aisd air quality in classrooms

94
The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools Gerald (Jerry) Lamping Director for IAQ (Retired) Green Classroom Professional USGBC 1st Annual Environmental Stewardship Conference October 5, 2013 Austin, Texas

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Indoor air quality in classroom affect student performance and health. New instrumentation allows for the measurement of the primary airborne contaminants of invisible particles, irritant gases, and infectious microbes. New research studies show significant benefits for improvements in classroom air quality

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Aisd air quality in classrooms

The Importance of IAQThe Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools

Gerald (Jerry) Lamping

Director for IAQ (Retired)

Green Classroom Professional USGBC

1st Annual Environmental

Stewardship Conference

October 5 2013

Austin Texas

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been

the primary ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 2: Aisd air quality in classrooms

ASHRAE Journal

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been

the primary ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 3: Aisd air quality in classrooms

ASHRAE President2013-14

ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE

Presidential theme

Shaping the Next

focuses on creating positive change for our world ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic plans to achieve them and having the commitment to follow them

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been

the primary ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 4: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality

Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to

provide indoor environments that are

safe

healthy

productive and

comfortable while

conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been

the primary ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 5: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal

ldquoPerhaps most importantly

a critical shift in thinking from

a goal of indoor environments

that are acceptable to the occupants

to

that are truly healthy and productiverdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been

the primary ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 6: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621

Since 1973 Standard 62 has been

the primary ventilation document

1) reduce indoor contaminant sources

2) prescribe minimum outdoor airflow rates for listed occupancy categories

3) The standard allows three alternative ventilation approaches

Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)

Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP)

Natural Ventilation Procedure (NVP)

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 7: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future

DENNIS STANKE - staff applications engineer at

Trane - Ingersoll Rand

ldquoIn the future architects and designers may specify

better air-cleaning devices

to remove both indoor and outdoor source contaminantsrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 8: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC

Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE

ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include

Respirable Particulates

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and

ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo

ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century

but the technology has unique and established advantages and

has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces

the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 9: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards

Air Quality Standards are applied

bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov

bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2

bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs

bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes

bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 10: Aisd air quality in classrooms

The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for

CommercialInstructional Facilities

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 11: Aisd air quality in classrooms

The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health

and attendance1 Invisible Particles

Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and

circulatory system problems

2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom

Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes

3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom

Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults

Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 12: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation

bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes

bull Occupantsbull Acetonebull Ammoniabull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes

bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead

bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 13: Aisd air quality in classrooms

What is a Green and Healthy School

Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 14: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children

are chronically absent and

miss 1 out of every 10 school days

TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue

One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32

State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955

Keller ISD ADA 970

Boerne ISD ADA 960

North East ISD ADA 961

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 15: Aisd air quality in classrooms

$$$ for Student Absences

Central Texas public schools districts missed out on $91 million and

Bexar Co public school districts missed out on $642 million

in state daily attendance funding

httpmissingschoolmattersorg

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 16: Aisd air quality in classrooms

High Performance amp Healthy Classroom

From the 1950rsquos

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 17: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 18: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Classroom of the Future

httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 19: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Wealth of IntentDearth of Data

High Performance Buildings - Fall 2013

bull 100 HPB Case Studies

bull 36 claimed GOOD IAQ

bull 12 performed Post OCC IAQ Survey

bull 12 claimed IAQ Monitoring Program

bull 9 claimed Healthy IAQ

bull 1 provided Contaminant Data

by Kevin Teichman Andrew Persily Steven Emmerich

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 20: Aisd air quality in classrooms

New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms

0 1 3

78

373

83

0

100

200

300

400

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-11

Pu

blis

hed

Man

uscr

ipts

Decade

Source Richard L Corsi PhD wwwceutexasedufaculty-directoryprofilesrichard-corsihtml Professor - E C H Bantel Professor for Professional Practice Uni of Texas Civil Architectural and

Environmental Engineering Department-EWRE Austin TX

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 21: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn

In one dayhellip

take 20000 breaths

= 35 pounds = 3400 gallons = 450 cubic feet

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 22: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Breathe in 20 billion particles bull Consists of

bull dust and combustion particles bull volatile organic compoundsbull irritants and toxinsbull allergens and asthmagens and bull microbial life

bull The nose traps and filters up to 70 of these particles

bull Particles are too small to be trapped by the nose enter the airway

Over the course of the dayhellip

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 23: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Air particulate exposure and air pollutants exert adverse effects directly on the lungs and heart causing bull respiratory conditions bull asthma symptoms bull acute bronchitisbull cardiovascular conditionsbull blood pressure increasesbull atherosclerosis

Calderoacuten-Garciduentildeas

Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants

Recent research studies suggest that inhaled ultrafine particles may be capable of entering the brain in children which then effects their

ability to learn

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 24: Aisd air quality in classrooms

The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health

PEOPLE

PATHWAYS POLLUTANTS

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 25: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Pathway from built environment to health effects (adapted from Mitchell CS Hodgson MJ unpublished data)

Source F Wu D Jacobs et al Improving Indoor Environmental Quality for Public Health Impediments and Policy Recommendations Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115 June 2007

Pathways

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 26: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles

Invisible particles

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 27: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Invisible Particle Size Relationship

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 28: Aisd air quality in classrooms

bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes

bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows

couches stuffed animals

Invisible Particles In Dust

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 29: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Invisible Particle Health Effects

Source Pope and Dockery 2006

httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 30: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor course particle pollution there is a 6 increase in the number of days of cough wheeze or chest tightness in asthmatic children

bull An increase in 10 micrograms per cubic meter of indoor fine particle pollution there is a

7 increase in days of wheezing severe enough to limit speech

Source Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine February 2009

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 31: Aisd air quality in classrooms

A decrease of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of fine particle air pollution results in an

ndash increase in life expectancy of 07 years

ndash in a 10 decrease in the risk of premature death

Sources Harvard School of Public Health Jan 2009American Lung Association Highlight of recent Research on Particulate Air Pollution Effects of Long Term Exposure wwwlungusaorg Oct 2008

Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 32: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Typical San Antonio DayAQI 30

10 microgm3

Air Quality Health Alert Day in San Antonio

AQI 10840 microgm3

Outside Air in San Antonio

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 33: Aisd air quality in classrooms

EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory

Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from a current annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3

The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are

$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million

About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as

ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard

Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a

httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3

httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 34: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools

bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day

bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication

httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 35: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Improve Air Filtration

ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Polarized Media Devices

Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings

Airborne Particle Counts

Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 36: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Portable Hand Held Particle Counter

Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 37: Aisd air quality in classrooms

httpwwwrimbachcomcgi-binArticleIHNNumberidcNumber=118

Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants

Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6

Computers

Medicines

Classrooms

Outside Air

Data Centers Entry Rooms

ISO 14644-1

Medical DevicesSemiconductors

Meat Processing

Clean Air Room PM Standard

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 38: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room

After Cleaning

Before Cleaning

Particles in the classroom

Particles In Classrooms

2895

13735

2118

181

73965127

663

169339

167670

3367

6512

187836

9779

203028260521

120352

1663402

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Particle Size Micromenter

Par

tC

u Ft

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 39: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities

Visual Airborne Fine Particle Contamination in Main Entrance Hallway

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 40: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Portable HEPA Filter

Portable HEPA FilterScrubber removed ultrafine particles from over 3 million particles per cubic foot to less than 1 million particles per cubic foot

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 41: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in

SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo

Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011

Comparison of InhalersNebulizers

010002000

30004000500060007000

80009000

10000

Augsept

Inhalers 2006-2007

Inhalers 2007-2008

Nebulizers 2006-2007

Nebulizers 2007-2008

Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health

ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood

Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 42: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)

Near-roadway Health Concerns

bull Over the last decade hundreds of studies published on the health of populations living near major roadsndash Respiratory symptoms in asthmatic childrenndash New onset asthmandash Cardiovascular diseasendash Premature mortalityndash Neurodevelopmental delaysndash Birth outcomesndash Cancer

bull In 2004 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended sitingschools and child care facilities away from high-traffic roadways

bull This year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a new national public health objective for ldquoHealthy People 2020rdquondash Decrease the number of new schools sited within 500 feet of a freeway

or other busy traffic corridorsSource Traffic-Related Air Pollution A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions Exposure

and Health Effects Special Report 17 Health Effects Institute Boston Massachusetts

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 43: Aisd air quality in classrooms

School Location Near Major Highway

One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure

Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways

on asthma severity a case-control study

Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152

Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335 httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf

Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study

W James Gauderman et al httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 44: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)

Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al

bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma

bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily

bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways

bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway

bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 45: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Ultrafine Particles from Traffic Emissions amp Childrens Health (UPTECH)

bullQueensland University of Technology (QUT)bullInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)bullUniversity of Cincinnati USA bullUniversity of Cassino Cassino ItalybullNational Institute of Water amp Atmospheric Research NZ

The project seeks to determine the effect of the exposure to airborne nano and ultrafine (UF) particles emitted from motor vehicles on the health of children in schools

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 46: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)

Preliminary findings from AU IT and NZ

bull Concentrations at urban schools scale are higher due to traffic bull Building lowers the particle concentration experienced by children in the schools bull A 30 indoor spatial variation in concentration at schools facing a trafficked street bull Indoor PN concentrations were strongly influenced by outdoor levels and weresignificantly higher during rush-hours (up to 41)

httpwwwilaqhquteduauMiscUPTECH20Homehtm

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 47: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 48: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases

Irritant Gases

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 49: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Outside Air Contaminants

Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days

Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates

Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial

Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters

Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 50: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Sources of Irritant Gases

httpwwwehsutorontocaresourcesHSGuideScenthtm

httpwwwyorkucadohsdocGuidelinesNoticesScentedProductsscentedproductpdf

CLEAN AIR ROOMS

Allergy Friendly Rooms

Scented Products Use Rules

Many chemicals contained in scented products are known to be respiratory irritants Even at very low concentration levels they can trigger a wide range of adverse and sometimes severe physical responses in individuals with respiratory sensitivities For example affected individuals can experience asthmatic reactions such as difficulty breathing excessive coughing irritated eyes and nose etc Other responses could include migraine headaches itchy sore skin tingling body parts rashes severe headaches nausea dizziness and shortness of breath When exposure is indoors the impact is magnified

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 51: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Sources of Irritant Gases

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 52: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases

The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building

environments studied

ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud

F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler

2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 53: Aisd air quality in classrooms

For every unit (1 ls per person)

increase in the ventilation rate

the proportion of students

passing standardized test

(ie scoring satisfactory or

above) is expected to increase by

29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math

27 (05ndash49) for reading

Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 54: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al

Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml

Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases

Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)

1 ls plus reduces absences by 16

34 fewer student absences

$33M higher state funding

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 55: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B

38

13

12

28

10

16

2320

11

60

3043

21

71

21

94

43 47

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

Total PRN per Month

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May

Month Since Opened

PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening

School A

School B

School A had low ventilation rates

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 56: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools

School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)

50556065707580859095

100

Pe

rce

nt

Me

t

Sta

nd

ard

Subject Area

2011 TAKS Tests Results

School B

School A

School A had low ventilation rates

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 57: Aisd air quality in classrooms

bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building

bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building

bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions

bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute

Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70

Ventilation Air Energy Penalty

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 58: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Benefits of ApplyingASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ ProcedureThe IAQ Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 621-2010 may be used to determine outdoor air ventilation rates

The IAQ Procedure requires the building and its ventilation system to be designed to achieve both objective and subjective criteria

ndash Identify contaminants of concern

ndash Determine acceptable contaminant concentrations

ndash Specify the perceived indoor air quality criteria

ndash Apply an acceptable design approach to achieve the performance criteria

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 59: Aisd air quality in classrooms

bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate

bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved

Gas Phase Filtration Media

Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 60: Aisd air quality in classrooms

-+

Grounded screens

+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen

Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers

+++++++

+++++++

_______

_______

+_

+

-++

_

- +

_

-+Passive fiberPassive fiber

Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics

Polarized fiberPolarized fiber

Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns

Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 61: Aisd air quality in classrooms

VolatileVolatile Organic Compounds Organic Compounds(VOC) in Perspective(VOC) in Perspective

bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life forms

bull Too small to remove through regular filtrationToo small to remove through regular filtrationndash Many under 0001 micronMany under 0001 micron

ndash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters

ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in

ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 62: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Asthma Risk and VOC Level

Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick

httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed

For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having

asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 63: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Source httpwwwewgorgfiles200910school-cleanersEWGschoolcleaningsuppliespdf

Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

Ten fold decease in Total VOCs after Green Cleaning in Room

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 64: Aisd air quality in classrooms

bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team

bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)

Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos

httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf

httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 65: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Source Control for Irritant Gases

Source httptransparencyperkinswillcomMain

Healthy Environments A Compilation of Substances Linked to Asthma

Perkins+Will prepared this report on behalf of the National Institutes of Health

Office of Research Facilities Division of Environmental Protection August 8 2012

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 66: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes

Infectious Microbes

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 67: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project

ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin

bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in

Austin and San Antonio ambient air

Source Julia Segre et al

National Institutes of Health May 29 2009

Source Gary Anderson et al

Berkley National Laboratory

National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 68: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi

and other microbial parasites can invade the human body

ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body

ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans

ndash 33 Humans carry M

tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus

Source B Brett Finlay

The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American

February 2010 pps 56-63

httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 69: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Tracking Flu Activity

Peak of Seasonal Flu

Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 70: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11

981

973 971

955

975978

972

979

969965

956

970 969 968

975

966961

947

965 967964

94595

95596

96597

97598

985

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Six Week Period

Att

en

da

nc

e

School A

School B

District Average

Total

School A had low ventilation rates

4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods

Seasonal Flu period

Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 71: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes

bull Research evidence suggests that a large portion of enteric and respiratory illnesses can be prevented through improved environmental hygiene with an emphasis on better hand and surface cleaning practices

Source International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene 2002

The infection potential in the domestic setting and the role of hygiene practice in reducing infection httpwwwifh-homehygieneorg

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 72: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in

SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by

30 to 50

Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 73: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools

Sources httpwwwitsasnaporgsnapaboutasp 1Matser D Longe SH Dickson H Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population Family Medicine 199729(5)336-339

A study involving Detroit school children showed that scheduled

handwashing at least four times a day can reduce gastrointestinal illness and related absences by more than 501

Healthy Schools Healthy People Itrsquos a SNAP

(School Network for Absenteeism Prevention)

joint initiative of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American

Cleaning Institute

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 74: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard

CIRI amp ISSA proposed K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter with capability

to measure the level of microbial life present on a

high touch and hard classroom surface

httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 75: Aisd air quality in classrooms

The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices

TEDxPhoenix 2009 presents Dr Charles P Gerba Professor at the Colleges of Public Health and Agriculture University of Arizona

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=9RhiHQne63Iampnoredirect=1

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 76: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Infiltration From Open Building PenetrationsThe Fourth I of IEQ

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 77: Aisd air quality in classrooms

The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health

Mold Microbiome

Moisture

WWWmicrobeworldorg

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 78: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Pathways from Water to Health

Source httpwwweurowhoint__dataassetspdf_file001743325E92645pdf

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 79: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Water Damaged Buildings

httpwwwsurvivingmoldcomdocsbiotoxinpathwayritchieshoemakermdpdf

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 80: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Moisture in School Buildings NIOSH Alert 2013-102 Division of Respiratory Disease Studies Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease from Exposures caused by Dampness in Office

Buildings Schools and Other Non-industrial Buildings WARNING Occupants within damp office buildings schools and other non-industrial buildings may develop

respiratory symptoms and disease httpwwwcdcgovnioshdocs2013-102

Revised ASHRAE Position Document

Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in BuildingsSpecial ASHRAE COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MOLD AND

MOISTURE PROBLEMS IN BUILDINGShttpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Upcoming EPA Guidelines Indoor Environments Division

ldquoMoisture Control In Public And Commercial Buildings Guidance For Design Construction And Maintenance Professionalsrdquohttpwwwgovenergycom2007pdfsbuildingsKolb_and_Brennan_Buildings_track_S8pdf

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 81: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)

25th Percentile (Low) A home with a index of less than -4 is in the lower quarter (25) of all the homes The potential risk of significant indoor mold growth is low25th to 75th Percentile (Moderate) Homes with a index of -4 to 5 represent 50 of homes in the moderate range There is a moderate risk of indoor mold growth for this category75th Percentile (High) Homes with a index greater than 5 were in the upper 25 of all homes tested This category represents the highest potential risk of significant indoor mold growthMolds from a 36 species panel are divided into two groups The first group (Group 1) of 26 species represents molds associated with water damage and the other group (Group 2) represents common indoor molds The Index is calculated by log-transforming all mold concentrations then subtracting the sum of the second group from the sum of the first The resulting ERMI is a whole number usually between -10 and 20 with a standard deviation of plusmn 3

Source httpwwwepagovmicrobesmoldtechhtm

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 82: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Microbiome of Humans and Buildingsmicrobiome is the totality of microbes their genetic elements (genomes) and environmental interactions in a particular environment

The term microbiome was coined by Joshua Lederberg who argued that microorganisms inhabiting the human body should be included as part of the human genome because of their influence on human physiology

The human body contains over 10 times more microbial cells than human cells although the entire microbiome only weighs about 200 grams (71 oz)

Microbiomes are being characterized in many other environments as well including soil seawaterfreshwater systems and buildings Informationhttpwwwyourwildlifeorgthe-wild-life-of-our-bodies

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 83: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour

2400000 skin cells

(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute

When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)

And 35000000 bacterial cells

ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially

to inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo

Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 84: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission

Strategies for Classrooms

Dilution Ventilation

Personalized ventilation Source capture

Central system filtration

Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI

The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012

by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents

Add Shed and Resuspended Particles

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 85: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Built Environment Microbiome Project

The BioBE Center is based at the University of Oregon and led by

Jessica Green (Director)

Brendan Bohannann

GZ (Charlie) Brown

httpbiologyuoregonedubiobe

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 86: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Jessica Green on Building Microbes

httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf

Architectural design

influences the diversity

and structure of the

built environment

Microbiomehttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf

ismej2011211apdf

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 87: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos

httpwwwsuzukipublicschoolcabuilding-featureshtml

httpwwwhpbmagazineorgcase-studieseducationaldr--david-suzuki-public-school-windsor-ontario-canada

Living Walls break down airborne VOCs through the process of

bio-filtration

In controlled laboratory studies a system

removed up to 90 of VOCs in a single pass

httpwwwnaturairecomfunction

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 88: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy

Schools and High Achieving Students

Apply IEQ Research Results to improve Classroom Physical Space

Use Modern IEQ Instrumentation to verify Classroom IEQ Conditions

Place Occupancy Limits on Rooms based on Design Specifications

Include IEQ Expertise on Design and Construction Teams

Monitor Health Clinic Visits to detect any Unforeseen Conditions

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 89: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits

bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion

bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors

costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008

See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ

See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 90: Aisd air quality in classrooms

EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention

Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml

Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve

Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 91: Aisd air quality in classrooms

EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs

EPArsquos voluntary School Siting Guidelines encourage consideration of environmental factors in local

school siting decision-making processes httpwwwepagovschoolssiting

EPArsquos voluntary State K-12 School Environmental Health Program Guidelines provide a framework for improving the health and well-being of students by creating and sustaining healthy safe and productive school environments

httpwwwepagovschoolsehguidelinesdownloadsehguidelines-draftpdf

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 92: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Center for Green SchoolsUSGBC

httpwwwcenterforgreenschoolsorgdocsUSGBC20Mayors20Summit20Report_FINALpdf

bull The report provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of green schools

bull a summary of local state and federal policy solutions

bull leadership profiles of green school advocates and

bull case studies from both large cities and small communities

bull these resources serve as a roadmap on the journey to green schools

Local Leaders in Sustainability Special Report from Sundance

A National Action Plan for Greening Americas Schools

The Impact of School Buildings on Student Health and Performance

The report is an accessible account of current research connecting school buildings with student health and performance and includes a summary of research needed and how individual groups (teachers and students design professionals government agencies etc) can help in the effort to draw connections between where students learn and their well being

httpcenterforgreenschoolsorgstudiesaspx

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 93: Aisd air quality in classrooms

Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human

Performance and Productivity

Source and httpwwwiaqsciencelblgov

Impacts of Building Ventilation on Health and PerformanceIndoor Dampness Biological Contaminants and HealthIndoor Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and HealthImpacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and ProductivityBenefits of Improving Indoor Environmental Quality

Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-

SFRB) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
Page 94: Aisd air quality in classrooms

We Learn Here and

Where We Learn Matters

httpvimeocom46229583

  • The Importance of IAQ The Need for Better Ventilation Practices in Schools
  • ASHRAE Journal
  • ASHRAE President 2013-14
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality 621
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Future
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
  • Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Standards
  • The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
  • The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
  • Sources of the 3 Irsquos
  • What is a Green and Healthy School
  • Costs for Student Absences
  • $$$ for Student Absences
  • High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
  • Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
  • Classroom of the Future
  • Wealth of Intent Dearth of Data
  • New Research on Indoor Environments in Classrooms
  • Breathing effects ones health and ability to learn
  • Over the course of the dayhellip
  • Effects of Inhalation of Airborne Contaminants
  • The 3 Prsquos of Environmental Health
  • Pathways
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
  • Invisible Particle Size Relationship
  • Invisible Particles In Dust
  • Invisible Particle Health Effects
  • Research Finds That Particle Size amp Quantity Matters
  • Research Shows The Effects of Fine Particles
  • Outside Air in San Antonio
  • EPA PM Standard
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
  • Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
  • Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
  • Clean Air Room PM Standard
  • Particles in the classroom
  • Aerosol Levels after Construction Activities
  • Portable HEPA Filter
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Concerns)
  • School Location Near Major Highway
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (UPTECH)
  • Slide 46
  • Schools Located Near Major Highway (San Antonio)
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
  • Outside Air Contaminants
  • Sources of Irritant Gases
  • Slide 51
  • Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
  • Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
  • Benefits of Applying ASHRAErsquos 621 IAQ Procedure
  • Gas Phase Filtration Media
  • Polarized Media Filtration Devices
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Perspective
  • Asthma Risk and VOC Level
  • Research Shows the Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
  • Source Control for Irritant Gases
  • Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
  • Beneficial Microbes
  • Infectious Microbes
  • Tracking Flu Activity
  • Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
  • Research Shows the Effects of Infectious Microbes
  • Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
  • Slide 73
  • Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard
  • The Case for Touchless Fixtures and Devices
  • Infiltration From Open Building Penetrations The Fourth I of IEQ
  • The 3 Mrsquos School Building Health
  • Pathways from Water to Health
  • Water Damaged Buildings
  • Moisture in School Buildings
  • Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI)
  • Microbiome of Humans and Buildings
  • Microbiome of Humans
  • Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
  • Built Environment Microbiome Project
  • Jessica Green on Building Microbes
  • Living Wall as a Biofilter to Clean Indoor Air of Airborne VOCrsquos
  • Manage the 3 Irsquos for Green and Healthy Schools and High Achieving Students
  • Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
  • EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
  • EPA Guidelines for School Siting and Environmental Health Programs
  • Center for Green Schools USGBC
  • Additional References on Impacts of Indoor Environments on Human Performance and Productivity
  • We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters