airbnb marketing strategies

25
Identify and Discuss an Example of a Niche Market Which Has Gone From Small and Focused to Much Larger and Profitable: Airbnb STUDENT ID: U1435976 MODULE CODE: TM6010 DEADLINE: 19/12/16 WORD COUNT: 3,122 (EXCLUDING ABSTRACT AND CITATIONS)

Upload: kelly-joannides

Post on 15-Apr-2017

211 views

Category:

Marketing


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Airbnb marketing strategies

Identify and Discuss an Example of a Niche Market Which Has

Gone From Small and Focused to Much Larger and Profitable:

AirbnbSTUDENT ID: U1435976MODULE CODE: TM6010

DEADLINE: 19/12/16WORD COUNT: 3,122 (EXCLUDING ABSTRACT AND CITATIONS)

Page 2: Airbnb marketing strategies

Abstract 4

Introduction 5

Campaign Strategies 6

Further Development 9

Collaborations | Vertical Integration 9

Social Content in Real Time Strategies 10

Competitions | Promotional Tool 11

Social Media Presence 12

Challenges | Negative Press 12

Conclusion 13

References 15

Page 3: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Abstract

This essay explores the online lodging service company; Airbnb and looks at how the company

grew from targeting a very niche market, to a larger, more broad niche market(s). In order to do

this, the discussion identifies and analysis the marketing strategies Airbnb have used, including the

use of social media, video, vertical integration, cause-related marketing (CRM), collaboration,

competitions as a promotional tool and app development. The essay then moves on to discuss the

challenges of negative press, and how Airbnb respond, before coming to the conclusion which

evaluates the strategies previously mentioned from an overall perspective, as well as briefly

discussing the advantages of technology for the company and its consumers.

Page 4: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

IntroductionThe online, lodging service company, Airbnb started off by targeting an incredibly niche market:

People who were visiting a specific destination within America for a few days during an event,

needed an alternative place to stay when hotels were fully occupied, and were tech savvy

(millennial demographic). It was only after Airbnb endured some trial and error that they were

finally able to obtain the investment they needed in order to pursue their vision and expand beyond

the U.S.A and begin adding more hosts to their website, ultimately reaching a much wider

audience as illustrated in further

detail in the infographic below:

Figure 1 | How Airbnb Started (Vital , 2014)

The unique aspect about Airbnb, is that they are attracting two completely different types of niche

markets: The hosts, who want to monetise their spare space, and the consumer, who wants an

alternative option to a hotel, which may promise a more authentic experience. This essay

determines to identify and discuss what strategies the company have used that have enabled them

to successfully expand its audience, from what started as very few individual consumers, to go

beyond its niche market potential and begin attracting multi niches and build segments, as

illustrated in the bottom-up approach below:

Figure 2 | Niche Building Strategy: Bottom-Up Approach (Adapted from Dalgic, 2005: 6)

4 of 19

Page 5: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Whilst identifying these strategies, the essay will refer to academic research of marketing theory

and will apply these to the Airbnb findings by comparing and contrasting them. Furthermore, the

essay will explore how Airbnb managed to maintain competitiveness and discuss how they deal

with rivals within the same market. The essay will also set out to identify any challenges the

company have/are facing before concluding from an overall perspective.

Campaign Strategies Since Airbnb was valued at $10 billion in 2014 (as shown in figure 1 above), the company has

since more than doubled to $30 billion this year (2016) making it the second most valuable tech

startup in the US (businessinsider, 2016). Airbnb now showcases places to stay in over 191

countries, providing over 60 million customers an alternative to hotels, as illustrated in figure 3.

Figure 3 | About Airbnb

So how does Airbnb market itself to its customers? Airbnb have focused on what it is that a tourist

desires and noticed a trend that has been a key topic for many academics; that tourists are

seeking an ‘authentic’ experience. Many of these academics have echoed that since the tourist

experience has been commoditised, staged and altered in order to satisfy the tourist expectation,

the very act of commoditisation strips the experience of authenticity completely, making it virtually

impossible for a tourist to gain an authentic experience (for example; Boorstin, 1962, Butler, 1980,

Dwyer et al, 2008, Greenwood, 1989, Hughes, 1995, MacCannell,1976, and Redfoot, 1984).

However, Airbnb are claiming that by supplying tourists with a locals’ home, they are essentially

providing guests with an ‘authentic’ experience that is unobtainable from package holiday deals, or

from staying within a tourist resort in general. This is the message they are sending with their

campaigns such as #BelongAnywhere which they released in 2014:

“For so long, people thought Airbnb was about renting houses. But really, we’re about home. You

see, a house is just a space, but a home is where you belong…so much of the way we travel has

been mass-produced and commoditized. Airbnb is just the opposite” - Chesky, 2014

5 of 19

Page 6: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Airbnb continued with this theme after data they had collected showed that 52% of modern tourists

felt more overwhelmed at crowded tourist attractions than they did doing their taxes, along with

42% finding it as stressful as visiting the dentist (Roderick, 2016). 86% of their consumers said the

reason they used Airbnb was due to them seeking to experience what it was like to live like a local

(Chesky, 2016). Airbnb then took this information and used it to their advantage in their largest

marketing campaign to date; #LiveThere released in early 2016. The campaign emphasised the

authentic experience Airbnb delivers by producing a cinematic video, highlighting stereotypical

tourist traits such as huge groups taking pictures, some with selfie sticks and participating in

activities a local probably would not do with a voiceover urging its listeners: "Don’t go to Paris.

Don’t tour Paris. And please don’t ‘do’ Paris. Live in Paris.” (Airbnb youtube, 2016).

These campaigns have strategically targeted the millennial demographic specifically, as it makes

use of the hashtag (#) feature as a marketing tool. Originally used on the social media site; Twitter,

the hashtag feature quickly became a global trend that is now used across all social media

platforms including Facebook and Instagram (McFedries, 2013). The hashtag feature enables

consumer participation as specific subjects are made easier to find by simply using a common,

relative and real-time hashtag (Chang, 2010). Another reason these campaigns have become so

successful is via the use of videography. Key notes speaker from WTM, Neasa Costin (2016), says

that every marketer is using video as part of their 2017 strategy now that video has become such a

huge trend (World Travel Market London, 2016). Airbnb’s ‘live there’ video campaign can be

considered successful because it distinguishes the brand and creates emotion through the use of

telling a story, which is more likely to persuade their audience (Costin 2016, Aaker 2013). Aaker

(2012) states that stories are 22% more memorable than facts alone, whilst Cisco predicts that by

2020, 3/4 of the world’s mobile data traffic will be video, which indicates just how significant the use

of video as a strategic marketing tool is and will be.

Additionally, Airbnb relaunched their app with three key, updated features: the first feature is the

new ‘matching innovation’ which matches their consumers search results to suit their personal

preferences (Chesky, 2016). The second feature allows consumers to define their search results

by being given the option to choose what kind of neighborhood they want to stay in, whether that

be a quite, scenic or hip one (ibid). For this feature, Airbnb hired photographers to capture ‘real’

images of numerous neighborhoods, honing their product vision of offering an authentic

experience. The last feature, and probably most important; is the guidebook feature - which now

has 3.5 million recommendations that the hosts of Airbnb have provided for their guests.

The matching innovation is used to personalise an individual’s search results and is recognised as

a great marketing strategy for customer relationship management (CRM), in terms of developing

the relationship with the customer, as it enables the likelihood of customer loyalty for the company,

6 of 19

Page 7: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

due to the efforts of personalisation automatically making the customer feel more valued (Pires,

Stanton and Rita, 2006). The second feature continues with the use of customer personalisation

and reinforces the promise of an authentic experience, as it not only features non-commercialised

photos of the area, but gives customers the option of choosing the neighborhood they want to stay

in as if they truly are moving house, and provides the opportunity to avoid an area that may be

deemed too touristy. This is the key feature which gave Airbnb the competitive advantage, as no

other company within the tourism accommodation sector was offering anything like it. Thomas

Cook, Thomson, Hostelworld and many more were all offering tourists the same thing; a

commoditised tourist experience in a commoditised tourist resort, shared among thousands of

other tourists.

The third feature, ‘the guidebook’, enhances the authentic experience tourists are demanding, as

Chesky (2016) explains that, unlike other tour operators, the host who is a local in the

neighbourhood being visited, makes recommendations for the tourist which the consumer can see

on the map before booking with Airbnb, whereas Tripadvisor for example, has a list of

recommended sites and activities for tourists, by tourists, as shown in figure 3:

Figure 4 | Recommendation lists: Tripadvisor v. Aribnb (Chesky 2016)

7 of 19

Page 8: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Further DevelopmentSince their ‘Live There’ campaign which introduced the new features mentioned above, Airbnb has

further developed the company: Airbnb had realised that some potential hosts could be lost due to

either not having the time, or sometimes even the confidence to host their own space. Thus, Airbnb

took this problem and saw it as an opportunity to expand their niche market by making it possible

to become a co-host instead. This means that people who may not have the space to rent could

become a co-host in place of their neighbors who could not physically be there to host it

themselves, as seen in figure 5. This strategy not only prevented the loss of potential hosts, but

opened up revenue from new clientele as well. Furthermore, Airbnb took it a step further, providing

people to host experiences too, which is essentially like being a tour guide except anyone can do

it, with or without any type of specific qualification(s) (although it is suggested that some sort of

experience is had by the host). Once again, this feature really amplifies the product of an authentic

experience, as it takes the tourist away from mass tourism commodities, and allows the tourist to

engage instead with locals and participate in activities that they themselves enjoy.

Figure 5 | 3 ways to host on Airbnb (www.airbnb.co.uk/host 2016)

Collaborations | Vertical IntegrationAirbnb’s latest vision was to help consumers make their holiday planning experience less

exhausting and time consuming, whilst at the same time making themselves more user friendly by

making it possible for their consumers to book all their holiday essentials from the same app:

Airbnb has often been referred to as ‘disruptive innovation’ for the accommodation sector

(Christensen & Raynor, 2003) and as a result, Airbnb’s competitors were within the

accommodation sector. However, with big commodity chain companies such as Thomson and

Thomas Cook who incorporate vertical integration, offering many services which fall under the

tourism umbrella (Mosedal 2006), Airbnb remained only attracting the minority of consumers

wanting something other than package holidays. These consumers who sought for accommodation

from Airbnb would still have to arrange their own flights and activities from external sources. Thus,

8 of 19

Page 9: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Airbnb saw the potential to incorporate their own type of vertical integration. As well as introducing

hosted experiences mentioned above, Airbnb have very recently began collaborating with other

companies such as Qantas airlines (Airbnb 2016). Together, the two companies have devised a

customer loyalty scheme called Qantas Frequent Flyer which allows members to earn Qantas

Points when they book their Airbnb accommodation through the website (ibid). This partnership is

of mutual benefit for the two companies as they would not compete against one another - being in

separate sectors of tourism, but in building an alliance, they both raise brand awareness via

exposure to one another’s consumers (Reid, Smith and McCloskey 2016). This is especially

beneficial for Airbnb, as the scheme particularly targets Qantas’ 11.4 million loyal and repeat

customers who have memberships.

“The way that people around the world plan, book and experience travel is changing rapidly with

the digital revolution,” Mr Joyce said. “We know that our customers today are just as likely to

arrange an Airbnb as they are to book a hotel, and we wanted to recognise and reward them for

that.” - Mr Joyce, Qantas CEO, 2016 (Airbnb 2016)

As well as airlines, Airbnb have now added a variety of services to their app, such as car rental,

table booking systems for local restaurants and have even made it possible to order food from

local farm markets, once again emphasising the authentic experience that defines Airbnb (ibid).

The final feature of the app makes recommendations and suggests the best time/date to book

according to your schedule, accentuating personalisation once more by acting as a personal

planner (ibid).

Social Content in Real Time Strategies

9 of 19

Page 10: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Besides targeting consumers seeking an authentic experience, Airbnb began targeting those

seeking an experience a little more unique in early 2016 with their #LiveInTheMovies campaign.

The campaign highlights the idea of Airbnb enabling people to live in a castle for a week, or a

treehouse for a fortnight and advertises it by suggesting that; something consumers would only

relate to seeing in a movie, could become a reality. Airbnb strategically released the campaign on

the same weekend as the Oscars, which is deemed to be one of the most popular social nights of

the year (Vale 2016). Airbnb worked with Twitter to deliver relevant social content in real time and

asked the world; “If you could live in any movie what would it be?” (ibid), whilst using hashtags they

anticipated would be trending at the time, such as #Oscars and tweeted over 30 relevant tweets

similar to the snapshot in figure 6, which received quite a lot of attention.

Figure 6 | #LiveInTheMovies Tweets (twitter.com/Airbnb 2016)

Competitions | Promotional ToolAnother promotional tool Airbnb have used in accordance to the #LiveInTheMovies campaign, is

competitions. For 2016 Airbnb held a competition for a couple to win a night in Dracula’s Castle for

Halloween. All the participants had to do was answer a vampire related question and post it to

Airbnb in time. K. Peattie and S. Peattie (1996) point out the effectiveness of promoting a

competition, as it not only reminds consumers of its #LiveInTheMovies campaign, but tends to

have a rapid response rate too (ibid). Promoting a competition, especially in tourism, can add a

tangible feature to the product, due to tourism being such a picturesque product, it easily lends

itself to social media posts, creating tangible, visible point-of-sale material (ibid). One of the

advantages of the combination of both the competition and social media is that it generates

involvement and interaction between the consumer and the service, and almost certainly increases

10 of 19

Page 11: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

the opportunity of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) via sharing/retweeting (Gruen, Osmonbekov

and Czaplewski 2006), ultimately raising brand awareness to potential consumers (Toop 1992).

11 of 19

Page 12: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Social Media PresenceBeing a digital based company, it is essential for Airbnb to maintain the utmost social media

presence across as many platforms as possible (Kotler, et al 2010). Currently, Airbnb have strong

presence on most of the Social Media platforms, such as Facebook with over 4.5million followers,

Instagram with 1.4million, Twitter and Snapchat. Strong social media presence is crucial for

marketers and this is apparent in every single one of Airbnb’s marketing campaigns and strategies

mentioned above (ibid). Using social media as a platform for marketing has proven to be incredibly

cost efficient, as making an account is completely free and any likes or comments received on a

brand post from fans reflect active statements which automatically become visible to their friends

and family and is thus akin to word of mouth communication (WoM) (Vries, Gensler and Leeflang

2012, Pietro and Pantano 2013).

Challenges | Negative PressIn spite of all of these successful marketing campaigns and business development, Airbnb have

been subject to a lot of negative press: Bautista (2015) and many others have claimed that Airbnb

had been avoiding taxes, however Airbnb denied the accusations and attempted to defend

themselves by releasing data which proved that 95 percent of hosts (within New York, the city in

question) were not operating with Airbnb illegally (Bromwich, 2016), but this was later found to be

incorrect, as Airbnb had removed more than 1,000 listings before releasing the data to the public,

something Airbnb have done repetitively (ibid).

Furthermore, Airbnb have also experienced problematic issues concerning prostitution in countries

such as Sweden (Dyer, 2016), where hosts have returned to their homes to find that it has been

used as a sort of brothel. It has been argued that unlike Airbnb hosts, who are sometimes absent

during their guest’s stay, hotel employees are trained on how to notice and deal with situations

involving prostitution and are able to prevent the issue in a professional manner (Caverly, 2016).

Additionally Airbnb have been accused of discrimination, disregard of health & safety checks prior

to permitting the listing of homes, and have been known to contribute less than 1 percent towards

damage costs totalling over $10,000, if not evade them completely (truTV, 2016).

Considering the publicity and amount of attention received the from the issues mentioned above,

Airbnb could be susceptible to a loss in demand, as a result of the potentially influential negative

aspects. Nevertheless, Airbnb have attempted to redeem themselves in numerous ways: Social

responsibility and philanthropy is widely considered as an investment for businesses, as it can be

used as a marketing strategy that promotes a positive brand image, otherwise known as cause-

related marketing (CRM) (Stroup and Neubert 1987 cited in Varadarajan and Menon, 1988). Thus,

Airbnb followed suit and associated themselves with charitable associations such as Make-A-

12 of 19

Page 13: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Wish®, with intentions to “donate up to $1 million in travel credits to fulfil a wish a day for Make-A-

Wish families in 2017” (Airbnb, 2016).

Airbnb have also been active members of sustainable tourism, strategically competing with hotels

by claiming that home sharing has statistically proven to be more eco-friendly than staying in a

hotel whilst travelling, as tourists are likely to consume less water and produce less waste etc

(ibid). Airbnb have raised awareness of these statistics via having recently partnered with

SolarCity. In an attempt to further promote sustainable travel, SolarCity are offering the Airbnb

community up to $1,000 cash back on solar power products in hopes to persuade hosts to switch

to make the switch (ibid). These CRM collaborations are ultimately capable of regaining customer

trust, as it promotes positive brand publicity and may perhaps avert attention from negative

aspects (Varadarajan and Menon, 1988, Bowie and Buttle, 2004).

Conclusion Without technology and its constant development, it would not be possible for Airbnb to reach such

a niche market, thus leaving consumers to have no choice but to rely on mainstream holiday

companies, who often neglect their niche market’s needs and instead focus on the majority’s more

commonly known needs, due to niche markets being viewed as not financially viable (Anderson

2009). However, due to technology development came the birth of the sophisticated consumer,

who have changing demands (Dwyer, et al, 2008). As shown in figure 7 below, more tourists are

actively seeking alternative options to fulfil their demands, otherwise known as the longer tail,

compared to those who stick to mainstream

companies, referred to as the head, illustrated in

figure 8 (Anderson 2009).

Figure 7 | Brands Visits (Mintel cited by Wenjie 2016, 2016, Lecture 2 Slide 8)

13 of 19

Page 14: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Figure 8 | The Long Tail (Anderson

2009)

Airbnb’s expeditious growth make it conspicuous that its Internet presence benefits its guests and

hosts alike, as well as a few of the local communities that would otherwise lack the means to

attract tourists and bring in foreign revenue (Kaplan and Nadler, 2013). It is evident that Airbnb’s

marketing strategies have sufficiently led the company to growth, particularly marketing to a

millennial audience with the use of social media and hash tagging as a means of communication.

Meanwhile, with the companies more recent app development, Airbnb have stated that they have

the vision of making things easier for consumers (especially for the older demographic), enabling

them to book everything all from the same app, along with the planner feature which helps to

recommend when to book according to the individual’s schedule (Airbnb 2016). Since the

developments and collaborations mentioned have been implemented fairly recently, it is difficult to

determine the future of the company, however it is safe to assume that due to the company

introducing vertical integration by offering more services and products, they are likely to attract a

wider audience, make more profit and build in scope, especially as consumers are increasingly

adapting and growing with technology (Dwyer, et al, 2008).

14 of 19

Page 15: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

References

Aaker, J. (no date) Harnessing the Power of Stories. Available at:

https://womensleadership.stanford.edu/stories (Accessed 16 December 2016).

Airbnb (2016). About Us. Available at: www.airbnb.co.uk/about/about-us (Accessed 16 December

2016).

Airbnb (2016). Airbnb and its Community to Grant a Wish a Day in 2017. Available at:

https://press.atairbnb.com/airbnb-and-its-community-to-grant-a-wish-a-day-in-2017/ (Accessed 16

December 2016).

Airbnb (2016). Airbnb Partners With SolarCity to Bring Solar Energy to the Home Sharing

Community. Available at: https://press.atairbnb.com/248-2/ (Accessed 16 December 2016).

Airbnb (2016) Don’t Go There. Live There. Available at: www.airbnb.co.uk/livethere (Accessed 16

December 2016).

Airbnb (2016) Don’t Go There. Live There. Available at: https://youtu.be/1AtjOKph7-k (Accessed

16 December 2016).

Airbnb (2016). Qantas Partners with Airbnb to Make Frequent Flyers Right At Home. Available at:

press.atairbnb.com/qantas-partners-with-airbnb-to-make-frequent-flyers-right-at-home/ (Accessed

16 December 2016).

Anderson, C. (2009). The Longer Tail, 2nd ed. New York: Random House

Bautista, C. B. (2015). Hyatt invests in upscale airbnb. Real Estate Weekly, 60(32).

Boorstin, D.J. (1962). From Traveler to Tourist: The Lost Art of Travel. In: The Image: A Guide To

Pseudo-Events In America. United States: Vintage Books. P77-117.

Bowie, D., Buttle, F. (2004) Hospitality Marketing: An Introduction. Available at:

http://uel.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=288843. (Accessed: 15 December 2015)

Bromwich, J. (2016, February 11). Airbnb purged New York listings to create a rosier portrait,15 of 19

Page 16: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

report says. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/business/airbnb-purged-new-york-

listings-to-createa-rosier-portrait-report-says.html?_r=0 (Accessed: 16 December 2016).

Butler , R.W. (1980). ‘The Concept Of A Tourist Area Cycle Of Evolution: Implications For

Management Of Resources’,The Canadian Geographer, 24(1), p. 5–12.

Caverly, G. (2016). A Look at Airbnb. Available at:

http://greggcaverly.com/uploads/3/4/9/7/3497399/edtc816_assignment_1_exploring_online_comm

unities.pdf (Accessed 15 Dec 2016)

Chang, H.C. (2010). ‘A New Perspective on Twitter Hashtag Use: Diffusion of Innovation Theory’,

Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 47(1) pp.1-4 doi:

10.1002/meet.14504701295

Chesky, B. (2014) ‘Belong Anywhere’, Airbnb, 16 July. Available at: blog.airbnb.com/belong-

anywhere/ (Accessed: 16 December 2016).

Chesky, B. (2016) Watch Brian Chesky’s Airbnb Open Keynote. Available at:

https://press.atairbnb.com/watch-brian-cheskys-airbnb-open-keynote-2/ (Accessed 16 December

2016).

Christensen, C. M., & Raynor, M. E. (2003). The innovator’s solution: Creating and sustaining

successful growth. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Cisco (2016) Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2015–

2020 White Paper. Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-

provider/visual-networking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html (Accessed 16 December

2016).

Dalgic, T. (2005). Handbook of Niche Marketing, Principles and Practice. New York: Taylor &

Francis Inc

Dwyer, L. Edwards, D., Mistilis, N., Roman, C., Scott, N. and Cooper, C. (2008) Megatrends

Underpinning Tourism To 2020 Analysis of Key Drivers for Change, Australia: CRC for Sustainable

Tourism Pty Ltd 2008.

Dyer, J. (2016, February 11). Swedish sex workers are using Airbnb to get around the law |

VICE News. Retrieved February 13, 2016, from https://news.vice.com/article/swedishsex-

16 of 19

Page 17: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

workers-are-using-airbnb-to-get-around-the-law

Fishman, S. (no date). Legal restrictions to renting your home on Airbnb or other rental services.

Available at: http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/legal-restrictions-renting-your-home-airbnb-

other-rental-services.html (Accessed 16 December 2016).

Greenwood, D.J. (1989). Culture By The Pound: An Anthropological Perspective On Tourism As A

Cultural Commoditization. In: Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. 2nd ed. United

States: University of Pennsylvania Press. p.129-138.

Gruen, T.W., Osmonbekov, T., Czaplewski, A.J. (2005). ‘eWOM: The impact of customer-to-

customer online know-how exchange on customer value and loyalty’, Journal of Business

Research, 59(4). pp.449-456

Hsieh, J.K., Hsieh, Y.C, Tang, Y.C. (2012). ‘Exploring the disseminating behaviors of eWOM

marketing: persuasion in online video’, Electronic Commerce Research, 12(2), pp. 201-224.

doi:10.1007/s10660-012-9091-y

Hughes, G. (1995). ‘Authenticity in Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), pp.781-803

Kaplan, R.A., Nadler, M.L. (2015) Airbnb: A Case Study in Occupancy Regulation and Taxation.

Available at: http://www.zenithcitynews.com/030816/U-of-Chicago-Law-Review.pdf (Accessed 15

Dec 2016)

Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Harris, L. and Piercy, N.F. (2013). Principles of Marketing, 6th European

edn. Harlow: Pearson.

Kotler, P., Bowen, J. and Makens, J. (2013). Marketing for hospitality and tourism, 6th edn. Harlow:

Pearson.

Lovelock, C. and Wirtz, J. (2011) Services Marketing, 7th Global edn, Harlow: Pearson.

MacCannell, D. (1976). Staged Authenticity. In: The Tourist. United States: University of California

Press. pp. 91-107.

17 of 19

Page 18: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

McFedries, P. (2013). ‘Hashtag, You’re It’, IEEE Spectrum, 50(4). pp.24-24 doi:

10.1109/MSPEC.2013.6481692

Mosedale, J. (2006) ‘Tourism commodity chains: market entry and their effects on St. Lucia’,

Current Issues in Tourism, 9 (4/5): 436-458

Pietro, L.D., Pantano, E. (2013). ‘Social network influences on young tourists: An exploratory

analysis of determinants of the purchasing intention’, Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing

Practice. 15(1), pp. 4-19

Pike, S. (2008) Destination Marketing, London, New York: Routledge.

Pires, G.D., Stanton, J., Rita, P. (2006) ‘The internet, consumer empowerment and marketing

strategies’, European Journal of Marketing, 40(9/10) pp. 936-949, doi:

10.1108/03090560610680943

Redfoot, D. (1984). ‘Touristic Authenticity, Touristic Angst, and Modern Reality’, Qualitative

Sociology, 7(4), pp. 291-309 doi: 10.1007/BF00987097

Roderick, L. (2016). Airbnb takes on mass tourism, with a “live there” campaign. Available at:

ageofdesign.designweek.co.uk/airbnb-takes-on-mass-tourism-with-aim-to-offer-complete-

experiential-service-proposition/ (Accessed 16 December 2016).

Rosoff, M. (2016). Airbnb is now worth $30 billion. Available at:

http://uk.businessinsider.com/airbnb-raises-850-million-at-30-billion-valuation-2016-8 (Accessed 16

December 2016).

Toop, A, (1992), European Sales Promotion: Great Campaigns in Action, London: Kogan

Page

TruTV (2016). Adam Ruins Everything - Why Your Airbnb May Be ILLEGAL. Available at:

https://youtu.be/n0eTLdQ1cQc (Accessed: 16 December 2016).

Uysal, M., Harrill, R., Woo, E. (2011). Destination Marketing Research: Issues and Challenges. In

Wang and Pizam (eds.) Tourism Destination Marketing and Management: Foundations and

Applications. London: CABI

18 of 19

Page 19: Airbnb marketing strategies

U1435976

Vale, A. (2016) [Interview] How Airbnb’s #LiveintheMovies Twitter Campaign Stole Cinema’s

Biggest Night. Available at: https://audiense.com/social-media-case-study-interview-how-airbnb-

liveinthemovies-twitter-campaign-stole-cinemas-biggest-night-oscars-cannes-lions-winner/

(Acessed 16 December 2016).

Varadarajan, R., Menon, A. (1988). ‘Cause-Related Marketing: A Coalignment of Marketing

Strategy and Corporate Philanthropy’, Journal of Marketing, 52(3), pp. 58-74

Vital, A. (2014). How Airbnb Stared. Available at: http://fundersandfounders.com/how-airbnb-

started/ (Accessed: 16 December 2016).

Vries, L.D., Gensler, S., Leeflang, P.S.H. (2012). ‘Popularity of Brand Posts on Brand Fan Pages:

An Investigation of the Effects of Social Media Marketing’, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(2),

pp. 83-91

Wenjie, C. (2016) “Niche Tourism” [PowerPoint presentation]. TM6010: Niche Marketing For

Events And Leisure. Available at: https://moodle.uel.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=20258 (Accessed

15 Dec 2016)

World Travel Market London (2016) WTM & Travel Perspective: facebook- The future of

Storytelling. Available at: https://youtu.be/PWNGUsZnrJo (Accessed 16 December 2016).

19 of 19