Alfa RomeoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaAlfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.

TypeSociet per azioni

IndustryAutomotive

PredecessorSociet Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID)

Founded24 June 1910 inMilan, Italy

FounderAlexandre Darracq/Ugo StellaNicola Romeo

HeadquartersTurin,Italy[1]

Area servedWorldwide

Key peopleJohn Elkann(President)Harald Wester(CEO)Reid A. Bigland(NAFTAregion brand president and CEO)

ProductsLuxury vehicles

Production output101,000 units(2012)[citation needed]

OwnerFiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV

ParentFCA Italy S.p.A.

Websitealfaromeo.com

Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.(Italian pronunciation:[alfa romo]) is an Italianluxury carmanufacturer. Founded as A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili, English: Lombard Automobile Factory, Public Company) on June 24, 1910, inMilan,[2]the company has been involved in car racing since 1911. It was owned by Italian state holding companyIstituto per la Ricostruzione Industrialebetween 1932 and 1986, when it became a part of theFiat group.[3]In February 2007 the Alfa Romeo brand was transformed into the current Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., a subsidiary ofFiat Group Automobiles S.p.A..The company that became Alfa Romeo was founded as Societ Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID) in 1906 by the French automobile firm ofAlexandre Darracq, with some Italian investors. In late 1909, the Italian Darracq cars were selling slowly and the Italian partners of the company hiredGiuseppe Merosifor designing new cars. On June 24, 1910, a new company was founded named A.L.F.A., initially still in partnership with Darracq. The first non-Darracq car produced by the company was the 191024 HP, designed by Merosi. A.L.F.A. ventured intomotor racing, with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911Targa Floriowith two 24hp models. In August 1915 the company came under the direction of Neapolitan entrepreneurNicola Romeo, who converted the factory to produce military hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. In 1920, the name of the company was changed to Alfa Romeo with theTorpedo 20-30 HPthe first car to be so badged.In 1921, the Banca Italiana di Sconto, which backed the Ing. Nicola Romeo & Co, went broke and the government needed to support the industrial companies involved, among which Alfa Romeo, through the "Consorzio per Sovvenzioni sui Valori Industriali". In 1925, the railway activities were separated from the Romeo company, and in 1928 Nicola Romeo left. In 1933, the state ownership was reorganized under the banner of the Istituto per la Riscotruzione Industriale (IRI) byBenito Mussolini's government, which then had effective control. The company struggled to return to profitability after the Second World War, and turned to mass-producing small vehicles rather than hand-building luxury models. In 1954 it developed theAlfa Romeo Twin Cam engine, which would remain in production until 1994. During the 1960s and 1970s Alfa Romeo produced a number of sporty cars, though the Italian government parent company,Finmeccanica, struggled to make a profit so it sold the marque to the Fiat Group in 1986.Alfa Romeo has competed successfully in many different categories of motorsport, includingGrand Prix motor racing,Formula One,sportscar racing,touring car racingandrallies. It has competed both as a constructor and an engine supplier, via works entries (usually under the nameAlfa CorseorAutodelta) and private entries. The first racing car was made in 1913, three years after the foundation of the company, and Alfa Romeo won the inaugural world championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. The company gained a good name in Motorsport, which gave a sporty image to the whole marque.Enzo Ferrarifounded theScuderia Ferrariracing team in 1929 as an Alfa Romeo racing team, before becoming independent in 1939. It holds the world's title of the most wins of any marque in the world.[4]Contents[hide] 1History 1.1Name 1.2Foundation and early years 1.3Post war 1.4Carabinieri and Italian government 1.5Recent developments 1.6Return to the United States 2Design and technology 2.1Technological development 2.2Body design 2.3The badge 3Motorsport 4Quadrifoglio 4.1History of the symbol 5Production 6Automobiles 6.1Current models 6.2Future models 6.3Historic models 6.4Trucks and light commercial vehicles 6.5Concepts 7Other production 7.1Aircraft engines 7.2Aero-engines produced by Alfa Romeo 8Media and public profile 9Marketing and sponsorship 10See also 11References 12Further reading 13External linksHistory[edit]Name[edit]The company's name is a combination of the original name, A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili) and the last name of enterpreneur Nicola Romeo, who took control of the company in 1915.Foundation and early years[edit]

A 1908 Darracq 8/10 HP assembled by Alfa Romeo's predecessor, Darracq Italiana

The A.L.F.A 24 hp (this is withCastagnatorpedobody) was the first car made by Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (A.L.F.A) in 1910.The company that became Alfa Romeo was founded asSociet Anonima Italiana Darracq(SAID) in 1906 by the French automobile firm ofAlexandre Darracq, with some Italian investors. One of them, CavaliereUgo Stella, anaristocratfromMilan, became chairman of the SAID in 1909.[5]The firm's initial location was inNaples, but even before the construction of the planned factory had started, Darracq decided late in 1906 that Milan would be more suitable and accordingly a tract of land was acquired in the Milan suburb ofPortello, where a new factory of 6,700 square metres (8,000sqyd) was erected. Late 1909, the Italian Darracq cars were selling slowly and Stella, with the other Italian co-investors, founded a new company namedA.L.F.A.(Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili), initially still in partnership with Darracq. The first non-Darracq car produced by the company was the 191024 HP, designed byGiuseppe Merosi, hired in 1909 for designing new cars more suited to the Italian market. Merosi would go on to design a series of new A.L.F.A. cars, with more powerful engines (40-60 HP). A.L.F.A. ventured intomotor racing, with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911Targa Floriowith two 24 HP models. In 1914, an advanced Grand Prix car was designed and built, theGP1914, with a four-cylinder engine, double overhead camshafts, four valves per cylinder and twin ignition.[6]However, the onset of theFirst World Warhalted automobile production at A.L.F.A. for three years.In August 1915 the company came under the direction of Neapolitan entrepreneurNicola Romeo, who converted the factory to produce military hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. Munitions, aircraft engines and other components, compressors and generators based on the company's existing car engines were produced in a vastly enlarged factory during the war. After the war, Romeo invested his war profits in acquiring locomotive and railway carriage plants in Saronno (Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno), Rome (Officine Meccaniche di Roma) and Naples (Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali), which were added to his A.L.F.A. ownership.Alfa Romeo production between 1934 and 1939[7]

YearCarsIndustrialvehicles

19346990

193591211

193620671

1937270851

1938542729

1939372562

Car production had not been considered at first, but resumed in 1919 since parts for the completion of 105 cars had remained at the A.L.F.A. factory since 1915.[5]In 1920, the name of the company was changed to Alfa Romeo with theTorpedo 20-30 HPthe first car to be so badged.[8]Their first success came in 1920 whenGiuseppe Campariwon atMugelloand continued with second place in theTarga Floriodriven byEnzo Ferrari. Giuseppe Merosi continued as head designer, and the company continued to produce solid road cars as well as successful race cars (including the 40-60 HP and theRL Targa Florio).In 1923Vittorio Janowas lured fromFiat, partly thanks to the persuasion of a young Alfa racing driver namedEnzo Ferrari, to replace Merosi as chief designer at Alfa Romeo. The first Alfa Romeo under Jano was theP2 Grand Prix car, which won Alfa Romeo the inaugural world championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. For road cars Jano developed a series of small-to-medium-displacement 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder inline engines based on the P2 unit that established the architecture of the company's engines, with light alloy construction,hemispherical combustion chambers, centrally located plugs, two rows of overhead valves per cylinder bank and dual overhead cams. Jano's designs proved both reliable and powerful.Enzo Ferrari proved a better team manager than driver, and when the factory team was privatised, it becameScuderia Ferrari. When Ferrari left Alfa Romeo, he went on to build his own cars.Tazio Nuvolarioften drove for Alfa, winning many races before theSecond World War.

8C 2900B Touring Spider (1937)In 1928 Nicola Romeo left, and in 1933 Alfa Romeo was rescued by the government, which then had effective control. Alfa Romeo became an instrument of Mussolini's Italy, a national emblem. During this period it built bespoke vehicles for the wealthy, with bodies normally byTouring of MilanorPinin Farina. This era peaked with theAlfa Romeo 2900B Type 35racers.The Alfa factory (converted during wartime to the production ofMacchi C.202 Folgoreengines: the Daimler-Benz 600 series built under license) was bombed during the Second World War, and struggled to return to profitability after the war. The luxury vehicles were out. Smaller, mass-produced vehicles began to be produced beginning with the 1954 model year, with the introduction of theGiuliettaseries ofberline(saloons/sedans), coupes and open two-seaters. All three varieties shared what would become theAlfa Romeo overhead Twin Camfour-cylinder engine, initially 1300 cc. This engine would eventually be enlarged to 2000 cc and would remain in production until 1995.When I see an Alfa Romeo go by, I tip my hat.

Henry Fordtalking withUgo Gobbatoin 1939[9]

Post war[edit]Once motor sports resumed after the Second World War, Alfa Romeo proved to be the car to beat in Grand Prix events. The introduction of the new formula (Formula One) for single-seat racing cars provided an ideal setting for Alfa Romeo's Tipo158 Alfetta, adapted from a pre-war voiturette, andGiuseppe Farinawon the first Formula One World Championship in 1950 in the 158.Juan Manuel Fangiosecured Alfa's second consecutive championship in 1951.Alfa Romeo production between 1998 and 2012[10]

YearCars

1998197,680

1999208,336

2000206,836

2001213,638

2002187,437

2003182,469

2004162,179

2005130,815

2006157,794

2007151,898

2008103,097

2009103,687

2010119,451

2011130,535

2012101,000[11]

In 1952, Alfa Romeo experimented with its first front-wheel drive compact car, "Project 13-61".[12]It had the same transverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as the modern front-wheel drive automobile. Alfa Romeo made a second attempt toward the late 1950s based on Project 13-61. It was to be called Tipo 103 and resembled the smaller version of its popular Alfa Romeo Giulia. However, due to the financial difficulties in post-war Italy, the Tipo 103 never saw production. Had Alfa Romeo produced it, it would have preceded the Mini as the first "modern" front-wheel drive compact car. In the mid-fifties, Alfa Romeo entered into an agreement withBrazil's Matarazzo Group to create a company called Fabral (Fbrica Brasileira de Automveis Alfa, "the Brazilian Alfa automobile factory") to build theAlfa Romeo 2000there. After having received government approval, Matarazzo pulled out and under pressure from Brazil's PresidentJuscelino Kubitschekthe state-ownedFNMcompany instead commenced building the car as the "FNM 2000" there in 1960.[13]During the 1960s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on competition using production-based cars, including theGTA(standing for Gran Turismo Allegerita), an aluminium-bodied version of theBertone-designed coupe with a powerful twin-plug engine. Among other victories, the GTA won the inauguralSports Car Club of America'sTrans-Amchampionship in 1966. In the 1970s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on prototype sports car racing with theTipo 33, with early victories in 1971. Eventually the Tipo 33TT12 gained theWorld Championship for Makesfor Alfa Romeo in 1975 and the Tipo 33SC12 won theWorld Championship for Sports Carsin 1977.[14][15]By the 1970s, Alfa Romeo was again in financial trouble and creative measures were attempted to shore it up, including an ultimately unsuccessfuljoint venture with Nissanendorsed by Ettore Massacesi of Alfa Romeo's parent company, the Italian-government owned Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) and Prime MinisterFrancesco Cossiga. By 1986, IRI was suffering heavy losses, and IRI presidentRomano Prodiput Alfa Romeo up for sale. Finmeccanica, the mechanical holdings arm of IRI and its predecessors owned Alfa Romeo since 1932. Prodi first approached fellow Italian manufacturer Fiat, which offered to start a joint venture with Alfa. Prodi was initially unsupportive, citing the strained industrial relations between Northern and Southern Italy, with Fiat being based in Turin and Alfa being based in Milan.[dubiousdiscuss]Fiat withdrew its plan for a joint venture whenFordput in an offer to acquire part of Alfa Romeo and restructure the company, while increasing its stake over time. However, Fiat put in a bid to acquire the entirety of Alfa Romeo and offer job guarantees to Italian workers, an offer that Ford was unwilling to match.It also did not hurt any of the parties involved that an acquisition by Fiat would keep Alfa Romeo in Italian hands. In 1986, the deal was concluded with Alfa Romeo merged with traditional rivalLanciainto Fiat's Alfa Lancia Industriale S.p.A.Models produced from the 1990s combined Alfa's traditional virtues of avant-garde styling and sporting panache with the economic benefits of product rationalisation, and include a "GTA" version of the147hatchback, theGiugiaro-designedBrera, and a high-performance exotic called the8C Competizione(named after one of Alfa's most successful prewar sports and racing cars, the8Cof the 1930s).In 2005Maseratiwas bought back fromFerrariand under Fiat's full control. The Fiat Group plans to create a sports and luxury division from Maserati and Alfa Romeo.[16]There is a planned strategic relationship between these two; engines, platforms and possibly dealers will be shared in some markets.[17]In the beginning of 2007, Fiat Auto S.p.A. was reorganized and four new automobile companies were created; Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. and Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles S.p.A. These companies are fully owned by Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.[18]Carabinieri and Italian government[edit]In the 1960s Alfa Romeo became famous for its small cars and models specifically designed for theItalian policeandCarabinieri; among them the "Giulia Super" or the 2600 Sprint GT, which acquired the nickname of "Inseguimento" (literally "to chase or predate"). The colours of the Alfa Romeos used by the Polizia were/are green/blue with white stripes and writing, known as "Pantera" (Panther), enhancing the aggressive look of the Alfa (particularly the Giulia series), while the Carabinieri Alfas were dark blue with white roofs and red stripes, known as the "Gazzella" (Gazelle) denoting the speed and agility of these "Pattuglie" (armed response patrol units). However, the term "Pantera" became used interchangeably and the image helped create a no-nonsense, determined and respected perception by the general public of the men that drove these cars, true to their history.

Italian State PoliceFlying Squad"Panther" 1971 Alfa Giulia SuperSince then, Alfas remain the chosen mount of theCarabinieri(arm of the Italian armed forces seconded only partly for civilian policing purposes), Polizia Autostradale (highway police) and the conventional police service (Polizia). Successively, the following Alfa Romeo Berlinas have found favour for Italian police and government employment[19] Alfa Romeo Alfetta Alfa Romeo "Nuova" Giulietta Alfa Romeo 33 (OnlyPolizia di Stato) Alfa Romeo 75 Alfa Romeo 164 (Official Vehicles) Alfa Romeo 155 Alfa Romeo 156 Alfa Romeo 166 (Official Vehicles) Alfa Romeo 159.Since the 1960s, the Italian Prime Minister has used Alfa Romeos (and lately the new Maserati Quattroporte) as preferred government limousines. The 164 and 166 have found particular employment in the last two decades.Recent developments[edit]Alfa Romeo has been suffering from falling sales. Some analysts concluded that the automaker suffered large operating losses in the mid-2000s - estimated to be about 15 percent to 20 percent of annual revenues, or about 300 million to 500 million euros a year. For the year of 2010, it sold a total of about 112,000 units which was significantly lower than Fiat CEO Marchionne's global sales target of 300,000. Alfa then wanted to achieve 170,000 sales in 2011, including 100,000 Giulietta and 60,000 MiTo, but it actually sold 130,000 units that year.[20]Its medium-term target remains 500,000 units by 2014 including 85,000 from N. American market.[21]Return to the United States[edit]

Giulietta SpiderAlfa Romeo was imported to the United States byMax Hoffmanfrom the mid-1950s.[22]The Giulietta Spider was born by request of Max Hoffman, who proposed an open version of the Giulietta.[23]In 1961 Alfa Romeo started importing cars to the United States.[24]In 1995 Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the United States,[25]the last model to be sold being the 164. Rumours began of their return, however as the FAQ on Alfa Romeo's English website had said "The long-awaited return of Alfa Romeo to the United States market should take place by 2007, with a range of new models."Alfa Romeo's return to United States was confirmed on 5 May 2006 by Fiat CEOSergio Marchionne. It resumed sales in the United States with the 8C Competizione in October 2008.[26]In 2008, Alfa Romeo and Chrysler were reported to be in discussions, with Alfa Romeo possibly using Chrysler manufacturing plants that have been shut down due to unneeded product.A new Alfa Romeo Spider will also be based on the Mazda Miata platform[27]The underpinnings of the carbuilt at Mazda's Hiroshima, Japan, plantwill share the rear-wheel drive technology that Mazda is planning for the next generation of the MX-5 model (often known as the Miata), but the automakers will style different bodies for each brand. The cars will look different from the outside and will also receive different engines. The automaker will reintroduce itself to Americans in the second half of 2013 with the Alfa 4C, another two-seater sports car. The Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. and Mazda Motor Corporation agreement about Spider/MX-5 should be finalized later in 2012, and production of the Spider could begin in 2015.The Wall Street Journalreported on Nov. 4, 2009, that Chrysler would announce that it is dropping several models of Dodge and Jeep while phasing in Alfa Romeo and Fiat 500 models.[28]TheAlfa Romeo 4Cwas announced to be the first mass-produced car to re-enter the US market in 2013.[29]In 2012, this re-entry was again delayed, this time to early 2014.[30]However at the 2014Detroit Auto Show,Sergio Marchionnestated that Alfa Romeo will return to the U.S. market by 2015 with mainstream models.[31]Design and technology[edit]Technological development[edit]Alfa Romeo has introduced many technological innovations over the years, and the company has often been among the first users of new technologies. Its trademarkdouble overhead camengine was used for the first time in the 1914Grand Prixcar,[32]the first road car with such an engine, the6C 1500 Sport, appeared in 1928.Alfa Romeo tested one of the very first electric injection systems (Caproni-Fuscaldo) in theAlfa Romeo 6C 2500with "Ala spessa" body in 1940Mille Miglia. The engine had six electrically operated injectors, fed by a semi-high pressure circulating fuel pump system.[33]MechanicalVariable Valve Timingwas introduced in theAlfa Romeo Spider, sold in the U.S. in 1980.[34]Electronic Variable Valve Timing was introduced in the (Alfetta)[citation needed].The 105 seriesGiuliawas quite an advanced car using such technologies as: All-wheeldisc brakes,[35]plastic radiator header tank[citation needed]it had also the lowestDrag Coefficient(Cd) in its class[36]The same trend continued with the Alfetta 2000 and GTV, which had such things as 50:50weight distribution,[37]standard fitalloy wheels[citation needed]andtransaxle.[38]Newer innovations include completeCADdesign process used inAlfa Romeo 164,[39]robotised/paddle control transmissionSelespeedused in the156;[40]the 156 was also the world's first passenger car to useCommon raildiesel engine.[41]TheMultiair-an electro-hydraulic variable valve actuation technology used inMiTowas introduced in 2009.[42]Body design[edit]Many famous automotive design houses in Italy have accepted commissions to produce concepts and production vehicle shapes for Alfa Romeo. These include: Bertone Giorgetto Giugiaro / Italdesign Pininfarina Zagato Centro Stile Alfa RomeoThe last mentioned, the Centro Stile, has rapidly gained international credibility[vague]with its work. The 8C Competizione super-coup, and the MiTo hatchback are the results.Construction techniques used by Alfa Romeo have become imitated by other car makers, and in this way Alfa Romeo body design has often been very influential. The following is a list of innovations, and where appropriate, examples of imitation by other car manufacturers:

Alfa 6C 2500 S 1950s: Monocoque body design in the Giulia:[dubiousdiscuss]While not an imitation per se, this construction technique became extremely widespread, and remains so to the present day. 1960s: Aerodynamics: The 116-series Giulia had a very low Cd. Toyota in particular sought to produce a similarly shaped series of vehicles at this time. 1970s: Fairing of bumpers: In order to meet American crash standards, Alfa formulated design styling techniques to incorporate bumpers into the overall bodywork design of vehicles so as to not ruin their lines. The culmination of this design technique was the 1980s Alfa Romeo 75. The process was widely copied, particularly in Germany and Japan. 1980s: The Alfa 164: The design process and influence of this car is almost completely out of all proportion to previous Alfas. The 164 introduced complete CAD/CAM in the manufacturing cycle, with very little directly made by hand in the vehicle. In addition, the 164's styling influence continues into the present day line of modern Alfas. Most manufacturers incorporated design ideas first expressed in the 164 into their own designs, including greater reliance on on-board computers.[citation needed] 1990s: The pseudo-coup: The Alfa 156 and 147, while four-door vehicles, represented themselves as two-doors with prominent front door handles, and less visible rear door-handle flaps. Honda has used this design style in the latest Civic hatchback, and a somewhat similar idea is also seen in the most recent Mazda RX-8 four-seat coup. 2000s: The Brera and 159: These vehicles' design, by Giorgetto Giugiaro, have proven influential in sedan and coup styling, demonstrating that concept vehicles are often immediately translatable into road car form, providing that initial design takes place using CAD systems.Alfa Romeo models have also inspired some very interesting and often beautiful concept cars. Here follows a short list of concept cars, and their impact on car design:1950s - The B.A.T. carsTheBerlina Aerodinamica Tecnicaprototype cars were designed by Bertone as an exercise in determining whether streamlining and wind-tunnel driven designs would result in high performance on a standard chassis, and whether the resulting vehicles would be palatable to public. Alfa 1900 Sprint were the basis of the B.A.T. 5, 7 and 9.[43]The later B.A.T. 11 was based on the 8C Competizione.1960s and 1970s - Descendants of the Tipo 33The Tipo 33 racing car, with its high-revving 2000 cc V8 engine became the basis for a number of different concept cars during the 1960s and 1970s, two of which ultimately resulted in production vehicles. Most made their appearances at the Auto Salon Genve. Here is a brief list: Gandini/Bertone Carabo (1968) - Marcello Gandini expressed ideas that would come to fruition in the Lamborghini Countach. Tipo 33.2 (1969)- Designed by Pininfarina, this car ultimately resulted in the33 Stradaleroad car Gandini/Bertone Montreal Concept (1967) - making its appearance at the 1967 Montreal Expo, this Giulia-based concept resulted in the productionAlfa Romeo Montrealroad car with a variant of the Tipo 33 V8 engine. Bertone/Giugiaro Navajo (1976)- A fully fibreglassed vehicle, and in some ways the epitome of Giugiaro's 'Origami' style of flat planes.1980s-today - Modern ideasIn general, concept cars for Alfa Romeo have generally become production vehicles, after some modification to make them suitable for manufacture, and to provide driver and passenger safety. The Zagato SZ, GTV and Spider, Brera and 159 are all good examples of Alfa Romeo's stylistic commitment in this direction.The futureAlfa Romeo concept cars have mostly emphasized performance in combination with historical tradition. The Nuvola Concept, and the independently designed Diva Concept cars have demonstrated that thisethosis the centre of Alfa conceptualisation. The Centro Stile website also gives designers very good direction in terms of the combination of line and form Alfa prefers to see in the design process of its cars' bodywork.[citation needed]The badge[edit]Alfa's badge incorporates emblems from fifth century Italy.[44]It was designed in 1910 by an Italiandraughtsman, Romano Cattaneo, who used twoheraldic devicestraditionally associated with Milan: on the right is theBiscione, the emblem of theHouse of Visconti, rulers of Milan in the 14th century; on the left is a red cross on a white field, the emblem of Milan, which Cattaneo had seen on the door of theCastello Sforzesco.[44][45]In 1918, after the company was bought byNicola Romeo, the badge was redesigned with the help ofGiuseppe Merosi. A dark blue metallic ring was added, inscribed "ALFA ROMEO" and "MILANO" separated by twoSavoy dynastyknots to honour theKingdom of Italy. After the victory of theP2in the inauguralAutomobile World Championshipin 1925, Alfa added alaurel wreatharound the badge.[44]In 1946, after the abolition of the monarchy, the Savoy knots were replaced with two curvy lines. The name "MILANO", the hyphen, and the lines were eliminated when Alfa Romeo opened its factory atPomigliano d'Arco,Naplesin the early 1970s. The serpent is swallowing aMoor.Motorsport[edit]

Brian Redman driving with Alfa Romeo 33 TT 12Main article:Alfa Romeo in motorsportAlfa Romeo has been involved with motor racing since 1911, when it entered two24 HPmodels on Targa Florio competition. In the 1920s and 30s it scored wins at many races and motoring events such asTarga Florio,Mille MigliaandLe Mans. Great success continued withFormula One,Prototypes, Touring and Fast Touring. Private drivers also entered somerallycompetitions, with fine results. Alfa Romeo has competed both as a constructor and an engine supplier, via works entriesAlfa Corse,Autodeltaand private entries. Alfa Romeo's factory racing team was outsourced to Enzo Ferrari'sScuderia Ferraribetween 1933 and 1938. Drivers included Tazio Nuvolari, who won the 1935German Grand Prixat the Nrburgring.Quadrifoglio[edit]Thequadrifoglioemblem (also called the 'cloverleaf') has been the symbol of Alfa Romeo racing cars since 1923. Following WWII, it has also been used to designate the higher trim models of the range (comparable to BMW M Performance or Volkswagen GTI models). Thequadrifogliois usually placed on the side panels of the car, above or behind the front wheels. The symbol consists of a green or goldcloverleafwith four leaves, contained with a white triangle.History of the symbol[edit]

Ugo Sivocci at the wheel of 1923 Alfa Romeo P1Thequadrifogliohas been used on Alfa Romeo cars since the death ofUgo Sivocciin 1923. As a friend ofEnzo Ferrari, Sivocci was hired by Alfa Romeo in 1920 to drive in the three-man works team -Alfa Corse- withAntonio Ascariand Enzo Ferrari. Sivocci was thought to have enormous experience, but often hampered by bad luck and considered the eternal second-placer. To banish his bad luck, when theTarga Floriocame around, the driver painted a white square with a green four-leaf clover (thequadrifoglio) in the centre of the grille of his car. Sivocci had immediate success, crossing the finish line first. Thequadrifogliosubsequently became the symbol of the racing Alfa Romeos with the victory at the Targa Florio. Almost as if to prove the magic effects of this symbol, Sivocci was killed while testingMerosi's newP1atMonza, a few months after winning the Targa Florio. TheSalernodriver's P1, which went off the track on a bend, did not have thequadrifoglio. Since this period in 1923, the bodies of Alfa Romeo racing cars have been adorned with thequadrifoglioas a lucky charm. The white square was replaced with a triangle in memory of Uvo Sivocci.[46]

Quadrifogliobadge on the Alfetta 159Cloverleaf, orQuadrifoglio, badges now denote high-end in comfort and engine size variants of Alfa Romeo cars. Some modern Alfas wear a cloverleaf badge which is typically a greenfour leaf cloveron a white background (quadrifoglio verde).The Alfettas of the early 1980s had models available sold as the "Silver Leaf"[citation needed]and "Gold Leaf" (quadrifoglio oro). These models were the top of the range. Badging was the Alfa cloverleaf in either gold or silver to denote the specification level. The Gold Leaf model was also sold as the "159i" in some markets, the name in homage to the original 159.Production[edit]Until the 1980s, Alfa Romeos, except for theAlfasud, were rear-wheel-drive.According to the current Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne, in order to reapeconomies of scale, all new Alfa Romeo models will be made from the same basic platform (i.e., frame). EvenMaseratiwill share components with some Alfas.[47]The trim levels (option packages) offered today on the variousnameplates(model lines) include thelusso("luxury"),turismo("touring"), and the GTA (gran tourismo alleggerita) ("light-weight grand tourer"). The GTA package is offered in the 147 and 156 and includes a V-6 engine. In the past, Alfa Romeo offered a Sprint trim level.During the 1990s, Alfa Romeo moved car production to other districts in Italy. ThePomigliano dArco plantproduced the 155, followed by the 145 and the 146, while theArese plantmanufactured the 164 and new Spider and GTV. The 156 was launched in 1997, and became quite successful for Alfa Romeo; in 1998 it was voted Car of the Year. The same year a new flagship, the 166 (assembled in Rivalta, near Turin) was launched. At the beginning of the third millennium, the 147 was released, which won the prestigious title of Car of the Year 2001. In 2003 the Arese factory was closed.TheArese factorytoday hosts almost nothing and is nearly abandoned. What remains are some offices and the greatAlfa Romeo Historical Museum, a must-see for Alfa Romeo fans.In the 60s, the main Alfa Romeo seat was moved from inside Milan to a very large and nearby area extending over the municipalities ofArese,LainateandGarbagnate Milanese. However, since then the Alfa seat is known to be in Arese, since the offices and the main entrance of the area are there.In the late 1960s, a number of European automobile manufacturers established facilities in South Africa to assemble right hand drive vehicles.Fiatand other Italian manufacturers established factories along with these other manufacturers, Alfa-Romeos were assembled inBrits, outsidePretoriain theTransvaal Provinceof South Africa. With the imposition of sanctions by western powers in the 1970s and 1980s, South Africa became self-sufficient, and in car production came to rely more and more on the products from local factories. This led to a remarkable set of circumstances where between 1972 and 1989, South Africa had the greatest number of Alfa Romeos on the road outside of Italy. Even stranger, Alfa Romeos Brits plant was used from March 1983[48]until 1985 to buildDaihatsu Charadesfor local consumption, but also for export to Italy in order to skirt Italian limits on Japanese imports.[49]In late 1985, with the impending Fiat takeover and an international boycott of the South AfricanApartheidgovernment, Alfa Romeo withdrew from the market and closed the plant. Tons of valuable parts were then bulldozed into the ground to escape paying import duties.[citation needed]Assembly plants by model[50]

PlantOwnerLocationModel(s)

Cassino Piedimonte S. GermanoFiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.Piedimonte San GermanoGiulietta

Stabilimento MirafioriFiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.TurinMiTo

ModenaMaserati S.p.A.Modena4C

Automobiles[edit]Current models[edit]MiToGiulietta4C

Alfa Romeo MiToTheMiTois a three-door sportysuperminiofficially introduced on 19 June 2008 inCastello SforzescoinMilan;[51]the international introduction was atBritish Motor Showin 2008.Alfa Romeo GiuliettaTheGiuliettais a five-door, small family car officially revealed at the Geneva Motor Show 2010.[52]It replaced the 147.Alfa Romeo 4CThe Alfa Romeo 4C is a small, lightweight rear wheel drive two seater Coup sports car, similar in size to the Alfa Romeo MiTo. The car was revealed as concept car[53]at the 81st Geneva Motorshow in 2011. The production version was launched to the European market at the 83rd Geneva Motorshow in 2013 and was launched to the American market at the Los Angeles Motorshow at the end of November 2013.Future models[edit] Alfa Romeo Giulia(Planned to be unveiled in June 2015 in sedan form, though an estate is expected later) Alfa Romeo C-SUV(Expected-2015)[29] Alfa Romeo Spider[54]Historic models[edit]

6C Gran Sport (1931)

8C 2300 (1931)

2600 Touring Spider (1961)

GT Junior (1965)

Montreal (1970)

GTV6 (1980)

Spider (1992)

156 (1997)

8C Competizione (2008)

Autotutto F12 ambulanceRoad carsRacing cars

19101910-192024 HP1910-191112 HP1911-192015 HP1913-192240-60 HP191115 HP Corsa191340-60 HP Corsa1914Grand Prix

19201921-192220-30 HP1920-1921G11921-1921G21922-1927RL1923-1925RM1927-19296C 15001929-19336C 17501922RL Super Sport1923RL Targa Florio1923P11924P219286C 1500 MMS19296C 1750 Super Sport

19301931-19348C 23001933-19336C 19001934-19376C 23001935-19398C 29001939-19506C 25001931Tipo A19318C 2300 Monza1932Tipo B (P3)1935Bimotore19358C 3519358C 2900A193612C 36193712C 3719376C 2300B Mille Miglia19378C 2900B Mille Miglia193830819383121938316193815819396C 2500 Super Sport Corsa

194019486C 2500 Competizione

19501950-195819001951-1953Matta1954-1962Giulietta1958-196220001959-1964Dauphine195115919526C 3000 CM

19601962-196826001962-1976Giulia Saloon1963-1967Giulia TZ1963-1977Giulia Sprint1963-1966Giulia Sprint Speciale1965-1967Gran Sport Quattroruote1965-1971GTA1966-1993Spider1967-196933 Stradale1967-19771750/2000 Berlina1960Giulietta SZ1963Giulia TZ1965GTA1965Tipo 33196833/2196933/3

19701970-1977Montreal1972-1983Alfasud1972-1984Alfetta saloon1974-1987Alfetta GT/GTV1976-1989Alfasud Sprint1977-1985Nuova Giulietta1979-1986Alfa 6197233/4197333TT12197633SC1219791771979179

19801983-1994331984-1987Arna1984-1987901985-1992751987-19981641989-1993SZ/RZ1982182198318319841841985185

19901992-19981551994-20001451994-20001461995-2006GTV/Spider1997-20051561998-20071661992155 GTA1993155 V6 TI1993GTV Cup1998156 D22002156 GTA Super 20002003156 Super 2000

20002000-20101472007-20098C Competizione2008-20108C Spider2003-2010GT2005-2010Brera2005-20111592006-2010Spider2003147 GTA Cup

Trucks and light commercial vehicles[edit]

Romeo2 LCVIn 1930 Alfa Romeo presented a light truck in addition to heavy LCVs based toBssingconstructions.[55]In the Second World War Alfa Romeo also built trucks for the Italian army ("35 tons anywhere") and later also for the GermanWehrmacht. After the war, commercial motor vehicle production was resumed.In co-operation withFIATandSaviemstarting from the 60s different light truck models were developed.The production of heavy LCVs was terminated in 1967. InBrazilthe heavy trucks were built still few years by Alfa Romeo subsidiaryFbrica Nacional de Motoresunder the name FNM. The last Alfa Romeo vans were the Alfa Romeo AR6 and AR8, rebadged versions of Iveco Daily and Fiat Ducato. The company also producedtrolleybusesfor many systems in Italy, Latin America,[56]Sweden,[57]Greece,[58]Germany, Turkey and South Africa. Later, Alfa Romeo concentrated only on passenger car manufacturing.LCVs

Alfa Romeo 430 Alfa Romeo Romeo(19541958) Alfa Romeo Romeo 2(until 1966) Alfa Romeo Romeo 3(1966) Alfa Romeo A11/F11(1954-1983) Alfa Romeo A12/F12 AR8 (based on first generationIveco Daily) AR6 (based on first generationFiat Ducato) Alfa Romeo F20 (Saviemlicense)Trucks Alfa Romeo 50"Biscione" (Bssing-NAG 50)/ 80 (19311934)[59] Alfa Romeo 85/ 110 (1934 - n/a) Alfa Romeo 350(1935 - n/a) Alfa Romeo 430(19421950)[60] Alfa Romeo 500(1937 - n/a) Alfa Romeo 800(19401943)[60] Alfa Romeo 900 (19471954) Alfa Romeo 950 (19541958) Alfa Romeo Mille(Alfa Romeo 1000) (19581964) Alfa Romeo A15 (Saviem license) Alfa Romeo A19 (Saviem license) Alfa Romeo A38 (Saviem license)

Alfa Romeo 1000 (Mille)AerferFI 711.2 OCRENtrolleybusinNaplesBuses Alfa Romeo 40A Alfa Romeo 80A Alfa Romeo 85A Alfa Romeo 110A Alfa Romeo 140A(1950-1958) Alfa Romeo 150A(1958) Alfa Romeo 430A(1949-1953) Alfa Romeo 500A(1945-1948) Alfa Romeo 800A Alfa Romeo 900A(1953-1956) Alfa Romeo 902A(1957-1959) Alfa Romeo 950A Alfa Romeo Mille (bus)(Alfa Romeo 1000) (1960-1964)Trolleybuses Alfa Romeo 110AF(1938) Alfa Romeo 140AF(1949) Alfa Romeo 800AF(1950-1954) Alfa Romeo 900AF(1955-1957) Alfa Romeo Mille AF(Alfa Romeo 1000) (1963-1964)Concepts[edit]Main article:Alfa Romeo concept carsDesign has always played a large role in the history of Alfa Romeo. There have been many Alfa Romeo concept cars, often made by famous design houses and designers. TheBAT seriesof concepts from the 1950s was a collaboration with the Italian design house Bertone. Other famous Italian coachbuilders and design houses likePininfarina,Bertone,ZagatoandItalDesign-Giugiaro have also played a great role in Alfa Romeo's history, and even today some of models are designed and constructed by them.Other production[edit]Although Alfa Romeo is best known as automobile manufacturer it has also produced commercial vehicles of various size, railway locomotives,[5]tractors, buses, trams, compressors, generators, an electric cooker,[61]marine and aircraft engines.Aircraft engines[edit]

D2aircraft engineAn Alfa engine was first used on an aircraft in 1910 on the Santoni-Franchini biplane.[62]In 1932 Alfa Romeo built its first real aircraft engine, the D2 (240bhp), fitted to Caproni 101 D2. In the 1930s when Alfa Romeo engines were used for aircraft on a larger scale; the Savoia Marchetti SM.74,Savoia-Marchetti SM.75,Savoia-Marchetti SM.79, Savoia Marchetti SM.81 andCant Z506B Aironeall used Alfa Romeo manufactured engines.[63]In 1931, a competition was arranged whereTazio Nuvolaridrove hisAlfa Romeo 8C 3000 Monzaagainst aCaproniCa.100 airplane.[33]Alfa Romeo built various aircraft engines during theSecond World War; the best known was the RA.1000 RC 41-I Monsone, a licensed version of theDaimler-Benz DB 601. This engine made it possible to build efficient fighter aircraft like theMacchi C.202 Folgorefor the Italian army. After the Second World War Alfa Romeo produced engines for Fiat,AerferandAmbrosini. In the 1960s Alfa Romeo mainly focused upgrading and maintaining Curtiss-Wright, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce and General Electric aircraft engines. Alfa Romeo also built Italy's firstturbine engine, installed to theBeechcraft King Air. Alfa Romeo's Avio division was sold toAeritaliain 1988,[64]from 1996 it was part of Fiat Avio.[65]Alfa Avio was also part of developing team to the new T700-T6E1 engine to theNHI NH90helicopter.[66]Aero-engines produced by Alfa Romeo[edit]

Alfa Romeo 115 Alfa Romeo D2 Alfa Romeo 110 Alfa Romeo 115 Alfa Romeo 121 Alfa Romeo 125 Alfa Romeo 126 Alfa Romeo 128 Alfa Romeo 135 Alfa Romeo Lynx Alfa Romeo Mercurius Alfa Romeo RA.1000 Alfa Romeo RA-1050 Alfa Romeo R.C.10 Alfa Romeo R.C.34 Alfa Romeo R.C.35 Alfa Romeo AR.318Media and public profile[edit]In Italian, an Alfa Romeo enthusiast is an "Alfista", and a group of them are "Alfisti".[citation needed]There are many thriving Alfa Romeo owners clubs and Alfa Romeo Model Registers.The Graduate

Dustin Hoffman'sSpider runs out of gas inThe Graduate.Probably the most famous appearance and presence on screen of any Alfa is in the 1967 hit filmThe Graduate, starringDustin Hoffman,Katharine RossandAnne Bancroft.[67]It gave worldwide celebrity to the "Spider". The Spider depicted on screen had its engine note accurately recorded, and electrical foibles (the non-functional fuel gauge) reproduced. On the strength of the Spider's appeal, Alfa Romeo continued sales of the Spider into the 1990s, and a special edition named the Alfa Graduate was available in the United States in the 1980s.[43]The entire set of scenes featuring the Spider in the Graduate were replicated in satire byMike Myersin his comedy,Wayne's World 2.[68]The Spider here cuts outSimon & Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson" when passing under a bridge (implying music being played on a radio), but still has a non-functional fuel gauge - causing it to ultimately grind to halt (fortunately at the correct church!)The Spider was designed byPininfarina; derived from several design studies dating back to the late 1950s, the Spider is believed to be the last design on whichBattista Farinapersonally worked.[69]James BondOne of the most prominent roles was whenJames Bond(Roger Moore) stole and then drove a graphiteGTV6in 1983'sOctopussy. In the scene it is pursued by two Bavarian BMW 5-series police cars.[70]A pair ofblackAlfa Romeo 159Ti cars appeared in the opening scenes of the 2008James BondfilmQuantum of Solace,[71]in the car chase with James Bond'sAston Martin DBSaroundLake Garda, Italy. Noteworthy attention was paid to the auditory qualities of the Alfa Romeos, which have the characteristic 'Big V-6' sound on-screen. The same film also features a Carabineri Alfa 156. Rene Mathis also has an Alfa Romeo, a white 2600 GT coup.Other films Giulietta MasinainFellini'sJuliet of the Spiritsis courted by a "Romeo" in aAlfa Romeo Giulietta Spider, a double play on words.[72] The Italian Job(1969) which starred Micheal Caine and had Alfa Romeo Giulia Saloons as Police cars. Michael CaineinRobert Parrish's 1974 filmThe Marseille Contractwhere John Deray (Michael Caine) makes a race in anAlfa Romeo Montrealin the French mountains of the provence with a Porsche 911 conducted by a girl. Edward Fox's character, the titular Jackal, in 1973'sThe Day of the Jackaldrives a whiteAlfa Romeo Giulietta Spider. He repaints the car blue in a forest clearing to avoid police, then crashes it.[73] Michael Corleone (Al Pacino) inThe Godfatherdrove a blackAlfa Romeo 6Cwhile in exile in Sicily. This was actually the car that was booby-trapped and explodes with Apollonia, his Sicilian wife, in it.[74] Viktor Taransky (Al Pacino) gave his daughter a black Alfa Romeo 2600 Touring Spider on her 16th birthday in the 2002 movieS1m0ne. John Malkovich, as Tom Ripley, inRipley's Game, drives a redAlfa Romeo 156Sportwagon.[75] The 1982 filmThe Soldierfeatured an Alfa Romeo Alfetta sedan as a getaway vehicle. In the French film "36 Quai des Orfvres" from 2004 police officer Lo Vrinks (Daniel Auteuil) drives a blackAlfa Romeo GT. In the 1985 comedy"Fletch", the title character (Chevy Chase), posing as an emissions inspector, commandeers a 1983 Alfa Romeo Spider that was in the process of being stolen by a teenager (David Harper). Cameron Frye (Alan Ruck), Ferris Bueller's (Matthew Broderick) depressive and hypochondriac best friend in the 1986 John Hughes' classic "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" drives a 1979 Alfa Romeo 2000 Sport Sedan (Alfetta). I987's spy thriller movieNo Way Outfeatures an Alfa Romeo Spider S3, with Sean Young and Kevin Costner driving off to their romantic escapade. Gerard Butler, as George Dryer, drives a black 1990 Alfa Romeo Spider in the 2012 romantic comedy filmPlaying for Keeps. Alfa Romeo Giulietta Quadrifoglio Verdewas used as a hero car in the 2013 filmFast & Furious 6, Driven by Brian O'Conner (Paul Walker) and Mia Toretto (Jordana Brewster). The 2013 thrillerTrancefeatured an Alfa Romeo 156 sedan, nicknamedthe red car. A blackAlfa Romeo 159is used in the 2013 filmWelcome to the Punchby the films lead actorJames McAvoy.[76]Television In the television crime film seriesEin Fall fr Zwei("a case for two", over 250 episodes made so far), the leading actorClaus Theo Grtner, who plays the role of the private detective Josef Matula, has always been driving Alfa Romeo, starting from Giulia Super to the latest Alfa Romeo models.[77] British girl-pop band Banarama's music video of the 1980s features a young man cruising alongside the singers on a street. An Italian looking man in an Alfa Romeo Spider for the songTalking Italian - Robert DeNiro's Waiting Alfa Romeo had also a "role" in the Austrian detective seriesKommissar Rex(Inspector Rex). At the beginning,Tobias Morettidrove a 155[78]and laterGedeon Burkharddrove a 166. In recent times, the BBC 2 Series 'Top Gear' has had quite an impact on the popular conception of the Alfa Romeo. PresenterJeremy Clarksoninsists that "nobody can call themselves a true petrolhead" until they have owned one.[79]LiteratureIn the first printing ofDan Brown's novelAngels & Demons, the members of theSwiss Guardall drive Alfa Romeo sedans (called 'Alpha Romeos' throughout the book).In theIan FlemingnovelMoonraker, James Bond becomes involved in an impromptu race with a young man driving an Alfa Romeo while he pursues Hugo Drax. This scene results in the death of the young man, the destruction of his car, and the eventual destruction of Bond'sBentleyMark IV.[80]Marketing and sponsorship[edit]

Alfa Romeo II on its first sailDuring the years Alfa Romeo has been marketed with different slogans like: "The family car that wins races" used in the 1950s in Alfa Romeo 1900 marketing campaign, "racing since 1911" used on most 1960s Alfa advertisements,[81]In the 1970s the Alfa Romeo 1750 GTV was marketed as "if this kind of handling is good enough for our racing cars, its good enough for you."[82]The Giulia Sprint GTA was marketed as "The car you drive to work is a champion".[83]More recent slogans used are "Mediocrity is a sin", "Driven by Passion", "Cuore Sportivo", "Beauty is not enough" and present day "Without heart we would be mere machines". Also other more recent ones are: "It's not a car, it's an Alfa Romeo.", one of them after a couple argue in Italian. Another instance where a female colleague tells her male colleague that she didn't get a car she got an Alfa Romeo.As part of its marketing policy, Alfa Romeo sponsors a number of sporting events, such as theMille Migliarally.[84]It has sponsored the SBKSuperbike World ChampionshipandDucatiCorse since 2007, and theGoodwood Festival of Speedfor many years, and was one of the featured brands in 2010 when Alfa Romeo celebrated its 100th anniversary.[85][86]TheAlfa Romeo Giuliettahas been used since Monza 2010 race as the safety car in Superbike World Championship events.[87]In 2002,Alfa Romeo I, the firstAlfa Romeosupermaxi yachtwas launched. It finished first in at least 74 races including the 2002SydneyHobart Race.[88]Alfa Romeo II, commissioned in 2005, measures 30 metres (98ft)LOA. It set a new elapsed-time record for monohulls in the 2009 Transpac race, of 5 days, 14 hours, 36 minutes, 20 seconds[89]It finished first in at least 140 races. In mid-2008Alfa Romeo IIIwas launched for competitive fleet racing under theIRCrule.Alfa Romeo IIImeasures 21.4 metres (70ft) LOA and features interior design styled after theAlfa Romeo 8C Competizione.[90]See also[edit]Italy portal

Companies portal

Cars portal

Aviation portal

Alfa Romeo Arese Plant Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco Plant Alfa Romeo Portello Plant Alfa Romeo Museum Circuito di Balocco Alfa Romeo in motorsport Category: Alfa Romeo engines Category: Alfa Romeo peopleReferences[edit]1. Jump up^"2008 Half-yearly Financial Report/Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. Torino, Page 76"(PDF). 2008. Retrieved2009-06-18.2. Jump up^"Alfa Romeo Celebrates 90 Years of Success".autoweb.com. 2000. Retrieved2009-01-09.3. Jump up^"Alfa Romeo".fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved2009-01-09.4. Jump up^Henry, Alan(1989).Ferrari The Grand Prix Cars(2nd ed.). Hazleton. p.12.5. ^Jump up to:abc"P. Italiano: 'Story of the Alfa Romeo factory and plants: Part 1, The early Portello'"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2007-11-11. Retrieved2009-10-19.6. Jump up^Fusi, Luigi,Le Alfa di Romeo e Merosi, Edizione Dimensione S, Milan, 19857. Jump up^Patrick Italiano."Story of the Alfa Romeo factory and plants: Part 2, Alfa Romeo under a khaki uniform"(PDF).enzociliberto.it/aisastoryauto. 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Jump up^Moonraker By Ian Fleming.books.google.com(Penguin Books). 2002.ISBN978-0-14-200206-3. Retrieved2008-03-20.81. Jump up^"Alfa Romeo advertising: the 1960s.".ranwhenparked. Retrieved2011-08-19.82. Jump up^"Alfa Romeo advertising: the 1970s.".ranwhenparked. Retrieved2011-08-19.83. Jump up^"Alfa Romeo: Alfa 147 GTA".autointell.com. Retrieved2011-08-19.84. Jump up^"sponsors".1000miglia.eu. Retrieved2009-07-09.85. Jump up^"21.11.2009 Centenary celebrating Alfa Romeo to take centre stage at Festival Of Speed".www.italiaspeed.com/2009/cars/alfa_romeo.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved2009-11-21.86. Jump up^"Goodwood Festival of Speed - Sponsors".goodwood.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved2009-07-09.87. Jump up^"Alfa Romeo present new Giulietta Safety Car".worldsbk.com.Archivedfrom the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved2010-05-15.88. Jump up^"Alfa Romeo Maxi Yacht".www.alfaromeo.com.au. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-07-20. Retrieved2008-05-29.89. Jump up^Fitzpatrick, Lynn (2009-07-11)."Alfa Romeo Smashes Transpac Record by a Day".Finish reports(in en-US and portion haw). Transpacific Yacht Club. Retrieved2009-07-16.She came within about five hours of breaking themultihullelapsed time record 5d, 9h, 18m set in 1997 byBruno Peyronwith hisCommodore Explorer.90. Jump up^"Alfa Romeo 3 Images".maxiyacht.alfaromeo.com.au. Retrieved2010-09-26.