Heart to Heart

Deaths by cause in women, United Kingdom 2010

Coronary heart disease (12%)

Stroke (10%)

Other cardiovascular disease (9%)

Respiratory disease (14%)

Breast cancer (4%)

Lung cancer (5%)

Colo-rectal cancer (3%)

Other cancers (14%)

Injuries and poisoning (3%)

Diabetes (1%)

All other causes (24%)

Deaths by cause in men, United Kingdom 2010

Coronary heart disease (17%)

Other cardiovascular disease (8%)

Stroke (7%)

Lung cancer (7%)

Colo-rectal cancer (3%)

Diabetes (1%)

Other cancers (21%)

Respiratory disease (13%)

Injuries and poisoning (5%)

All other causes (18%)

Your amazing heart!

Your heart beats:

Approximately 72 beats a minute!

100,000 times per day!

38 million times a year!

2.5 billion times by the time you’re 70!

Your heart pumps:

70 mls per heartbeat!

5 litres per minute.

7,200 litres per day! almost 700,000 gallons

2,628,000 litres per year

184,086,000 litres by the time someone is 70 years old

Coronary artery disease

Most common cause of death in Western countries

Angina, heart attack

Atherosclerosis starts in childhood and is progressive

Symptoms usually later life

Symptoms related to area of blockage, eg PVD

Country Prevalence No. of People

England 6.0 2 703 044

Northern Ireland 5.3 79 072

Scotland 5.6 252 599

Wales 6.7 173 299

Prevalence of Diabetes in UKTotal in UK 3.2 million

Cholesterol

Found ONLY in animal foods

None in fruits, grains, buts, vegetables

Synthesized by the liver

Cholesterol unnecessary in human diet

Dietary consumption raises blood levels

Increased blood levels increases risk of CAD, CVA

Investigations

Blood tests

ECG

Exercise test

Treatments - CAD

Blood pressure control

Reduce lipids

Stop smoking

Eat less fat

Exercise

Medication

Cholesterol in Foods (in mg/3oz)

Fruit 0 Chicken 82

Nuts 0 Beef 80

Grains 0 Sardines 120

Ice cream 29 Shrimp165

Whole milk 33 Egg 213

Tuna 26 Beef liver 410

P/S ratio in foods

Fish 1.80 Walnut (b) 10.33

Turkey 0.87 Pecan 3.08

Chicken 0.76 Almond 2.21

Butter 0.11 Cashew 0.86

Cheese 0.09 Palm oil 0.20

Beef 0.09 Coconut 0.01

Effectiveness of preventive measures

Preventive Measure Risk Reduction

Stop smoking 50-75% in 5 yrs

Reduce cholesterol 2-3% each 1%

Regular exercise 45%

Maintain ideal weight 35-55% if 20%o/w

Reduce blood pressure 2-3% each 1mm

Definitions

Stage 1 hypertension:• Clinic blood pressure (BP) is 140/90 mmHg or higher and• ABPM or HBPM average is 135/85 mmHg or higher.

Stage 2 hypertension: • Clinic BP 160/100 mmHg is or higher and• ABPM or HBPM daytime average is 150/95 mmHg or higher.

Severe hypertension: • Clinic BP is 180 mmHg or higher or• Clinic diastolic BP is 110 mmHg or higher.

Background

High Blood Pressure:

• Major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and premature death.

• Untreated hypertension can cause vascular and renal damage leading to a treatment-resistant state.

• Each 2 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure associated with increased risk of mortality:– 7% from heart disease – 10% from stroke.

Epidemiology

• Hypertension is common in the UK population.

• Prevalence influenced by age and lifestyle factors.

• 25% of the adult population in the UK have hypertension.

• 50% of those over 60 years have hypertension.

• With an ageing population, the prevalence of hypertension and requirement for treatment will continue to increase.

Hypertension Risk factors

Age Kidney disease

Family history Endocrine

Obesity Alcohol

Lack of exercise Medications

Diet

Hypertension complications

Stroke Kidney disease

Congestive heart failure Disease of retina

AMI Sudden death

Atheroclerosis Cognitive

Aneurysm rupture

Treatment - HTN

Lifestyle Stop smoking

Plant based diet Alcohol elimination

Reducing stress Prayer

Weight loss Reducing salt intake

Benefits of total vegetarian diet

No Cholesterol

Low saturated fat

No animal protein

Rich in antioxidants

Promotes weight loss

Rich in fibre and omega-3