of baby food should be offered about halfway between feedings if baby is awake)
6 6 (nutritious snacks of baby food should be offered about halfway between feedings if baby is awake)
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Homemade vs. Store-bought Baby Foods When buying store bought:
check the sell-by date for freshness.Make sure containers are sealed properlyCheck safety button on unopened jarsBabies should not be feed straight from the
jar because bacteria in the saliva from the baby’s spoon can spoil the food.
Should be served at room temperature.If not using the whole jar, refrigerate
leftovers and eat within two days.
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Advantages of Baby Food MethodsCommercially Prepared Homemade Food is easy to buy and
use. May be more economical Many foods are available
in all four seasons. Foods are sold in the right
texture for certain ages. Foods are sterile Unopened foods can be
stored for a long time w/out refrigeration.
Packaged in small amounts
No worry about harmful additives
Usually less expensive to prepare
No special appliances are needed to make it
Saves on storage space Can cater to baby’s food
allergies Recipes are easy to find Can be creative with
foods
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Weaning
Weaning: taking a baby off the bottle or breast.Parents should consult baby’s doctor about
what age to wean.
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Weaning from the Breast
It is recommended mothers breast-feed for at least 12 months.Most babies are completely weaned from
the breast by 18-24 months. Babies weaned before 1 year should be
given formula for the remainder of the first year.
Babies weaned after 1 year should be fed whole milk until the age of two.
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Weaning from the breast cannot be abrupt or it will be stressful for the baby. It can also cause blockage of the milk ducts and possible depression in the mother.
Weaning should start with part of one feeding, then gradually become a whole feeding.
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Weaning to the Cup
Recommended at 12 monthsShould be offered whole milk
Ways to teach drinking from a cup:Give baby a cup with two handlesPraise baby when trying to use cupAt 6 months offer baby 1 tablespoon of
liquid in cup
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Spoon Feeding
Baby should be 6 months old before being introduced to solids.Baby’s body is ready for the nutrients of
solid foods and the baby developmentally can start learning how to handle a spoon.
Pediatricians recommend the first food be a iron-enriched rice cereal.At first few feedings, it should be able to
pour from spoon.
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Spoon Feeding Cont…
As cereal and other solids are introduced, the baby will need water for proper kidney action.
Baby should be held on adult’s lap in an upright position for the first couple of spoon feedings, then moved to a high chair.
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Self-Feeding
Finger foods: foods a baby can self-feed using the fingers.Babies usually begin this around 12 months.Babies are at a high risk of choking so
should be supervised at all time while finger-feeding.
Examples of foods to finger-feed with:Soft toast, crispy crackers, bagels, fruits and
vegetables that have been cooked and diced.
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Clothing
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Style and Color
All styles have advantages and disadvantages.Two piece outfits (tops and bottoms) often
can be worn longer because they do not get as tight in the crotch as one-piece outfits. They also make changing a diaper easier.
One-piece outfits look neater on crawlers because they do not separate/bunch up. They are also warmer.
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Shoes
Shoes are not needed until the baby begins to walk.
Indoors, babies should walk without shoes to prevent flat-footed walking.
Most shoes worn in the first year are for decoration.
Most baby shoes have a soft, cloth sole.
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Caring for Baby Clothes Before cleaning, read labels and tags. Pretreat stains before washing. Mend any tears before washing to prevent
them from getting larger. Infant’s skin is very sensitive, so babies
clothes is often rinsed extra to help remove the extra detergent.
Do not use fabric softener-it reduces the effectiveness of the flame-retardant material.
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Diapering a Baby
Older babies wiggle more when diaper is being changed, in order to keep baby’s interest, talk, sing, or play with baby while changing the diaper.
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Tub Bathing
Can begin as soon as navel and circumcision have healed.
Fill water about 3 inches deep, with comfortably warm water.Check with your wrist
Make sure everything needed is nearby.Shampoo, washcloth, towel, diaper, etc.
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Establishing Routines
Routines help children feel secure because it teaches them what to expect.
Although babies do not know clock time, they do have sense of rhythm when it comes to time.
Schedules change as babies mature.Feedings become more widely spaced out,
daytime naps grow shorter, and more playtime is needed.
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Rest and Sleep
From 1-3 months, babies need a total of 14-16.5 hours of sleep.
For the remainder of the year, babies need 14-15 hours of sleep.
Many babies begin sleeping through the night at 12 weeks.
If baby is not sleeping through the night, the parents can restrict day time naps to four hours or less, to increase likelihood of sleeping through the night.
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Rest and Sleep Cont…
Some babies that do sleep through the night may begin to cry during the night around 5-6 months due to awakening and feeling lonely.
By 9-15 months, most babies only take one nap a day, in the afternoon.
The afternoon nap may continue until 3-5 years of age.
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) In many cases, seemingly healthy babies
simply stop breathing in their sleep. Cause is unknown. Some experts think it
may be a virus or bacterial infection that attacks the brain stem (where breathing is controlled) before or shortly after birth.
Most commonly happens between 2-4 months
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SIDS Cont… Risk factor: Babies sleeping on their stomachs Preventative Measures:
Place baby on firm mattress Do not use fluffy blankets, comforters, throws, stuffed toys,
or pillows in bed/crib Make sure baby doesn’t get too warm while sleeping. Offer a pacifier for sleep Avoid sharing bed with parent Make sure baby is getting enough sleep Have regular doctor visits Breast-feed for at least 7 months if not 1 year Place baby on back when sleeping Breathing monitor is available if doctor recommends
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Places for Sleep and Play Babies may sleep in parent’s room, or in a
bedroom with older sibling, or a room all his/her own.
Children usually sleep in a crib until 3 years old.
Playpens should only be used for short periods of time.No more than 2 hours a dayBabies need to be able to move freely in order
to develop crawling, creeping, and walking skills
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Intellectual Needs
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Enriched environment: an environment that offers babies a chance to learn.The earlier adults provide activities, the
more babies want to learn.
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Activities to Stimulate the Senses Sensory stimulation: involves using the
senses to learn about the environment.
For a baby to develop fully, all five senses must be stimulated
Examples:Mobiles: SightTracking Object: SightWind Chimes: Hearing and sight
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Problem-Solving Activities
Games and activities can help babies begin to organize and understand their world.Peek-a-boo helps a baby realize that even
though they cannot see the other person, he/she is still there.
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Motor Activities
Coordination: is the working together of muscles in movements, such as walking.
Gross-Motor Games:Crawling in/out of boxes/cartonsDancing to music
Fine-Motor Games:Stacking blocks, hitting blocks together, etc.
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Language Activities
Babies learn language by hearing people talk.
Examples of statements/questions adults can use:I’m putting on your green shirtIsn’t this a pretty shirtAre you ready for the shirt to go over your
headHere’s a button on your shirt
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Language Activities Cont… The actual words do not matter, but it does
matter that they are pronounced correctly. Changing pitch or singing also adds
interest. When babies babble, encouragement
should be given because it is the way for a baby to respond to an adult.
Babies benefit by being read to even if they cannot comprehend, because they are hearing new words.
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Social-Emotional Needs
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Baby-Adult Interaction
Babies react to adults; feelings and actions. If adults are tense, the baby may become
fussy and difficult.If an adult is relaxed, the baby is more often
quiet and cooperative.
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Helping Babies Develop Self-Awareness Self-awareness: understanding of
himself or herself as a unique person.They develop self-awareness and form a
mental picture of themselves.Babies begin to learn what is part of their
body and what is notThey learn that their actions can make
things happen.
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Handling Special Problems Decide if problem is temporary. Talk to doctor if the problem continues. Get help when needed.
Babysitters can watch baby to parents can get out of the house for a while
Give in to a baby’s demands sometimes. Remain calm
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Recognizing Developmental Delays A child’s development falls far behind
typical children of his or her age in one or more areas.A larger gap indicates a more serious delaySeeking help early can keep some problems
from worsening.
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