Slide 1

Slide 2

All roads lead to Rome. Rome was not built in a day. When in Rome... How did Rome win such a place in modern popular culture?

Slide 3

Slide 4

Lets read about it! Woof!

Slide 5

Legend has it that Romulus built Rome on the Palentine Hill one of the Seven Hills of Rome Romulus Remus Rome's Elite Fortresses & Government

Slide 6

People settled on seven hills along the Tiber River between 1000-900 BCE Called Latins or Italics Many geographical advantages: Easy to defend Fertile soil Access to rivers allows for trade in the Mediterranean Sea Other more powerful societies controlled the rest of the Italian peninsula Example: Greeks and Etruscans

Slide 7

Can be broken into three eras For over 200 years, Rome was a Kingdom For about 500 years, Rome was a Republic For about 500 years, Rome was an Empire

Slide 8

Really Etruscan Kingdom

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Early kings of Rome Not much is known as their written works did not survive Who were they? Most developed Latin/Italic people Located in northern, central Italy Most likely descendants of modern-day Turkey and native Italian population By 6 th century BCE they were the most powerful city state (modeled after the Greek system)

Slide 12

Romans resented the all-powerful Etruscan kings who gave them no say in their government 509 BCE the Romans revolted against Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Result: End of the Etruscan kings

Slide 13

Romans keep many Etruscan ideas: Hierarchy of Gods (Greek in origin) Alphabet (also Greek in origin) Toga I told you they borrowed freely from other cultures! Toga! Toga!

Slide 14

Just a smidgen of Phoenician A spoonful of Persian A dollop of Egyptian A heaping portion of Greek Yum, Etruscan! Goin back for Greek seconds!

Slide 15

What are the three eras we can break Roman history into? Who were the early kings of Rome? What was the name of the last king of the Etruscans?

Slide 16

Can be broken into three eras For over 200 years, Rome was a Kingdom For about 500 years, Rome was a Republic For about 500 years, Rome was an Empire

Slide 17

Romans never wanted a king again or any government with a single ruler Establish a Republicwhat is it? Republic literally comes from a Roman term Res Publica, or the public concern or public affairs This essentially translates to sharing all power

Slide 18

By 264 BCE the Romans controlled the entire Italian peninsula The Republican Government consisted of 1. The Consuls Two chief officials who led the government Appointed to perform the duties that, prior to them, the king was responsible for, like military authority and ensuring civic welfare and acting as chief diplomat and religious authority. Elected once a year; Each had equal power; could veto the other

Slide 19

By 264 BCE the Romans controlled the entire Italian peninsula The Republican Government consisted of 2. The Senate Originally advisors to the king; aristocratic Chosen by consuls 300 upper-class patricians Members for life Most powerful part of the government Deliberated on and voted on laws (consuls proposed) The model for the US government

Slide 20

What were the pros of this system compared to monarchy? What possible problems could this lead to?

Slide 21

Dictator Roman official who had all the power of a king, but could only hold office for 6 months Used only in dire emergencies Praetors Junior consuls who helped develop first rules for Roman judicial system (courts)

Slide 22

Patricians Members of wealthy families; only people eligible for the Senate Plebeians everyone else in ancient Rome (except the patricians) from well-to-do tradesmen all the way down to the very poor

Slide 23

Similarities : Both pater familias Both could own slaves Citizens of Rome were adult freemen from both classes - plebs and patricians. Women, children, and slaves were not citizens Differences: Did not mix socially Illegal for plebs and patricians to marry Lifestyles were very different Patricians very wealthy and lived an opulent lifestyle, plebs did not

Slide 24

The Senate (power) was only open to patrician families Plebeians resented the Senate who: Took riches from war Created prosperous farms run by slaves Left many plebian famers unemployed Reaction: Plebeians refuse to serve in the military in protest!

Slide 25

1.Twelve Tables 450 BCE; a board of 10 men were entrusted to draw up a basic legal tradition and publish them on wood (later bronze) to be placed in the forum 1.Creation of the Assembly an elected body that had 10 Tribunes to discuss and decide issues on behalf of Plebeians 2.Plebs could marry into Patrician families 3.Eventually Senators could be Plebs (but very uncommon)

Slide 26

Eventually the Assembly was given the power to elect the two consuls every year Sowhat would be the impact?!?

Slide 27

Consuls executive branch Praetors looked after legal cases Censors guided public morals and administered the census Curulian Aediles supervised markets, festivals and temples Quaestors custodian of the public treasury Tribunes represented the rights of the people (2-10) Appoints Dictator in times of extreme need (6 months) Senate Appointed by Consul Advises Consuls Elected by Assembly Appoints Consuls Assembly

Slide 28

Consuls PraetorsCensorsCurulian AedilesQuaestorsTribunes SenateAssembly

Slide 29

Roman army had 30 Legions Each Legion had about 5,500 men Each Legion was divided into 10 units called Cohorts The First Cohort consisted of approximately 800 men Had specialists such as blacksmiths or engineers The other 9 Cohorts consisted of approximately 480 men Each Cohort was divided into 6 Centuries of about 80 men Each Century was commanded by a Centurion The First Cohort only had 5 centuries

Slide 30

Slide 31

Concept of uniforms was not part of their culture Armor was not standardized and varied according to the province of origin Romans had no concept of obsolescence; armor handed down, bought second-hand

Slide 32

Basic tunic of the Roman soldier was of red or undyed (off-white) wool Senior commanders white cloaks and plumes Centurions distinguished by transverse crests on their helmets, chest ornaments and the long cudgels (clubs) they carried.

Slide 33

The Roman Legionaries wore a red coarse woolen tunic to keep them warm and to provide protection and padding from their armor The red tunic was also significant because their enemies would never see them bleed

Slide 34

A galea was a Roman soldier's helmet Most of the helmets used by legionaries had a crest holder. legionaries had their crests mounted longitudinally centurions had them mounted transversely. The crests were usually made of plumes or horse hair.

Slide 35

Lorica was the term for Roman armor Consisted of metal strips ("girth hoops" fashioned into circular bands), fastened to internal leather straps.

Slide 36

A greave was a piece of armor that protects the tibia Usually contained a metal outside with a felt padding inside Often only worn on one leg shield (4ft in length) usually covered second leg

Slide 37

Heavy-soled hob-nailed boots issued to Roman soldiers of all ranks Open design allowed for free passage of air to feet (designed so as to reduce blisters) Socks not normally worn Iron hobnails hammered into soles, to provide reinforcement and traction.

Slide 38

Slide 39

The Roman military belt Heavily decorated with metal ornaments and designed to hold the sword and dagger

Slide 40

The "classical" Roman short sword is called gladius Generally made out of steel Two-edged for cutting and had a tapered point for stabbing during thrusting The pugio was a dagger Used as a stabbing weapon and utility knife

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Latin word for shield 22 lb large rectangular, curved Made from 3 sheets of wood glued together; covered with canvas and leather Round or conical piece of material at the centre of a shield called a boss Advantages: Light enough to be held in one hand and its large height (4 ft) and width covered the entire wielder (3 ft) The metal boss in the center also made it a punching weapon as well

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Javelin commonly used by the Roman army Average length 6 ft 7 in long Weighed between 4.4 and 11.0 lbs The pyramidal tip was hardened, but the shank (or shaft) was not Result: the softness of the shank would cause it to bend after impact, thus rendering the weapon useless to the enemy. 24 inches

Slide 47