all paragraphs kpds · all paragraphs kpds land cleared of trees is exposed to erosion, which can...

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2002 MAYIS KPDS Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern, the inclination to build upward is not. The Great Pyramids, with their broad bases, reached heights unapproached for the next four millennia. But even the great Gothic cathedrals, crafted of bulky stone into an aesthetic of lightness and slenderness are dwarfed by the steel and reinforced concrete structures of the 20th century. It was modern building materials that made the true skyscraper structurally possible, but it was the mechanical device of the elevator that made the skyscraper truly practical. Ironically, it is also the elevator that has had so much to do with limiting the height of most tall buildings to about 70 or 80 stories. Above that, elevator shafts occupy more than 25 percent of the volume of a tall building, and so the economics of renting out space argues against investing in greater height.

10. It is clear from the passage that the Great

Pyramids -----.

A) are at least as spacious as the average modern skyscraper

B) inspired the building of the great Gothic cathedrals

C) were as tall as they were wide

D) were designed on similar principles to the modern skyscraper

E) had no rival, as regards height, for four thousand years

11. We understand from the passage that the construction of skyscrapers only became structurally feasible -----.

A) after such new building materials as reinforced concrete came into use

B) once the technique of broad foundations had been perfected

C) after people had realized how much space could be gained by them

D) for heights of 70 or 80 floors

E) if aesthetic considerations were disregarded

12. It is explained in the passage that skyscrapers of above 70 or 80 floors are generally uneconomic -----.

A) as the price of installing fast elevators is excessive

B) as elevator shafts have then to occupy too large a proportion of the volume of the building

C) since the majority of people feel insecure above that height

D) though in appearance they are most attractive

E) even though the lower floors no longer need to be built on broad bases

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Land cleared of trees is exposed to erosion, which can be severe in deforested areas having slopes greater than 15 to 17 percent. If land is not disturbed any further and new growth becomes established, erosion may gradually subside. If, however, vegetation on the cutover land is continually removed by man or livestock, erosion will intensify, and environmental problems can be severe. When a forest is removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff is increased two to tenfold or more, depending on the degree of clearing, slope, and rainfall. All too often this leads to flooding of agricultural land in the lowlands. In Pakistan, for example, almost 2 million hectares of standing crops on the lowlands were destroyed by floodwater in 1973, and about 10,000 villages were wiped out. Since valuable soil is lost in floods, the quantity of the arable lands decreases. Alluvial silt deposited elsewhere is rarely usable enough to compensate for such losses.

13. It is pointed out in the passage that

deforestation -----.

A) and erosion are only very loosely connected

B) is a matter that man can do nothing about

C) is particularly serious when it occurs on a slope

D) will stop once man has realized how serious its effects can be

E) has been practised more in Pakistan than elsewhere

14. We understand from the passage that once a forest has been removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff -----.

A) may be in itself enough to prevent the establishment of new growth there

B) will increase irrespective of the amount of rainfall

C) will steadily increase even after new vegetation starts to establish

D) will depend almost wholly on the gradient of the slope

E) will increase and this is likely to cause flooding

15. According to the passage, flooding-----.

A) occurs in Pakistan regularly every year

B) results in silt deposits which compensate for earth losses elsewhere

C) is only a temporary disaster

D) leads to a reduction in the amount of land that can be farmed

E) is a natural disaster that until recently has been largely overlooked


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2002 KASIM KPDS

In modern times, it was perhaps the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. "Academic freedom" is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name "science".

1. According to the passage, the major difference between the "gentleman scientists" and present-day ones -----.

A) has frequently been ignored by governments and universities

B) is that the former were free to research as they chose, while the latter are not

C) has become a highly controversial issue in university circles

D) is not nearly so obvious as some people believe it to be

E) the former were less objective in their research methods than the latter are

2. The writer points out that in the 1960s -----.

A) research activities were largely carried out under the sponsorship of industry

B) scientists believed that they were entering upon a golden age

C) academic freedom was already a thing of the past

D) scientists carried out their research activities at the public expense

E) scientific research largely concentrated on meeting the needs of war

3. The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research -----.

A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests of industry

B) finds its best milieu within the universities

C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate

D) offers one of the most exciting and stimulating of careers

E) is far more concerned with theory than with any practical application

4. The writer of the passage regards the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century as privileged because -----.

A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding

B) there were plenty of patrons willing to finance them

C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures

D) scientific research was still in its early stages and it was easy to discover something new

E) they were always well-rewarded for their efforts

5. The phrase "part of the public good" (lines 13-14) in effect means -----.

A) deserving of a good public

B) setting good standards for society

C) ensuring a better future for society

D) beneficial to society

E) recognized by the general public as being good


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Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth's natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument, this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth's dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans - which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth's resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product.

6. One important point made in this passage is that -----.

A) desert and mountainous regions should be developed as arable land for cultivation

B) the way livestock is raised on modern farms involves various health hazards

C) more encouragement should be given to the application of modern farming technologies

D) meat production in the developed world needs to be increased to combat famine

E) every measure must be taken to conserve the Earth's natural resources

7. One argument that is clearly opposed in the passage -----.

A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising of healthy livestock

B) concerns the introduction of soybeans as the basic feed for livestock

C) is related to the inadequate methods employed in the prevention of famine

D) is that livestock need water as much as plants do

E) is that land used for pasturage should be utilized for the cultivation of crops

8. Contrary to what is often argued, the passage points out that -----.

A) synthetic hormones can be used to improve the quality of meat

B) underdeveloped countries need to adopt modern farming methods in order to overcome famine

C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to be upgraded so as to increase meat production

D) the famine in the world is not directly related to the consumption of meat

E) a very extensive part of the earth's surface is ideally suitable for the cultivation of crops

9. The writer attacks present day commercial farming methods -----.

A) but admits that there is a higher production rate than there was with earlier methods

B) though the end product is extremely healthy

C) and claims that they are responsible for depleting the natural resources of the world

D) though it ensures that there is sufficient food for everyone

E) because, among other things, it makes no effort to cultivate dry, mountainous regions

10. By the "pasturage argument" (line 9) is meant the argument that -----.

A) the land used for animal grazing ought to be cultivated and used to grow grain

B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains and not allowed to graze freely

C) cultivated land ought to be turned into pasturage

D) only cattle that are allowed to graze freely produce good meat

E) dry mountainous areas could be watered and turned into good pasturage

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Even though there have been truly significant advances in modern medicine, health problems still abound and cause untold misery. Although heart disease and cancer were rare at the beginning of the 20th century, today these two diseases strike with increasing frequency, in spite of billions of dollars in research to combat them, and in spite of tremendous advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques. In America, one person in three suffers from allergies, one in ten has ulcers and one in five is mentally ill. Every year, a quarter of a million infants are born with a birth defect and undergo expensive surgery, or are hidden away in institutions. Other degenerative diseases such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic fatigue afflict a significant majority of Americans. Further learning disabilities make life miserable for seven million young people and their parents. These diseases were extremely rare only a generation or two ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts nearly half of all Americans and causes three out of four deaths in the United States.

21. One point that is stressed in the passage about the American people is that -----.

A) they are less liable to degenerative diseases than most other peoples

B) the rate of infant mortality among them is rising rapidly

C) there is an alarming lack of communication between parents and their children

D) the incidence of cancer among them is slowly being reduced due to medical advances

E) in one way or another, a very large proportion of them have health problems

22. According to the passage, cancer and heart diseases are on the increase ----.

A) and most of the cures have serious side-effects

B) due to problems of diagnosis which for the present seem insurmountable

C) since research so far carried out in these fields has been quite inadequate

D) even though a great deal of money is being spent on research into them

E) but very little is being done by the authorities to combat them

23. The writer of this passage draws our attention to -----.

A) the fact that it is young people who are the most affected by degenerative diseases

B) the paradox that medicine today has improved remarkably, but more and more people are suffering from various diseases

C) the commonly-held view that cancer will, in a few decades, be completely eradicated

D) the argument that good health depends upon a healthy diet and early diagnosis

E) the possibility that it is mental rather than physical health that is going to be the major problem of the future in the US

24. The passage stresses that ill-health gives rise to a great deal of misery ----.

A) which is not confined to the patient alone

B) which is largely associated with pain

C) especially in the case of chronic illness

D) even before an accurate diagnosis has been made

E) especially when the symptoms are severe

25. In line 15 of the passage the term "significant majority" refers to -----.

A) an articulate majority

B) a statistically small majority

C) a large and important majority

D) a rapidly increasing majority

E) an unexpected but continuing majority

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2003 MAYIS KPDS

The economic news from Europe was particularly disappointing in the second half of 2002. Moreover, recent surveys from the region imply little prospect of improvement in the near future. Perhaps the most worrying aspect has been the sharp decline in conditions in Germany-the area's largest and most important economy. Domestic demand in Germany is very weak and, with the global economy also struggling, Germany's manufacturers have not been able to export their way out of trouble as they have done in the past. With the economy in such a weak state, it is no surprise then that European stock markets have followed the US stock markets' downturn over the past 6 months. While individual share pries may be lower and market valuations look attractive, the economy does not. Recovery seems some way off and strong equity performance from Europe's markets seems unlikely in 2003.

6. We understand from the passage that the economic prospects in the current year for the European stock markets ----.

A) are not foreseeable

B) are certainly promising

C) are constantly under discussion

D) seem most encouraging

E) don't look hopeful

7. It is pointed out in the passage that the present economic recession in Germany ----.

A) is actually not as serious as is being experienced in several other European countries

B) is being overcome by means of increased exports

C) is more persistent than previous ones have been

D) should have been foreseen much earlier

E) has been exaggerated in several surveys recently

8. The passage points out that Germany's current economic problems ----.

A) have left the stock markets of Europe unaffected

B) have led to a worrying decline in the world economy

C) are far serious than those of any other country in Europe

D) stem in part from a drop in domestic sales

E) are in fact not as alarming as they were once thought to be

9. According to the passage, the trend in European stock markets ----.

A) does not reflect the economic situation in Germany

B) has been roughly the same as that in the US stock markets

C) improved greatly during the last six months of 2002

D) is related to the level of domestic demand in Germany

E) seems to change every six months

10. The phrase "to export their way out of trouble" means ----.

A) to expand their market capacity through more exports

B) to find trouble-free markets for exports

C) to work extremely hard to increase their exports

D) to put and end to the slump

E) to get out of the recession through increased exports

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Scientist who study earth's moon have two big regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed a dozen astronauts on the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of course, is that the emissions ended so abruptly, with so much of the moon still unexplored. But researchers also lament that the great triumph of Apollo led to a popular misconception: because astronauts have visited the moon, there is no compelling reason to go back. In the 1990s, however, two probes that orbited the moon raised new questions about Earth's airless satellite. One stunning discovery was strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually shadowed areas near the moon's poles. Because scientists believe that comets deposited water and organic compounds on both Earth and its moon, well-preserved ice at the lunar poles could yield clues to the origins of life.

11. The point made in the passage is that it may be possible to ----.

A) come to a better understanding of comets through the study of the moon

B) learn more about the beginnings of life from the ice at the moon's poles

C) resume Apollo missions as there is evidence of water on the moon

D) identify the origin of the organic compounds found on the moon

E) have a full knowledge of the moon without sending anymore astronauts there

12. As is pointed out in the passage, one significant outcome of the lunar probes in the 1990s was ----.

A) the staggering finding of evidence of water on the moon

B) the focussing of scientific attention on the comets

C) the resumption of lunar missions

D) the realization that life is possible on the moon

E) the realization that there were great similarities between earth and moon

13. According to the passage, even through there were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly thirty years ago, ----.

A) none of them could claim to be successful

B) man's knowledge of the moon has not increased at all

C) a very large proportion of the lunar surface remains to date unexamined

D) it was only the lunar poles that were explored fully

E) the idea of sending astronauts back to the moon seems even more far-fetched than formerly

14. As we understand from the passage, a great many people ----.

A) believe lunar missions should continue indefinitely

B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific breakthrough

C) are sure the moon cannot support life

D) feel that the very fact that man has landed on the moon is enough

E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as unfeasible

15. A major point made in the passage is that ----.

A) comets hold the secrets of the origins of life in the universe

B) the six Apollo missions to the moon were a great scientific success

C) the chances of finding water on the moon are very slim

D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that the lunar landings should have continued

E) scientists are agreed that there is nothing further to learn about the moon

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The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NITS) will soon be testing a controversial theory about the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. According to an analysis by a leading fire-safety expert, had the fire-proofing insulation on the towers' steel structures been thicker, the towers would have survived longer and might even have remained standing after they were hit by the hijacked planes. The work is being seized on by lawyers representing victims' families and insurance companies. If confirmed, it could also lead to changes in building codes. NIST is responsible for drawing up the final report on the towers' collapses and recommending if any changes are needed. It is widely accepted that the collapses were caused by the failure of the buildings' steel structure as it was weakened by the heat of the fires.

16. As it is pointed out in the passage, it is commonly recognized that the main cause for the collapse of the twin towers ----.

A) will only be understood after the release of a detailed report by NITS

B) can never be established beyond doubt

C) was the weakening of the steel structure due to the heat of the fire

D) was not so much due to the heat of the fires as to the force of the impact of the hijacked planes

E) is of special interest to insurance companies

17. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) the strength of the steel structure of the towers had been questioned when the designs were drawn up

B) NIST has already made a through study of the collapse of the towers

C) the reason for the sudden collapse of the two towers is still under debate

D) the structure of the twin towers was in many respects well below standard

E) the hijacked planes hit the weakest parts of the twin towers

18. As we learn from the passage, a specialist in fire safety ----.

A) puts the blame for the collapse of the towers on the thin fire-proofing insulation

B) is to blame for negligence as regards the buming of the twin towers

C) has been cooperating with the victims' lawyers to start legal procedures

D) has been commissioned to prepare a report on the collapse of the towers

E) should have been aware of the structural weakness of the towers and given due warning

19. As is pointed out in the passage, the inadequacy of the fire-proofing insulation of the towers ----.

A) has been accepted by NIST as the main cause of the collapse

B) has aroused a great deal of legal attention

C) is less important than the weakness of the steel structure as the cause f the collapse

D) had long been recognized by fire-safety experts as the weakest point in their construction

E) has never been considered by any serious body

20. According to the passage, if the tower collapse theory concerning the fire-proofing insulation proves to be true, ----.

A) this will have, even so, no direct bearing on the fight against terrorism

B) the victims' families will get no compensation

C) this will free NITS from all blame

D) then lawyers will have no grounds for objections

E) then NITS will probably introduce new building regulations

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2003 KASIM KPDS

The Sahara desert takes up most of Egypt's land, so overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixty-two million people live squeezed together into the six million fertile acres along the Nile delta and narrow river valley - just five per cent of the total area of Egypt. Between 12 and 15 million people live in Cairo alone. Until recently, it was impractical and dangerous to even consider moving into the southern desert, where temperatures regularly rise above 50 C and water is scarce and can only be reached using carefully placed irrigation wells. But in the last 20 years a "New Valley" has slowly been taking shape. Towns with industrial centres, tourist areas and spacious apartment blocks are being constructed, factories are springing up. The main development making this possible is the construction of the vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also known as the Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh Zayed al Nahya, president of the United Arab Emirates, which is financially backing the project, the canal is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed up by the Egyptian government to make it possible for people to move away from the traffic, pollution and bustle of Cairo. If a "second Nile" cuts through the desert and water is distributed to surrounding land, people and crops can thrive there as they do around the existing Nile. The area is becoming known as the New Valley.

11. We understand from the passage that the canal under construction ----.

A) is designed to meet the water needs of Cairo and other cities

B) constitutes just a portion of a massive irrigation project

C) will bring fertility to the whole of the Sahara

D) will irrigate only 5% of the total area of Egypt

E) passes through an overcrowded part of the country

12. As it is pointed out in the passage, one of the benefits of the New Valley will be that ----.

A) Egypt will change from an agricultural country into a fully industrial one

B) Egypt can at last start a tourist industry

C) the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile delta area will be reduced

D) the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will be rapidly modified

E) it will set an example for the developed world to invest in desert projects

13. We can conclude from the passage that the New Valley project, which has been underway for roughly two decades,----.

A) was originally proposed by Sheikh Zayed al Nahya of the United Arab Emirates

B) has already started to transform the economic potential of Egypt

C) is primarily an agricultural one, and industrial activity is not provided for

D) is very near to completion and large numbers of people have already moved in

E) is proving far more problematic than was originally foreseen

14. It is clearly stated in the passage that almost the whole of Egypt's population ----,

A) lives along the Nile Valley and its delta

B) wants to move into the New Valley

C) is engaged in agricultural activities rather than in industrial ones

D) holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great esteem

E) is dubious about the outcome of the New Valley project

15. It is pointed out in the passage that the irrigation project for the New Valley ----.

A) has received a mixed reaction from the general public

B) is going to cost the Egyptian government vast sums of money

C) has primarily been designed to case the overcrowding in Cairo

D) will enable Egypt to recover from its chronic economic recession

E) will make the inhospitable desert far more easily accessible

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The space shuttle and its rockets are huge - some 4.5 million pounds at lift-off. About 85 per cent of that weight is fuel. Since it is designed to work in a vacuum, the shuttle must carry not only fuel but the oxygen to burn it. Because this is an inefficient way to go, NASA engineers have recently tested an engine that gets some of its oxygen on the run. This should reduce takeoff weights by half. A spacecraft equipped with this engine would take off like a rocket. But within minutes, incoming air would begin to supplement liquid oxygen. Once the spacecraft reaches a speed of 1,500 miles per hour - twice the speed of sound - the liquid oxygen would shut off completely and the engine would burn fuel mixed with air. Consequently the craft would accelerate to about ten times the speed of sound. When the air got too thin for the engine to breathe, the ship would shift back to rocket mode to punch its way into space.

21. According to the passage, a new rocket engine is presently being developed to ----.

A) reach previously unimagined speeds

B) make space travel more comfortable and feasible

C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at lift-off

D) enable NASA to remain in the forefront of space exploration

E) reduce the physical effects of the atmosphere on the shuttle

22. We learn from the passage that in the usual space shuttle, the weight ----.

A) makes high speeds impossible

B) consists very largely of fuel

C) does not pose any serious problem

D) of the liquid oxygen is enormous

E) of the rockets is insignificant

23. As the passage points out, a space shuttle requires oxygen ----.

A) only when it is travelling within the atmosphere

B) if it is to attain very high speeds

C) but only in its liquid form

D) in order to burn the fuel

E) in quite small quantities except at lift-off

24 The point is made in the passage that the reason for developing the new engine is to ----.

A) reduce the time it takes the shuttle to exceed the speed of sound

B) double the speed at which the shuttle travels

C) economize on the use of liquid oxygen

D) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen and thus cut down on the shuttle's weight

E) allow the shuttle to function in a vacuum

25. It is clear from the passage that, - once there is not sufficient air to burn the fuel, then ----.

A) the speed of the shuttle increases to over ten times the speed of sound

B) the engine reverts back to using the liquid oxygen aboard the shuttle

C) the engine starts to increase the speed of the shuttle

D) it is impossible for the shuttle to accelerate any further

E) the rocket can no longer function efficiently

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2004 MAYIS KPDS

Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her colleagues have been studying the subtleties of how crows steal food from one another. Atkinson had been watching the birds at the beach as they fed on fish, clams and other small animals in the intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow had found a particularly large meal that couldn't be eaten in a single gulp, another crow would often come by and try to steal the food away. Food theft is fairly common in the bird world, so the crows' thievery wasn't unexpected. What really intrigued Atkinson was that the birds employed two different tactics to take the food. In some instances, the thieving bird would take an aggressive approach - typically involving some chasing or physical contact, such as pecking in other exchanges, however, the thief would use a more passive method: merely approaching the other bird secretively and stealing the food without any commotion at all. What the team wanted to know was: how did these tactics fit into the group foraging practices of the crows?

1. According to the passage, the question that interested the research team was----.

A) whether the crows' stealing practices were instinctive or acquired

B) wry the crows chose to steal

C) related to the crows' foraging practices

D) whether the nature of the food affected the degree of attempted theft

E) whether the stealing practices of crows differed from those of other birds

2. It is clear from the passage that the research team was not surprised that the crows were trying to steal from each other common ----

A) because this is a practice among birds

B) since there was a scarcity of food at the time

C) though crows don't steal food as often as other birds do

D) but it was surprised at their rate of success

E) but the bitterness of the fight came as a surprise

3. According to the passage, when one crow plans to steal food from another one, ----

A) this is really a means of establishing its superiority

B) it will invariably try to do so in the first place without being seen

C) there will inevitably be a fight between the two

D) this is a sure sign that both crows are really hungry

E) it will sometimes approach quite openly and boldly

4. We understand from the passage that so long as a crow ----.

A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will encounter no challenge

B) can find food easily, it will not steal from another crow

C) can get food by stealing, it won't look elsewhere for it

D) has eaten well, it is unlikely to try to steal food

E) is able to steal food without fighting, this is the method it will favour

5. It is clear from the passage that Jane Atkinson and her colleagues ----

A) knew much more about crows than about any other type of bird.

B) are specialist in bird behaviour

C) are only interested in the eating habits of birds

D) are particularly interested in the different types of food that crows like to eat

E) are impressed by the similarity between stealing practices of ail bird species

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Reading presents a real paradox to neurobiologists. It was only invented a few thousand years ago, so there really has not been enough time for our brain to evolve specialized ways to do it. How do brain circuits produced by millions of years of evolution in a world without written words adapt to the specific challenges of reading? We know we have to learn the skill but how does our brain learn to read? in the social sciences, the majority of researchers do not see a problem. There is a widespread view that the brain is a completely adaptable organ, capable of absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent findings from brain imaging studies and neurophysiology throw new light on the organization of the reading circuits in the brain. The findings contradict this simplistic model of a brain that merely absorbs everything from its cultural environment. And they suggest that the architecture of our brain is limited by strong genetic constraints though it seems that it has still some degree of flexibility.

11. The passage makes the point that, until recently, ----.

A) it was only the abnormal brain that attracted any attention

B) researchers in social sciences ignored the views of neurophysiologists concerning the brain

C) the brain was generally thought to adapt itself easily to new cultural environments

D) the structure of the brain did not attract much attention except from neurobiologists

E) neurophysiologists were not aware of the structural complexity of the brain

12. The writer is intrigued by the fact that the brain, which evolved long before the written word came into use, ----.

A) had already had the genetic capacity to form words

B) had been able to communicate through images

C) had already developed certain reading circuits

D) managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skill of reading

E) had already achieved full flexibility to adapt itself to new forms of culture

13. A recent view neurophysiologists, the brain, is that ----.

A) it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by genetic heritage

B) its structure is largely shaped by genetic traits

C) it has developed various specialized skills over the last thousand years or so

D) its circuits have remained constant for millions of years

E) its creative powers are more apparent in some fields of learning

14. According to the passage, although people have had the skill of reading for several thousand years, ----.

A) the actual process of learning how to read has only just been discovered by neurophysiologists

B) there has been no improvement in the speed at when people can read

C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot cope with different cultures

D) from the angle of evolution, this has been insufficient for the brain to develop particularized reading skills

E) it is only in the social sciences that this skill has been seriously studied

15. The purpose of the passage is to ----.

A) explain how the brain has evolved towards creativity over thousands of years

B) raise questions about, rather than explain, the reading abilities of the brain

C) highlight recent developments and controversies in the field of neurophysiology

D) emphasize the adverse effects of different cultural environments on the human brain way from

E) draw attention to the neurobiology differs neurophysiology

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Throughout history, eyewitnesses have reported orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days before and during an earthquake. It was in 1968, however, that the first photographs of “earthquake lights" were taken during a series of earthquakes in Japan. Some showed red streaks across the sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a distance. in 1999, floating bails of light in the sky were broadcast on Turkish television, reportedly filmed the night before the devastating earthquake of 7.4 on the Richter scale that killed many thousand people in the Marmara region of Turkey. Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of earthquake lights confirm their existence. it has to be said that earthquake lights are a fairly well-known phenomenon, but we don't know what they mean, or what causes them. Seismologists have struggled far years to find a reliable earthquake predictor. Could the lights hold the key?

16. In the passage, the writer wonders whether ----.

A) earthquakes lights might help in the prediction of earthquakes

B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before an earthquake were actually seen

C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in Japan are of any scientific use

D) earthquakes cause the lights, or whether the lights cause the earthquakes

E) the devastation caused by the Marmara earthquake could have been prevented

17. The passage emphasizes the fact that the Marmara earthquake ----.

A) was televised as it was happening

B) was followed by strange lights in the sky

C) was indeed a catastrophic one

D) greatly puzzled seismologists

E) took everyone, seismologists included, by surprise

18. We understand from the passage that the sighting of earthquake lights ----.

A) has led to a great deal of confused and contradictory reporting among seismologists

B) first occurred in Japan

C) is a fairly recent phenomenon in Japan

D) has attracted virtually no scientific attention from seismologists

E) goes back a very long way in time

19. It is pointed out in the passage that the photographic recording of earthquake lights ----.

A) was made for the first time less than half a century ago

B) was only done with great success during the Marmara earthquake

C) is what finally convinced people of their existence

D) is widely regarded as a visual deception

E) E-has always been a major concern for seismologists

20- The writer of the passage seems to be confident that ----.

A) seismology is advancing rapidly through the study of earthquakes lights

B) future earthquakes will be reliably predicted by means of earthquake lights

C) C)earthquake lights have frequently been observed and even filmed

D) the mystery of earthquake lights can never be resolved

E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes in the sky are a sure sign of an approaching earthquake

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2004 KASIM KPDS By the earty 19th century the eminent French zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he had found rock-solid evidence for the biblical great flood. While studying the geological strata around Paris, Cuvier foundthat fossils of sea creatures in one ancient layer of chalk were overlaid by those of land creatures. Then just as abruptly the layer above contained sea creatures again, with the top layer showing evidence of a vast and rapid inundation around present-day Paris. Cuvier regarded these sudden changes in the fossil record as evidence for sudden Catastrophes which devastated life on Earth, of which the great flood was just the most recent example. Cuvier's discoverie's, published in 1812 won support from a large number of eminent scientists such as the geologist Sir James Hall However there were a few who were deeply sceptical, pointing out that the evidence of a global flood was far from conclusive. Most sceptical of all were the followers of the Scottish geologist James Hutton. In 1795 he had published atwo-volume text based on the view that the slow steady processes that shape our planet today,such as erosion,werw also crucially important in the distant past.

6. We learn from the passage that many scientists----.

A) gave full support to Çuvier's view that the great flood had actually laken place

B) were not at all impressed by Cuvier's discoveries in the Paris area

C) followed up Cuvier's excavations of marine fossils

D) were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search for evidence of the great flood

E) ceased to be sceptical of the great flood once Sir James Hail had given his support to Cuvier

7. it is pointed.out in the passage, that in the course of excavations near Paris Cuvier----.

A) slowly came to recognize the geological significance of the biblical great flood

B) was particularly surprised that there were chalk formations in the area

C) was slow to recognize the geological importance of marine fossils

D) grew interested in the fossils of sea creatures only after he came across a second layer

E) discovered altemating layers of fossils relating to sea and land creatures

8. it is clear from the passage that Cuvier----.

A) adopted an indifferent attitude towards the attacks of his critics

B) was greatly influenced by Hutton's theory conceming the Earth's formation

C) was particularly interested in marine fossils and concentrated on them for research purposes

D) interpreted his fossil discoveries as indications of major catastrophes similar to the great flood

E) had devoted years of research to establishing that the biblical great flood had actually occurred

9. According to the passage, Cuvier's critics-----.

A) were extremely jealous of his discoveries near Paris

B) felt that there was insufficient geological evidence to confırm that the biblical great flood ever had occurred

C) regarded erosion as only a minor geological process

D) were also equally opposed to the views expressed by Hutton

E) certainly believed there had been a global flood but did not regard his discoveries as scientifically important

10. As we learn from the passage, Hutton's theory was that---.

A) long-term geological change, such as erosion, had been of paramount importance in the Earth's history

B) erosion was the single most important cause of geological change on Earth

C) some geological processes, such as erosion, were relatively recent in the history of the Earth

D) our planet had been subjected to countless catastrophies in the distant past

E) the formation of our planet was the outcome of different processes in different places

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No child is too young to play and therefore to engage in engineering, even though it is of a primitive kind. We all did so as children ourselves when we devised our own toys and games and sometimes even imaginary friends to enjoy them with us. the idea of playfulness is embedded in engineering through the concepts of invention and design. Not that engineering is trivial; rather, the heart of the activity is to give imagination its freedom to dream and turn those dreams into reality. Children do experience the essence of engineering in their earliest activities, yet there is seldom any recognition that this is the case. They may hear the word "engineer" only in connection with railroad locomotives and have no idea that their playful activity coul become a lifelong profession. Engineers themselves are understandably reluctant to equate their professional activity with meer child's play. After all, they studied long and hard to master comlicated knowledge of atoms and molekules, stresses and strains, heat and power, current and voltages, bits and bytes. they use computers for serious modelling and calculation, not for fun and games, They design and build real towers and bridges that test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy ones that totter and fall down with little consequence.

11. The main point the wrîter is making in this passage is that ----.

A) man has practised engineering ever since primitive times

B) some children are born to be engineers

C) children and engineers both have the capacity to imagine and create

D) reliability and safety are minor details for the professional engineer

E) any engineering fault in design ör calculation does have serious conseguences

12. One point stressed in the passage is that professional engineering ----.

A) is very different from all other scientific activities

B) reguires more imagination than technical knowledge and calculation

C) makes little use of theoretical knowledge

D) gives priority to design rather than to invention

E) covers a vast field of involved or intricate subjects of wide scope

13. As wecan see from the passage, the writer is careful---.

A) not to exaggerate the importance of creative play to a child

B) to list all areas that are of concem to an engineer

C) to show how slowly a child's mental capacity develops

D) not to offend engineers by his comparison

E) to avoid using technical terminology in the passage

14. it is suggested in the passage that children ----.

A) are not aware of the fact that in their games they are involved in some kind of engineering activity

B) should be constantly encouraged to play games that involve engineering techniques

C) love to imitate the activities that go on around them

D) are incapable of imaginative thinking

E) have a primitive perception of life

15. According to the passage, what children and engineers have in common are----.

A) reliability and safety

B) experience and knowledge

C) invention and design

D) modelling and calculation

E) recognition and reallty

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2005 MAYIS KPDS

For two decades after World War II, mass production reigned supreme. Mass-production techniques pushed companies into standardized products, long product life cycles, and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low cost over flexibility. Special orders cost more. But today's consumers are very choosy. They want quality, value and products specially tailored to their needs, but always at the lowest possible price. For now mass customization has come to the fore. Mass customization uses information technology to produce and deliver products and services designed to fit the specifications of individual customers. Companies can customize products in quantities as small as one with the same speed and low cost as mass-production methods. Mass-customization systems use information taken from the customer to control the flow of goods.

1. We learn from the passage that mass production ----.

A) has now regained its previous popularity

B) was the leading method of production in the twenty years or so that followed World War II

C) can easily be adapted to meet the needs of individual customers

D) can be very profitable because of the wide appeal of its goods

E) gives priority to quality and longevity in the goods produced but ignores aesthetic qualities

2. We learn from the passage that one of the characteristics of mass production is ----.

A) the need to please every customer

B) a disregard for flexibility

C) a disregard for cost-effectiveness

D) to take into consideration the specifications given by individual customers

E) the rescheduling of production as the need arises

3. By the phrase "mass customization", as it is used in the passage, is meant the production of goods ----.

A) in very large quantities and for general use

B) to meet standardized specifications which will please everyone

C) at high speed regardless of cost

D) designed to have a long life

E) designed to meet the specific needs of individual customers

4. According to the passage, presentday customers ----.

A) are encouraged to buy ready-made goods available in the shops

B) are pleased far more easily than customers were in the past

C) do not attach much importance to production methods

D) specify what they want and insist on getting it

E) rarely distinguish between standardized and non-standardized goods

5. The point is made in the passage that mass customization ----.

A) is no more costly and no more timeconsuming than mass production

B) is a system that dates back to the end of World War ll

C) has actually never been as popular as mass production

D) is primarily concerned with efficiency but overlooks quality

E) does not attach much importance to flexibility

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Before the Polish-born French-American mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark on the world, scientists liked to forget about the imperfections and irregularities of nature. The study of perfect squares, triangles and planes had dominated their field for over 2,000 years, since the Greek geometer Euclid wrote maths' oldest treatise "Elements" and provided us with the tools to measure these flawlessly smooth shapes. Early question about how to measure the real shape of a tree, a coastline or anything with a rough edge could not be tackled by Euclidean geometry and had therefore been ignored. But Mandelbrot changed all this when he invented fractal geometry, which enables us to measure roughness. "My whole career has been one long, ardent pursuit of the concept of roughness", he says. "The roughness of clusters in the physics of disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of chaotic dynamical systems, of the distribution of galaxies, of coastlines, of stock-price charts and of mathematical constructions."

6. It is clear from the passage that, before Mandelbrot's concepts attracted the attention of the scientific world, ----.

A) mathematics followed the lead of Euclid and concentrated on regular shapes

B) everyone felt that Euclidean geometry was inadequate

C) scientists relied on Euclidean geometry to measure trees and exotic noises

D) Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in the concept of roughness

E) Mandelbrot was careful to limit the scope of his studies into roughness

7. According to the passage, Euclidean geometry

can, in a way, be regarded as having had a negative effect upon the development of mathematics because it ----.

A) can be neither substantiated nor disproved

B) is too involved with measurement

C) makes the investigation of roughness impossible

D) is far too comprehensive

E) put forward the concept of roughness

8. It is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot ----.

A) only began to work on the concept of roughness at a later stage in his career

B) finds the concept of roughness immensely exciting, and apparent in widely different areas

C) worked on the concept of roughness because he wanted to prove that Euclid's theories were contradictory

D) didn't discover fractal geometry but worked to extend its uses

E) has still to convince the scientific world of the value of fractal geometry

9. One point made in the passage is that Euclidean geometry ----.

A) has led to a better appreciation of the irregularities in nature

B) has had to be modified in the light of new discoveries

C) has been shown to be invalid

D) is not universally applicable

E) doesn't deserve the respect it has enjoyed for 2,000 years

10. According to the passage, fractal geometry ----.

A) makes possible the measurement of anything with a rough edge

B) is actually, as regards method, very similar to Euclidean geometry

C) is merely an extension of Euclidean geometry

D) is well on the way to replacing Euclidean geometry entirely

E) is just one of several remarkable innovations propounded by Mandelbrot

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Therapists have to be very careful before they make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great many complaints are founded on fact. It is possible that a patient is really being harassed at work, that her husband is deceiving her, or that her business partner is cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be careful not to mislabel facts as delusions, a trap known as "the Martha Mitchell effect". Martha Mitchell was the wife of former US attorney general John Mitchell. In October 1972, he was accused of having ordered the break-in at the Democratic campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. Mrs Mitchell repeatedly told the press that her husband was being made a scapegoat to protect the real culprit - President Richard M. Nixon. The White House spread disinformation about Mrs Mitchell, saying she had a drinking problem and implying that her statements were delusional. When the scandal was ultimately unravelled, Mrs Mitchell's statements were proved true and she was shown to be utterly sane and with no drinking problem.

11. The passage draws attention to the fact that ----.

A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on several occasions

B) it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to distinguish between fact and delusion

C) President Nixon had never trusted his attorney general

D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to delusions

E) complaints always have a foundation in fact

12. We understand from the passage that Mrs Mitchell ----.

A) was often treated by therapists on account of her delusions

B) did indeed have a drinking problem

C) was indifferent to the disinformation spread by the White House

D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering from delusions

E) displayed little interest in the Watergate affair

13. We learn from the passage that, in the Watergate affair, US attorney general John Mitchell ----.

A) was criminally involved in the break-in at the Democratic campaign headquarters

B) was made to appear as the leading wrongdoer

C) asked the press to interview his wife

D) advised President Nixon on the legal procedure

E) was anxious that his wife should not get involved with the press

14. According to the passage, Mrs Mitchell's statements about her husband ----.

A) were disregarded by the press

B) were imaginary rather than factual

C) were, in fact, true but deliberately denied

D) convinced President Nixon that his attorney general was innocent

E) were examined by therapists on a regular basis

15. It is clear from the passage that, by "the Martha Mitchell effect" is meant ----.

A) the labelling of facts as delusions

B) Mrs Mitchell's loyal support of her husband

C) the use of a wife's evidence against her husband

D) the unravelling of the Watergate scandal

E) the giving of false testimony at a trial

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Why does sea water taste salty? It is a question that has been asked by countless people down the ages. And the answer seems straightforward: rain constantly erodes the surface of the Earth, washing a mix of natural chemicals into rivers and thence into the sea. The most water-soluble and abundant of these just happen to taste salty. All very simple. Or is it? After all, erosion has been taking place for millions of years, dumping ever more of these salty compounds into the sea, yet the concentration is still far below the saturation level. So the real mystery is not why the sea tastes salty, but why it isn’t utterly packed with salt, and as lifeless as the Dead Sea. Here is another curious thing about our planet. Its atmosphere has existed for billions of years, and yet it still contains a mix of highly reactive gases like oxygen and methane. Why haven’t they setlled down into a boring unreactive atmosphere like that of Mars or Venus?

21. According to the passage, the most important

and fascinating question about salt and the sea is: ----?

A) why do certain natural elements taste salty?

B) how much salt is there in the sea

C) how does the salt get to the sea

D) when will the salt in the sea reach saturation level

E) why isn’t the sea more salty

22. One point made in the passage is that unanswered questions about the world and the universe ----.

A) will, at some point in the future, be answered in a satisfactory manner

B) are now very few in number

C) are unimportant and can be ignored

D) help to highlight the mysteries of the world

E) are only of interest to scientists

23. One aim of the writer in this passage is to make people realize that ----.

A) it is dangerous to interfere with the balance of nature

B) everything in the universe has an explanation

C) many of the facts about various planets are exceedingly boring

D) all the seas in the world will eventually be like the Dead Sea

E) what may seem simple and straightforward may actually not be so

24. It is clear from the passage that writer often wonders about why ----.

A) certain gases are not highly reactive

B) there is no end to the chemicals that are carried into the sea

C) the world is as it is

D) people are not attracted to the Dead Sea

E) the atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of Venus

25. The phrase “just happen to” supports the writer’s view of the world as a place ----.

A) where many phenomena remain inexplicable

B) where everything goes according to a master plan

C) where most occurences have a logical explanation

D) of continuous and relentless change

E) of little interest to anyone who is interested in science

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2005 KASIM KPDS One of the greatest natural catastrophes the world will ever see could be little more than a decade away. The film Supervolcano traces the evolution of an enormous volcanic eruption - one that not only wipes out several states of America but that threatens the entire planet. But is such an eruption really possible? Well, supervolcanoes certainly aren't fiction. They're a normal part of the way the Earth works and occur perhaps every 50,000 years. Every statistic associated with a super-eruption is always wildly over-exaggerated. Molten magma is blasted out at a rate 140 times greater than the flow of water over the Victoria-Falls. Ash and gas are thrown more than 50km upwards to the edge of space before falling over one percent of the Earth's surface. Enough ash would pile up on the ground to bury Britain under a blanket 4m thick. Further, devastating winds carrying burning gas and red hot ash would scour the land surface over an area of 10,000 square kilometers. Worst of all, a super-eruption is followed by a dramatic fall in global temperatures, leading to years and years of bitter cold known as a volcanic winter.

6. We understand from the passage that the film Supervolcano ----.

A) gives a convincing and credible account of an imminent super-eruption

B) has attracted a great deal of attention in the scientific world

C) has aroused little interest among the general public

D) focuses on the horrors of a volcanic winter

E) presents a futuristic account of the effects of a volcanic super-eruption

7. In this dramatic account of the film Supervolcano, the writer ----.

A) urges the general public to go and see the film

B) is primarily concerned with the measures needed to contain a super-eruption

C) essentially deals with the causes of a supereruption

D) also includes certain specific details

E) is obsessed with the idea that the end of the world is very near

8. According to the passage, one of the devastating consequences following a super-eruption would be ----.

A) the complete destruction of America and Britain

B) a very long period of excessive cold on earth

C) that deep layers of volcanic ash would cover the whole surface of the planet

D) the drying-up of all water sources on earth

E) a dramatic increase of heat on earth, the result of burning gas

9. The writer seems convinced that ----.

A) super-eruptions really do occur at long but fairly regular intervals

B) no part of the US could possibly survive a supereruption

C) Britain would be the first region of the planet to be buried under the ashes of a super-eruption

D) A volcanic winter, following a super-eruption, would wipe out life on earth

E) there is no likelihood of a super-eruption happening in the near future

10. According to the passage, the destruction caused by a volcanic super-eruption ----.

A) could lead to the break-up of the entire planet .

B) could be contained, if not prevented

C) would be on an unimaginably huge scale

D) would result largely from the flow of molten magma

E) can only be guessed at as one has never occurred

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2006 MAYIS KPDS

Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor that begins in the mind’s eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought and action, where it does not so much find as make new things. Just as the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank computer screen. Until the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no appeal to science or to critical analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire, refine and finish a design, but creative things do not come of applying the principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are of little use to engineers. Science may be the theater, but engineering is the action on the stage.

1. The writer’s main aim in this passage is to ----.

A) show how many different types of creativity there are

B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of an engineer’s work

C) compare and contrast the way poets and painters work

D) show that literary creativity is superior to the painter’s creativity

E) establish the fact that it is the engineers’ scientific knowledge that makes him creative

2. We understand from the passage that, for the engineer, scientific laws ----.

A) only have a role to play after a design has taken some sort of form

B) are only relevant in details concerning safety

C) are a constant factor all through the creative process of design

D) play an important role only when it comes to finalizing certain details

E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects

3. The point is made in the passage that aesthetic principles ----.

A) have no place in an engineer’s design

B) are central to the very best works of art

C) and creativity are two very different things

D) cannot be taught or learnt

E) can infuse life into an ill-conceived poem

4. It can be inferred from the passage that, once a poet has achieved the basic core of his poem, ----.

A) the creative process is complete

B) he tends to lose interest in it

C) he should wait a while before transcribing it onto a blank sheet of paper

D) aesthetic principles may help him to intensify and complete it

E) he must start to examine it for flaws and then remove them

5. According to the writer of the passage, each act of creativity ----.

A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers and entry into unknown regions

B) is dependent upon a storehouse of closely related knowledge

C) arises almost equally out of thought and inspiration and knowledge

D) has some bearing on other acts of creativity

E) in one sphere of endeavour has its counterpart in another

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In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They also need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the brink of once-in-human-history progress in combating disease through the application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will tell you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding the first second of the history of the cosmos.

21. According to the passage, universities are underan obligation to ensure that their students ----.

A) have the chance to work alongside foreign students

B) are equipped to deal with the changing conditions of the coming decades

C) are introduced to international perspectives in every area of study

D) are taught not specific facts as much as broad ways of thinking

E) all have a good grounding in science and technology

22. One point that is given considerable emphasis in the passage is ----.

A) the need of all students to get acquainted with foreign cultures and global issues

B) that the universities have a commitment to the pursuit of truth for its own sake

C) that the universities are in a position to further greater global integration

D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is increasing

E) that universities must stick to the values that have made them successful in the past

23. It is clear from the passage that science and the application of science ----.

A) will not help to further global awareness

B) is largely confined within the universities

C) has grown so complex that it is beyond the understanding of all but a very few

D) cannot go on advancing at this rate

E) is opening up startling new possibilities

24. The writer of the passage seems convinced that the current rapid developments in science and technology ----.

A) will be accompanied by new problems

B) cannot go on much longer

C) will bring more harm than good

D) are largely concentrated in the field of medicine

E) are beyond the grasp of most people in most countries

25. The phrase, “once-in-human-history progress” is saying ----.

A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such progress ever to happen again

B) this is only the first of many spurts of progress

C) this is the first instance of a widespread application of science

D) there has never been such progress ever before and there may not be again

E) this is the highest possible peak of progress

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2006 KASIM KPDS In Finland now, everything is all right. Fifteen years after one of the worst recessions any European country has seen, triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Finns feel very content. Their small country of a population of 5 million is the first in the World Economic Forum’s list of the world’s most competitive countries, and the second in its business-competitiveness index. It is also the first in the OECD’s world ranking of educational performance and has the second-highest share of research-and-development spending in the European Union. Moreover, the country is reversing its demographic decline and, hence, its fertility rate is one of the highest in Europe. Perhaps best of all the Finns are facing globalization without paranoia. Theirs is one of the few European countries to have succeeded in businesses in which international prices are falling because of global competition and technological change. In most of Europe public opinion and even business élites seem gloomily resigned to being overwhelmed by India and China. Finland suggests that this fate is not inevitable.

16. We learn from the passage that, in addition to Finland’s recent economic success, ----.

A) it is also a popular tourist destination

B) it is resigned to being overwhelmed by India

C) it also ranks very high in education

D) it remains in a deep recession

E) its businesses are not globally competitive

17. It is clear from the passage that Finland’s previously weak economy ----.

A) was caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union

B) had no effect on the country’s standing in the World Economic Forum

C) caused the country to spend more on research and development

D) improved dramatically fifteen years ago

E) became stronger after it began to reverse its demographic decline

18. We understand from the passage that Finland’s population ----.

A) resents outside interference in its economy

B) is becoming one of the highest in Europe

C) is an extremely competitive one when it comes to internal trade

D) is now increasing due to a higher birth rate

E) is not well-educated by European standards

19. We see from the passage that Finland’s economy ----.

A) is by far the strongest in the world

B) remains unaffected by technological change

C) is still undergoing the effects of the fall of the Soviet Union

D) has had a direct effect on its fertility rate

E) hasn’t always been stable

20. According to the passage, one indicator of Finland’s economic success is its ----.

A) experience with recession

B) high ranking within the World Economic Forum

C) paranoia regarding globalization

D) small population

E) public opinion regarding China

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Until the giant American energy company Enron collapsed, and its director Kenneth Lay was imprisoned, his life had been a model of the American dream of rising from rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. His beginnings were socially and financially very modest. He was born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a preacher who was also a part-time salesman. He helped his father make ends meet by cutting grass and delivering papers. His start in the energy industry seemed similarly modest. After obtaining a doctoral degree in economics from the University of Houston, he got his start in the booming Texan oil industry. In 1985 he merged Houston Natural Gas with InterNorth of Nebraska in order to form Enron. As Enron became stronger, Mr Lay turned increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest donors to the Bush-Cheney campaign. After Mr Bush entered the White House, Mr Lay had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Mr Bush overlooked him, so his professional life ended in frustration.

21. According to the passage, after Mr Bush was elected president of the US, Kenneth Lay ----.

A) turned increasingly to politics

B) became involved in the Texan oil industry

C) was not offered a cabinet seat

D) obtained a doctoral degree from the University of Houston

E) dissolved Enron, the company he had created

22. It is clear from the passage that the giant American energy company Enron was founded through ----.

A) Kenneth Lay’s increasing interest in politics

B) Kenneth Lay’s dream of rising from rags to riches

C) the fact that Kenneth Lay had been imprisoned

D) Kenneth Lay’s modest beginnings as the son of a preacher and part-time salesman

E) the merging of two companies: Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth

23. We understand from the passage that, when Kenneth Lay was a child, he ----.

A) worked as a part-time salesman together with his father

B) wanted to become a preacher like his father

C) moved with his family from Tyrone, Missouri, to Houston, Texas

D) contributed to his family’s income by working at part-time jobs

E) dreamed of becoming an oil tycoon

24. We can infer from the passage that Kenneth Lay expected Mr Bush to offer him a high position in his administration because Mr Lay ----.

A) had contributed a very large amount of money to Mr Bush’s presidential campaign

B) was an important player in the Texan oil industry

C) was frustrated with his political life

D) had obtained a high level of education, and was therefore quite knowledgeable

E) had become very rich through his hard work

25. We see from the passage that Kenneth Lay’s imprisonment was ----.

A) the result of his involvement in the Bush-Cheney campaign

B) a miscarriage of justice

C) due to a crime he had committed while studying at the University of Houston

D) carried out despite the fact that he was a good friend of President Bush

E) implemented at around the same time that Enron, the company he had founded, collapsed

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CEVAP ANAHTARI -1

2002 Mayıs KPDS

2002 Kasım KPDS

2003 Mayıs KPDS

2003 Kasım KPDS

2004 Mayıs KPDS

2004 Kasım KPDS

10. E

11. A

12. B

13. C

14. E

15. D

1. B

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. E

8. D

9. C

10. A

21. E

22. D

23. B

24. C

25. C

6. E

7. C

8. D

9. B

10. E

11. B

12. A

13. C

14. D

15. A

16. C

17. C

18. A

19. B

20. E

11. B

12. C

13. B

14. A

15. C

21. C

22. B

23. D

24. D

25. B

1. C

2. A

3. E

4. A

5. B

11. C

12. D

13. B

14. D

15. B

16. A

17. C

18. E

19. A

20. C

6. A

7. E

8. D

9. B

10. A

11. C

12. E

13. D

14. A

15. C

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CEVAP ANAHTARI -2

2005 Mayıs KPDS

2005 Kasım KPDS

2006 Mayıs KPDS

2006 Kasım KPDS

1. B

2. B

3. E

4. D

5. A

6. A

7. C

8. B

9. D

10. A

11. B

12. D

13. B

14. C

15. A

21. E

22. D

23. E

24. C

25. A

6. E

7. D

8. B

9. A

10. C

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. A

21. B

22. D

23. E

24. A

25. D

16. C

17. A

18. D

19. E

20. B

21. C

22. E

23. D

24. A

25. E


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