homework in – crossword sheet and q’s on back
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Homework in – crossword sheet and Q’s on back
Neuron Questions• What is a neuron and what is its function?• Describe the main parts of a neuron and their
roles.• What is an action potential? • What does this mean: “an action potential is
an all or nothing event”?• Explain why neural communication is both
electrical and chemical.• What chemicals are involved in neural
communication?
Neuron:The cell of the nervous system.Dendrites, Cell body (or soma), Axon, Myelin sheath, Nodes of Ranvier, Terminal buttons, Synapse(s), Other structures?
Neurotransmitter (NT):A natural chemical in our nervous system that transmits infoAgonist:A drug (or poison) that enhances or mimics the activity of a NTAntagonist:A drug (or poison) that reduces the activity of a NT
Agonist: A drug (or poison) that enhances the activity of a NTAntagonist:A drug (or poison) that reduces the activity of a NT
Khan Academy: Agonists and Antagonists
Different neurotransmitters do different things!Acetylcholine (ACh):NT that affects learning and memory (in the brain), and movement (in muscles)Alzheimer’s patients have lower levels of ACh.
This American Life: A Trip Down Memory Lane
Botulinum poison:An antagonist that blocks the release of Ach, can paralyze diaphragm musclesand stop breathing
Botox: Before and After
Curare:Antagonist for Ach, leads to paralysis.S. American Indians use it for hunting.
Black widow spider poison:Ach agonist, causes flood of Ach, the Ach runs out
S. American Indian Hunters
Dopamine:Reward and motivationRewarding/pleasurable: eating, drinking, sexMotor control over voluntary Low levels Parkinson’s
Parkinson’s treatments can cause symptoms of schizophrenia (losing touch with reality, hallucinations, false beliefs, etc.)
Michael J Fox Interview
This American Life: Schizophrenia
Amphetamines and cocaine:Dopamine ____________ “High” arousal state followed by a crash
Other dopamine agonists:Painkillers, caffeine, nicotine
Serotonin:Emotional states, impulsiveness, dreaming
Norepinephrine:Alertness, higher mood level
Low levels of these NTs are related to depression, sadness/anxiety, food cravings, and aggressive behavior.
Antidepressants are ____________ for them, as well as drugs for eating disorders, OCD, and obesity.
Ex. Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Cymbalta, Pristiq, and Effexor
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid):the main inhibitory NT, keeps brain from getting too aroused/over-excitedLowers arousal/anxiety and helps regulate movement
Antianxiety drugs (tranquilizers) are ____________ for GABA
Glutamate:the main excitatory NT, memory storage and pain perception
High levels can cause neuron death, low levels can cause comaGlutamate may be linked to schizophrenia
Endorphins:NT involved in pain relief and pleasure
Higher endorphins levels have been found in runners post-marathons and in women during childbirth
Morphine and heroin mimic endorphins, and cause a release of dopamine
Is it linked to acupuncture?
Nervous System
Central NS (CNS)
Brain:Control
center for entire NS
Spinal Cord: Connects
brain and PNS, and enables
reflexes
Peripheral NS (PNS)
Somatic NS:Senses CNS
CNS Muscles
Autonomic NS:Involuntary,
controls organs and glands
Sympathetic NS:“Fight-or-flight”
systemControls body when
aroused
Parasympathetic NS:“Rest-and-digest”
systemControls the body during normal rest
state
Think deeply and answer completely. Do not copy the questions.Identify the parts labeled:1. A: ___________________2. B: ___________________3. C: ___________________4. What are neurotransmitters?5. What does an agonist do to a
neurotransmitter?6. What does an antagonist do to a
neurotransmitter?7. Would a message travel faster in an axon with
or without myelin?8. Respond to this quote:
Love is just a chemical being released in our brain.
A
BC
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