amita shah, suhas p wani, pk joshi, kv raju, tk sreedevi, ys ramakrishna and team international...

Amita Shah, Suhas P Wani, PK Joshi, KV Raju,

TK Sreedevi , YS Ramakrishna and TeamInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Patancheru P.O. 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Amita Shah, Suhas P Wani, PK Joshi, KV Raju,

TK Sreedevi , YS Ramakrishna and TeamInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Patancheru P.O. 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Specific ObjectivesSpecific Objectives

To critically assess the impact of various watershed development programs in India

To identify the drivers of success from the bright spots in terms of targeted objectives, enabling policies and institutions contributing towards achieving greater impact

To develop suitable institutional and technical recommendations, policy guidelines and suitable database for sustainable and efficient management of the watershed programs

ApproachApproach

Convergence and consortium

Macro- and micro-level studies

Detailed analysis of secondary data

Detailed case studies

Use new science tools

Main Emerging MessagesMain Emerging Messages

Vast potential of rainfed agriculture needs to be harnessed

Farmers’ yields are lower by 2 to 5 folds than the achievable yields.

02468

19761979198219851988199119941997200020032007Year

Yield (t ha-1 )

Observed potential yield

Rate of growth82 kg ha yr-1 -1

Rate of growth23 kg ha yr

-1 -1

Carrying capacity21 persons ha-1

Carrying capacity

4.6 perso ns ha - 1

BW 1

BW 4C

Main Emerging Messages (Contd..)


Watershed development programs in India are silently revolutionalizing the rainfed areas and can become Growth Engine for inclusive and sustainable development in vast tracts of rainfed areas in India

Watershed development programs in India are silently revolutionalizing the rainfed areas and can become Growth Engine for inclusive and sustainable development in vast tracts of rainfed areas in India

Watersheds are Revolutionalising Drylands

Watersheds are Revolutionalising Drylands

Particulars UnitNo. ofstudie

sMean Minimum

Maximum

t-value

Efficiency B:C ratio Ratio 311 2.01 0.82 7.30 35.09

IRR Per cent 162 27.43 2.03 102.70 21.75

Equity Employment Persondays ha-1 y-1

99 154.53 0.05 900.00 8.13

SustainabilityIncrease in irrigated area

Per cent 93 51.55 1.28 204.00 10.94

Increase in cropping intensity

Per cent 339 35.51 3.00 283.00 14.96

Runoff reduced

Per cent 83 45.72 0.38 96.00 9.36

Soil loss saved

t ha-1 y-1 72 1.12 0.11 2.05 47.21

Crop yields in Adarsha Watershed Kothapally during 1999-2007

Crop yields in Adarsha Watershed Kothapally during 1999-2007

Crop 1998 base-line yield

Yield (Kg ha -1)

1999-2000

2000-

2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

20052006

2006-

2007

Ave-rage

yields

SE+

Sole maize 1500 3250 3750 3300 3480 3920 3420 3920

3635 3640 283.3

Improved Intercropped maizeTraditional inter-cropped Maize

-

-

2700

700

2790

1600

2800

1600

3083

1800

3129

1950

2950

2025

3360

2275

3180

2150

3030

1785

263.0

115.6

Improved inter-cropped pigeonpea

Traditional inter-cropped pigeonpea

190 640

200

940

180

800

-

720

-

950

-

680

-

925

-

970

-

860

190

120.3

-

Improved Sole SorghumTraditional Sole Sorghum

-

1070

3050

1070

3170

1010

2600

940

2425

910

2290

952

2325

1025

2250

1083

2085

995

2530

1000

164.0120.7

Intercropped Sorghum

- 1770 1940 2200 - 2110 1980 1960

1850 1970 206.0

Convergence

Collective action

Capacity building

PPP-business model to promote high-value crops

Technical Backstopping

Convergence

Collective action

Capacity building

PPP-business model to promote high-value crops

Technical Backstopping

Scaling-up of WatershedsScaling-up of Watersheds

Drivers of Collective ActionDrivers of Collective Action

Tangible economic benefits for individuals

Income-generating activities

High-value crops

Holistic approach – IGNRM approach

Tangible economic benefits for individuals

Income-generating activities

High-value crops

Holistic approach – IGNRM approach



Knowledge-based entry point activity is more effective for better and sustainable community participation than the regular cash back EPA currently adopted in the watershed programs

Knowledge-based entry point activity is more effective for better and sustainable community participation than the regular cash back EPA currently adopted in the watershed programs

Multiple benefits from watersheds for society Strategic research in the area of

quantification and economic valuation of such services

Strategies for development in low and high rainfall areas, emerging second generation problems

New tools in the area of social and biophysical sciences;

Policies for M&E and IA needs to be undertaken





Capacity building is the weakest link for scaling-up meaningful watershed programs

Capacity building is the weakest link for scaling-up meaningful watershed programs

Targeted interventions to benefit women and other vulnerable groups

New science tools Participatory approach ICT for CB Transparency

Targeted interventions to benefit women and other vulnerable groups

New science tools Participatory approach ICT for CB Transparency

Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups

Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups

1. Unify the efforts around a new paradigm which shifts the objectives from merely drought-proofing and agricultural production to: sustainably increasing agricultural productivity, reducing poverty, protecting the environment, and building human and natural resource resilience to cope with future challenges, including climate change

2. Common guidelines with a single effective national and state mechanism, better use of technology and a move from a subsistence to a business model by establishing market links and public private partnerships

Way Forward: Recommendations

Watershed policies and guidelines



3.To help meet the national goal to conserve, manage and efficiently use scarce water resources, watersheds need to be recognized as the most appropriate framework in which various agencies concerned with surface, ground and drinking water and sanitation can interface to a common purpose.

4. Macro watersheds of 1,200 ha and above have achieved impacts more effectively than micro-watersheds of 500 ha.

Way Forward: Recommendations Watershed policies and guidelines

Way Forward: Recommendations Watershed policies and guidelines (Contd

..)

5.We recommend the establishment of consortia comprising the key research and development institutions, Civil Society Organizations and the private sector. Secondly, the engagement of quality service providers to augment what can be achieved by individual programmes in capacity building, technical backstopping, and knowledge dissemination to improve performance. Finally, we recommend the implementation period be extended from five years to seven to eight years

Way Forward: Recommendations Watershed policies and guidelines

Way Forward: Recommendations Watershed policies and guidelines (Contd

..)

6.Knowledge-based entry point activities which deliver immediate tangible economic benefits, and so capture the attention and enthusiasm of the community and promotes collective action by building self sufficiency

7.The current funding of watershed programmes is insufficient to effectively embrace social, environmental, and sustainability objectives. The performance of watersheds would be greatly improved by attending to the following aspects of funding: • To provide new funds for seeding income-generating

activities, capacity development and CPR development• Timely release and flexibility to meet location specific

needs• For Monitoring and Evaluation including for the

application of new science tools




Watershed policies and guidelines (Contd..)

8. We recommend a sum of Rs.20,000/- hectare for integrated watershed development. In order to effectively deal with sustained income generation, capacity building, monitoring, and technology generation and to extend treatment coverage throughout each watershed will require additional funds. These may not entirely be new money

9. The Project Implementation Agency and Panchayati Raj Institutions, particularly the Gram Sabhas, should have clearer roles and responsibilities. Panchayati Raj Institutions should play an important role in the governance of watersheds and in post-project support

(Contd..)





10.The performance and sustainability of watersheds can be substantially improved by exploring the option of strengthening and supporting small area groups in place of user groups in their planning and execution

11.Mid-term evaluation, impact assessment after programme completion and post-project evaluation after four to five years will enable implementing agencies to make mid-course corrections and governments to adjust policy. M&E information should be put in the public domain


Institutional Arrangements


Institutional Arrangements

12.We recommend an assessment be made that takes in to account total environmental and socio-economic impacts. Such a broad assessment would best be conducted across different agro-ecologies together at sub-basin level supported by simulation modelling


Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation



13. Baseline information and needs-assessment in a uniform format must be undertaken before funds for works are released.

• Limited indicators • Participatory evaluation • Independent agency • New science tools

14. Cost-effective and sustainable watershed development. Use hydrological and environmental data from benchmark watershed for each agro-eco-region and district. This will also enable an assessment of impacts outside the watersheds. Such work needs adequate financial support




Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation(Contd..)

15.Although, watershed approaches seem to have universal application for effective management of natural resources, sustainable agricultural production and income generation; the comprehensive assessment showed that one size fits all approach did not work. Need different interventions for higher and lower rainfall regions.


TechnologyTechnology



16. The CA has identified a range of best-bet options, for major and widespread impact on poverty reduction, environmental improvement, agricultural productivity and resilience.

17.Widespread deficiencies of secondary and micro-nutrients are severely holding back crop productivity. At a stroke, government could increase crop yields by 30-80% with an initiative to diagnose soil health in rainfed areas and apply appropriate remediation

18.There is a need to build capacity within the research establishment to undertake effective technology development for poor people.

19.We recommend extending government’s emphasis on “Information and Communication Technology (ICT)” for the rapid transfer of appropriate information to the various stakeholders within a watershed and link farmers to markets




TechnologyTechnology(Contd..)

20.To date, water policy has focused on augmentation of supply, this now needs to be expanded to embrace water demand management and water use efficiency. There are a number of aspects: • Drinking water needs• Devise and implement policies to regulate groundwater

extraction • Ban the cultivation of high water requiring crops such

as paddy and sugarcane in watershed areas • Encourage cultivation of low-water requiring crops with

market incentives. • Promote efficient irrigation methods through water-

saving devices and the creation of community-based water assets




TechnologyTechnology(Contd..)

21.Advances in weather forecasting have created opportunities to reduce farming risks and mitigate the effects of climate change. The use of long-range weather forecasts for crop planning and of medium and short-range weather forecasts for crop management should become the norm

Way Forward:

Recommendations TechnologyTechnology

Way Forward:

Recommendations TechnologyTechnology

(Contd..)

22.Equity and gender concerns regarding women, the resource-less and those without adequate representation need to be brought to the forefront of watershed planning and execution.

• Emphasis on women’s active participation

• Gender concerns should form non-negotiable components of the initial phase

• Adequate representation of women and vulnerable groups in decision making committees


Gender and Vulnerable Groups



23. Common property resources can effectively be regenerated as pasture and biofuel and energy plantations and used to generate income when managed by vulnerable groups.

24. New income and market opportunities are emerging with watershed interventions. This calls for a comprehensive support for capacity building, credit and market links through increased and clearly defined financial allocations.

25. Once again, there are clear opportunities to use watershed programmes for improving co-ordination between government programmes dealing with employment, literacy and numeracy, sanitation, child care and nutrition.




Gender and Vulnerable Groups (Contd..)

Lead Authors

Suhas P Wani, PK Joshi, KV Raju, TK Sreedevi, Marcella D’Souza, Amita Shah, PG Diwakar, K Palanisami, S Marimuthu, YS Ramakrishna, Meenakshi Sundaram

Contributory Authors

AK Jha, GP Guyal, Mike Wilson, Piara Singh, P Pathak, Crispino Lobo, RC Sachan, Kiran Raverkar, FA Shaheen, Sachin Sinha, B Ramkumar, K Tirupataiah, Santhi Kumari, Sandeep Dave, Subhash Chandra, HN Singh, Abraham Samuel, J Joy, Suhas Paranjape, Sachin Oza, Viren Lobo, Suvendu, TK Bhati, Suresh Kumar

Lead and Contributing Lead and Contributing AuthorsAuthors

Ram Chandradu, Dharmishta Chowhan, Jyotsna Sitling, Prabhat Kumar, Shailendra Tewari, Banerjee, Kulkarni, Mandal, Chaya Datar, AVR Kesava Rao, Ch Srinivasa Rao, Kanchan Chopra, David Radicliffe, Michel Gluck, NK Sanghi, DK Marothia, KV Rao, MD Osman, Srinath Dixit, VN Sharada, B Venkateswarlu, PK Mishra, AV Padmanabhan, G Subba Reddy, GR Korwar, Shankar, DLN Rao, GV Ranga Rao, Suresh Pande, OP Rupela, S Desai, Peter, AK Mishra, Deep Joshi, SP Tucker, R Parthasarathy, S Nedumaran, Rosana P Mula, RL Shiyani, RS Dwivedi, Dadhwal, Tushar Shah, KN Reddy, RS Deshpande, Anupam Das, PV Veera Raju , Ravindra, TS Vamsidhar Reddy

Supporting AuthorsSupporting Authors

Participating Organizations Participating Organizations

Impact Policies Institutions Approach/case studies

NCAP NCAP Jungarh Agri Univ

Jungarh Agri Univ TNAU TNAU

TNAU WALMI, Bhopal WALMI, Bhopal

WALMI, Bhopal IGAU, Raipur IGAU, Raipur

ISEC, Bangalore NABARD NABARD

CRIDA ISEC, Bangalore ISEC, Bangalore

IEG, Delhi WASSAN WASSAN

ISRO CRIDA FES, Rajasthan

ICRISAT IEG, Delhi CRIDA

IWMI ICRISAT IEG, Delhi

WOTR IWMI ICRISAT

BAIF Rajiv Gandhi mission for watershed development, MP

GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

Pragna, Hyderabad GIDR, Ahmedabad WOTR

CSWCRTI, Dehradun BAIF

GIDR, Ahmedabad Pragna, Hyderabad

CAZRI, Jodhpur CSWCRTI, Dehradun

GIDR, Ahmedabad

CAZRI, Jodhpur

THANK YOU.THANK YOU.

amita shah, suhas p wani, pk joshi, kv raju, tk sreedevi, ys ramakrishna and team international...

Documents

sustainable development

adarsha watershed kothapally

policy guidelines

guidelines way

technical recommendations

vast tracts of rainfed

high rainfall areas

biophysical sciences