differential association theory p. beavers
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DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
Porshey Beavers
Governors State University
EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND
Sutherland was a
American sociologist who
develop the theory of
differential association
from the works of Shaw
and McKay.
Sutherland substituted Shaw and Mckay social disorganization for the concept differential social disorganization.
It explained that social groups are arranged differently; some are organized in support of criminal activity and others are organized against such behavior. (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2011)
Differential AssociationThe theory that proposes that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction with others.
Culture Conflict
Two Different Culture
Criminal Conventional
Compete for residents adherence
Depending on which culture and definition an individual is mostly exposed to helps determine their criminal behavior.
Definitions to favorable violation of law
VS Definitions unfavorable to violation of law
Whether the criminal or conventional influences are stronger in an individual’s life tells which influence a person is likely to inherit.
Criminal or Conventional
Differential Association examined why a person is likely to commit a crime
Differential Social Disorganization explains high crimes rates in different areas
Where crime is high a person learn to differentially associate with criminal values (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2011)
The theory of differential association when through many stages until it was finally completed.
Its final form was done in 1947.
It included nine propositions of causes of crime.
Propositions
1. Criminal behavior is learned.2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with
other persons in a process of communication.3. The principle part of the learning of criminal
behavior occurs within intimate personal groups.4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning
includes (a) techniques of committing crime, which sometimes are very complicated, sometimes are very simple, and (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
Propositions Cont.5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned
from definitions of legal codes as favorable and unfavorable.
6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definition unfavorable to violation of law. (Principle of Differential Association)
7. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning
9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2011)
References
Lilly, J., Cullen, F. T., & Ball, R. A. (2011). Criminological Theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
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