ratom daerqva almanaxs _ aia ?

saqarTvelos arqeologiis nakvalevze

Rvinis sasmisebi saqarTvelos arqeologiuri masalidan

ras mogviTxroben Zveli monetebi

wyalqveSa arqeologia da fasisis saidumlo

gaxseneba

3

4

14

17

22

31

ratom daerqva almanaxs aia?

3

aia _ Zveli saqarTvelos dasavleTi mxaris uZvelesi saxelia. aia-kolxeTi Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT teqstebSi pirvelad Zv. w. VI saukuneSi moixsenieba. is imTaviTve Canda argonavtebis kolxeTSi mogzaurobis uZveles werilobiT versiebSic. aiaSi mefobda mri sxane aieti. iqve misnobda mefe aietis asuli, gonieri da mSvenieri medea. aiaSi anu kolxeTSi, qalaq quTaisSi idga mefe aietis STambeWdavi sasaxle. Zv. w. III saukunis “argonavtikis” avtori apolonios rodoseli aRniSnavs, rom argonavtebi aRma micuravdnen md. fasisze (dRevandeli rioni) “xelmarcxniv iyo maRalmTiani kavkasioni da aias qalaqi quTaia”. qarTvel mecnierebs da ara mxolod maT yovelTvis ainteresebdaT kiTxvebze pasuxi: konkretulad, aia-kolxeTSi sad mdebareobda qalaqi quTaia? ras warmoadgenda Zveli saqarTvelos es mxare Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, kulturuli da politikur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT? aia miTia Tu realoba? swored am kiTxvebze da Zveli saqarTvelos istoria-arqeologiis kidev bevr saintereso sakiTxze popularuli eniT iqneba saubari am almanaxSi, romelsac aia davarqviT. TumcaRa garkveulwilad am kiTxvebze qarTvelma arqeologebma ukve gasces pasuxi, Tundac imiT, rom ukve aRmoaCines miwis safarvelis qveS Zveli namosaxlarebi, TavdacviTi zRudeebi, warCinebul didebulTa gasaocrad mdidruli samarxebi, vercxlisa da brinjaos qandakebebi, oqromWedlobis iSviaTi da Taviseburi nimuSebi, mravalricxovani natifi WurWeli da sxv. rac Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis TvalsaCino da utyuari mowmobaa. qarTveli arqeologebi kvlavac gaagrZeleben saqarTvelos teritoriis kvlevas. jerjerobiT ucnobia kidev ra axal aRmoCenas mogvitans madliani qarTuli miwa, kidev riT gamdidrdeba Cveni erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreoba. jerjerobiT saqarTvelos teritoriis mxolod nawilia arqeologiurad Seswavlili. qarTvel arqeologebs win aqvT mZime da Sromatevadi samuSaoebi Casatarebeli. qarTvel arqeologTa monapovari udidesi materialuri wyaroa saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis Sesaswavlad. wminda mecnierulis garda is didi patriotul-ideologiuri Zalis matarebelia. Cveni kulturuli memkvidreoba siamayis grZnobiT aRavsebs saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes. qarTuli arqeologiisaTvis gamarTuli materialur-teqnikuri bazaa saWiro. am bazis ganmtkicebaSi ki didi roli unda iTamaSos axal fexadgmulma qarTulma biznesma da sxvadasxva samTavrobo Tu sazogadoebrivma fondebma.

arqeologia kacobriobis istorias miwis wiaRSi da wyalqveS mikvleuli nivTieri kulturis Zeglebis saSualebiT Seiswav-lis. „arqeologia” Zveli berZnuli sity-vaa. Tanamedrove arqeologia saistorio mecnierebaa, romelsac kvlevis sakuTari meTodi da Teoria aqvs. niadagSi arqe-ologiis kvlevis sagania „kulturuli fena”, romelic adamianis, sazogadoe-bis moqmedebis nivTier nakvalevs Sei-cavs (samosaxlo, samarovani; SeiaraReba, samkauli, keramika, sakulto inventari da sxv.). calkeuli epoqebis kulturul fenas Sesabamisi istoria aqvs.

„arqeologiuri kultura” niSnavs erT garkveul teritoriaze erTnairi da Tanadrouli nivTebis, araqeologiuri Zeglebis erTobliobas. maTi Seswavlis safuZvelze xdeba istoriul-sociolo-giuri analizi da kacobriobis, calkeuli sazogadoebis ganvlili etapebis rekon-struqcia-aRdgena.

evropaSi arqeologia, rogorc mec-niereba, XIX saukuneSi Caisaxa. Semdgom arqeologiiT gatacebam sayovelTao xa siaTi miiRo. gaTxrebi msoflios mraval qveyanaSi tardeboda.

saqarTveloSi Zveli nivTebis koleq-cionerobas didi xnis istoria aqvs. am siZveleebis Seswavlisa da maTi istoria-sTan dakavSirebis cda ki gaci lebiT gvian moxda. Sua saukuneebSi Zveli nivTebis sacavi qarTvel mefeTa karze iyo. sulxan-saba orbeliani romis muzeumis daTva-lierebisas ixsenebs, rom amgvari nivTebis sacavi mas unaxavs mefe vaxtang VI karze,

d. meRvineTuxucesiSvili (1815-1878)

pirveli arqeologiuri gaTxra, romelic

mecnierul miznebs isaxavda, Catarda 1852

wlis zafxulSi, q.goridan daaxloebiT

TxuTmetiode kilometriT dacilebul

naqalaqar ufliscixeSi. aq gaTxrebs

awarmoebda saqarTvelos arqeologiis

pioneri dimitri konstantines Ze

meRvineTuxucesiSvili (1815-1878 ww.).

samwuxarod d. meRvineTuxucesiSvilis

Sesaxeb Zalze cota cnobebia Semonaxuli,

rac aZnelebs am pirovnebaze sruli

warmodgenis Seqmnas. misi Tanamedroveebis

azriT, `dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvili

niWieri kaci iyo da saqarTvelos istoriis

didi mcodne da amaRorZinebeli; igi, sadac

ki SeeZlo, yvelgan cdilobda saqarTvelos

istoriis sasargeblod. bevri sxva da sxva

samecniero, saistorio da saarqeologio

sazogadoebaTa wevri iyo~ (ix. Jur.

`saqarTvelos kalendari~, tfilisi, 1895,

gv. 491).

d. meRvineTuxucesiSvilma aRwera da

Seiswavla mravali sayuradRebo Zveli

Zegli, Seagrova da STamomavlobas

dautova ara-erTi mniSvnelovani

xelnaweri Tu nivTi. erT-erT werilSi

d. meRvineTuxucesiSvili aRniSnavs: “me

msurs, rac saqarTveloSi Zveli eklesiaa

Tu monasteri, jvari, xati da razedac Zveli

warwerilobaa, yvela aRvwero TviToeulad

da naweric egreT gardmoviRo”.

s a q a r T v e l o s a r q e o l o g i i s n a k v a l e v z e

5

`salaroSi~. sacav-salaros TbilisSi, sadac samefo xazinasTan erTad inaxeboda miwaSi napovni nivTebic, kerZod, Zveli monetebi da iaraR-saWurveli, moixseniebs Teimuraz bagrationic. igi iqve dasZens, rom, samwuxarod, 1795 wels sparselebis mier saqarTvelos dedaqalaq Tbilisis aReba-dangrevisas mefis sasaxle da mas-Tan erTad es sacavic daurbeviaT da gau-ZarcvavT.

XIX saukunemde saqarTveloSi siZveleTa Seswavlas fragmentuli xasiaTi hqonda. SemogvrCa mxolod kantikunti cnobebi zogierTi Zeglis Sesaxeb. es cnobebi sainteresoa Tavisi aRwerilobiTi xasia-TiT, radgan zogierTi Zegli SemdgomSi an sul ganadgurda, an dazianda da saxe icvala. siZveleTa aRwera gvxvdeba jer kidev sulxan-saba orbelianis, vaxuSti bagrationisa da Teimuraz bagrationis TxzulebebSi, agreTve ucxoel mogzau-rTa nawerebSi: arqanjelo lambertis, kristoforo de kastelis, frederik diubua de monperes, iohan anton giul-denStedtisa da sxv.

XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi siZveleTa Ses-wavla SedarebiT ufro sistemur xasiaTs iRebs. jer kidev 1837 wels saqarTvelos statistikurma komitetma miaqcia yura-dReba istoriuli Zeglebis aRricxva-dacvis saqmes da saamisod Seadgina spe-cialuri instruqcia-miTiTeba, romelic saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi gaavrceles. masSi yuradReba yorRanebis an msgavsi siZveleebis gamovlena-aRnusxvaze iyo gamaxvilebuli. am instruqciis Sedge-naSi monawileobdnen n. falavandiSvili da m. WilaSvili, romlebic statistikur komitetSi msaxurobdnen. m.WilaSvili siZveleTa dacva-SeswavlisaTvis Sem-dgomSic iRvwoda da aqtiurobda. misT-vis, rogorc saxelmwifo statistikuri

komitetis TanamSromlisa da siZveleTa aRnusxva-dacvis Sesaxeb instruqciis erT-erTi SemdgenlisaTvis, kargad iyo cnobili siZveleTa Seswavlis maSindeli mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi.

XIX saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis saqarT-veloSi 1832 wlis erovnul-ganmanTavisu-flebel gamosvlas moyolili represiebis Sedegad Camkvdari kulturuli cxovreba ramdenadme gamococxlda. daarsda samec-niero sazogadoebebi; gaixsna muzeumi, biblioTeka; daiwyo perioduli gamoceme-bis dastambva, sadac samecniero statie-bic ibeWdeboda. am periodul gamocemebSi xSirad naxmar sityva “arqeologias” maSin sakmaod farTo, mravlismomcveli mniS-vneloba hqonda, igi friad modur sityvad iqca. gamoqveynebul werilebSi arqeologi-uri masalis Seswavla da fiqsireba xSirad SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebda. am masalis aRwera umetesad CarTulia an areul-gadax-larTulia sabunebismetyvelo da eTnolo-giur-folklorul monacemebTan. sityva “arqeologiaSi” maSin ZiriTadad igulisx-meboda yovelgvar siZveleTa (wignebis, eklesia-monastrebis, xatebis, epigrafi-kuli Zeglebis da sxv.) aRwera-Seswavla, xolo miwisqveSa Zeglebis kvlevas ki ufro naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. es bunebrivic aris, radgan im dros arqeologia, rogorc mecniereba, jer kidev ar iyo Camoyalibe-buli dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT. erT-erTi pirveli sazogadoeba, romelmac ram-denadme miaqcia yuradReba saqarTvelos siZveleebs, iyo geografiuli sazogadoeba. is 1850 wels gaixsna TbilisSi. pirvelsave sxdomaze sxva sakiTxebTan erTad aRiniSna, rom daarsebulma sazogadoebam unda Seqm-nas muzeumi da arqivi. misi aqtiuri wevrebi iyvnen: r. erisTavi, p. ioseliani, d. yifiani, g. orbeliani, g. erisTavi, a.berJe, m. Wi laS-vili da sxv.

axlad daarsebulma sazogadoebam gada-wyvita TbilisSi muzeumis mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebis wevrebisaT-vis daevalebina eqsponatebis Segroveba-katalogizeba da sakvlev eqspediciebSi

monawileoba. muzeumi gaixsna 1852 wlis gazafxulze. misi imdroindeli adgil-samyofeli iyo dRevandel al. WavWavaZis quCaze mdgomi saxli. es iyo pirveli muzeumi maSindel kavkasiaSi. TbilisSi daarsebuli muzeumi Sedgeboda eTnologiuri, sabune-bismetyvelo da istoriuli ganyofilebe-bisagan. 1854 wlisaTvis muzeumi ukve 3300 eqsponats iTvlida. muzeumis saistorio-arqeologiuri koleqciebi Seavso miwis wiaRSi aRmoCenilma bevrma eqsponatma. aq Tavi moiyara didi raodenobiT numizmati-kurma masalam, saWurvel-iaraRis nivTebma, samkaulebma da sxv.

1863 wels geografiuli sazogadoebis muzeumi daiSala. misi koleqciebi gad-aeca TbilisSi axlad gaxsnil kavkasiis muzeums. am muzeumsac, iseve rogorc mis winamorbeds, ufro eTnologiur-sabuneb-ismetyvelo xasiaTi hqonda. magram aq arc istoria-arqeologia iyo daviwyebuli.

muzeumis damaarsebeli iyo geografi-uli sazogadoebis erT-erTi aqtiuri wevri platon ioseliani (1809-1875 ww.), romelmac Tavis droze sayuradRebo qarTvelologiuri gamokvlevebi Seqmna. kerZod, CvenTvis friad sainteresoa misi istoriul-arqeologiuri xasiaTis Sromebi, sadac igi exeba saqarTveloSi qalaqebis warmoSobis sakiTxebs. Tavisi mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad p.ioselians mcire masStabis dazverviTi gaTxrebi uwarmoebia dRevandel sof. Jinval-Tan Zveli naqalaqaris adgilze. mas aq aRmouCenia da gauTxria riyis qvis nage-bobis naSTebi; moupovebia keramikisa da liTonis nivTebis natexebi (samwuxarod, ufro dawvri lebiTi cnobebi am gaTxrebis Sesaxeb ar SemorCenila).

jer kidev 1844 wels (e.i. gacilebiT ufro adre, vidre mcxeTa miiqcevda sayovelTao yuradRebas) p.ioseliani Tavis erT-erT naSromSi werda, rom mcxeTaSi aris bevri nangrevi, romelic jer aravis Seuswav-liao.

1867 wels mcxeTaSi (sarkinigzo xidis maxloblad, md. mtkvris napirze) gzis rekonstruqciasTan dakavSirebiT miwis samuSaoebis dros SemTxveviT aRmoCnda ax.w. 75 wels amokveTili qvaTlili warwe-riT. Semdgom wlebSi mcxeTaSive samTav-

dimitri baqraZe (1826-1890 ww.)

dimitri zaqarias Ze baqraZe “kavkasiis

arqeologiis moyvarulTa sazogado-ebis”

erT-erTi damaarsebeli da aqtiuri moRvawe

iyo.

d.baqraZe saqarTvelos istoriis sakiT-

xebze muSaobis erT-erT mTavar gzad

saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa da

masalebis Ziebas Tvlida. mas, sruliad

samarTlianad, miaCnda, rom saqarTve-

los istoriisaTvis masalebis Segroveba

ZiriTadad istoriul-arqeologiuri

kvleva-Ziebis SemweobiT unda momxdariyo.

amitom d. baqraZe awarmoebda kvlevaZiebas

svaneTSi, aWaraSi, guriaSi, mesxeT-

javaxeTSi, samegreloSi, saingiloSi da sxv.

es istoriul-arqeologiuri mogzaurobebi

d.baqraZis mier SemuSavebuli saerTo

gegmis nawils Seadgenda. misi saerTo

didi mizani mTlianad saqarTvelos

siZveleebis Seswavla iyo. am miznis

miRweva, bunebrivia, marto erTi mecnieris

Zalebs aRemateboda. amitom saWiro

Seiqmna garkveuli samecniero Zalebis

gaerTianeba. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi

moRvawe mecnierebi karga xnis ganmavlobaSi

araorganizebulad, magram mainc didi

gulisyuriT krebdnen da swavlobdnen

saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovan

masalebs. amitom iyo, rom arqeologiis

moyva-rulTa sazogadoebis daarsebis

ideas mowinave sazogadoeba sixaruliTa da

aRtacebiT Sexvda. dainteresebul wreebSi

ukve sakmaod kargad icnobdnen qarTvel

mecnier-moRvaweebis - p.ioselianis,

s.baraTa-Svilis, r.erisTavis, d. yifianis,

g.orbelianis, d.baqraZis da sxvaTa

saqmianobas, rac naTlad Canda maSindel

saqarTveloSi gamocemuli perioduli

gamocemebis furclebze.

7

ros velze da bebriscixis midamoebSi isev SemTxveviT - aRmoCnda uZvelesi samarxebi. am aRmoCenebma gamoiwvia xelisuflebis daintereseba mcxeTiT da 1871 wels Tbi-lisSi mcxovreb naturalist fridrix bai-erns sTxoves samTavros mindorze gaTxre-bis warmoeba. aq gaiTxara qvis filebisagan Semdgari samarxe bi. amoRebul iqna kera-mika, liTonis iaraRebi, samkaulebi da sxv. xsenebulma nivTebma Semdeg kavkasiis muzeumis fondebi Seavso. marTalia, arc savele samuSaoebi Catarebula saTanado doneze da arc ganaTxaris istoriuli gaazreba momxdara sworad, magram TviT arqeologiurma masalam sazogadoebrio-bis didi interesi gamoiwvia. 1885 wels q.berlinSi daistamba fr.baiernis naS-romi, romelSic sxvebTan erTad ganxilu-lia samTvros velis samarxebic.

mcxeTis am arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Semdeg kavkasiisadmi, da, kerZod, saqarT-velosadmi istorikos-arqeologTa inte-resi kidev ufro gaizarda. amitom 1872 wels TbilisSi Seiqmna kavkasiis arqeolo-giuri komiteti, romelsac istoriul-arqeologiuri samuSaoebis koordina-cia unda moexdina kavkasiaSi. komitetis saqmianobis Sesaxeb cnobebi ibeWdeboda specialur JurnalSi, romelic gamo-dioda TbilisSi 1872-1873 ww. aq moyva-nili cnobebi ZiriTadad qristianuli eklesiebis aRwerilobebs Seicavs. male es komiteti SeuerTda `kavkasiis arqe-ologiis moyvarulTa sazogadoebas~, romelic daarsda 1873 wels q. TbilisSi.

`kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvarulTa sazogadoebis~ daarsebas win uZRoda garkveuli samzadisi. kerZod, 1873 wels Jurnal `ciskarSi~ (#3-4) gamoqveynda d.baqraZis statia, romliTac qarTvel mkiTxvels saSualeba mieca gascnoboda Tavis samSobloSi arqeologiuri kvle-va-Ziebis perspeqtivebs. statiis saTau-ria — `Sesaxeb kavkasiis arqeologiis mosiyvarule sazogadoebisa, romlis dafuZnebasac apireben tfilisSi~. dasaw-yisSi saubaria saqarTvelos da, saerTod, kavkasiis regionis istoriul-arqeologi-uri Seswavlis aucileblobaze; am mxaris geografiuli mdebareobis mniSvnelobaze qveynis istoriuli ganviTarebisaTvis; Sefasebulia istoriuli Zeglebis war-werebis adgili qveynis warsulis Ses-

wavlaSi. Semdeg is aRniSnavs, rom arqeo-logias CvenTanac mieqca yurad Reba da gadawyvetilia arqeologiuri sazoga-doebis Seqmna, raTa `moiyvanon cnobaSi Zvelni saxsovarni, akldamebis gaTxra, sadaca moipovebian Zvelis droebis kvdar-Tan Catanebuli nivTebi, zed warwerebis Sekreba da ra moiyvanos yvela es cnobaSi, gaavrcelon es cnobebi xalxSi. am arqe-ologiis Sewevna aRedgina karga Zvelis, didi xnis gamqralis xalxebis mdgomare-oba kavkasiis mxares, am azrs jer aqomamde ar Sexebian, Tumca amas, qveynis zurg-zed, arqeologiis mxriv TiTqmis uWiravs pirvel adgilTagani~. iqve: `es saxso-varni marto TvalsaCinarni ki ar arian, ramdenni arian daflulni TviT miwaSi, rogorc gvarwmunebs, mcxeTa, sadac, ra gadaTxares akldamebi, ramdeni Rirs Ses-aniSnavi Zvelis drosani, aRmoCndnen~. rac aRmoaCines, iRupeba haeris Sexebisgano SeSfoTebulia d.baqraZe. mas agreTve awuxebs is, rom xalxi Zveli nangreve-bis qvebs xmarobs samSeneblo masalad da amiT zians ayenebs Zeglebs; igi Tvlis, rom arqeologiuri sazogadoebis Seqmna amitomac aris saWiro sazogadoebam unda `... moiyvanos cnobaSi Rirs saxsovarni Senobebi; gaufrTxildes, aravin waaxdi-nos, fotografiebiT gadmoiRos isini da imaTi mxatvroba; gadmoweros zed warwe-

8

interesis mqone pirT fuladi premiiT dajildoebas hpirdeboda. wesdebaSi aRniSnuli iyo isic, rom yvela samecniero Sroma gadaece moda sajaro biblioTekas, xolo arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masala gadavidoda muzeumSi.

sazogadoeba beWdavda Sromebis krebuls. amgvarad, TbilisSi gamoica 1875 wels sazogadoebis pirveli wigni. wignSi dai-beWda sazogadoebis oqmebi da samecniero statiebi. sazogadoebis ZiriTadi wevri samocamde kaci iyo. is arsebobda sawev-roebis, saqvelmoqmedo SemowirulobaTa xarjze. finansuri xelmokleobis gamo sazogadoebam ver moaxerxa Tavisi saqmia-nobis farTod gaSla. mas arqeologiuri gaTxrebi TiTqmis ar uwarmoebia da Semois-azRvra ZiriTadad miwiszeda istoriuli Zeglebis aRwera-publikaciiT; gamoica sazogadoebis Sromebis ori krebuli. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvarulTa sazogadoebis damsaxureba q. TbilisSi arqeologiuri konferenciis Catarebis saqmeSi. es arqeo-logiuri sazogadoeba TbilisSi arqe-ologTa am konferenciis Catarebis erT-erTi iniciatori da organizatori iyo.

1873 wels kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvar-ulTa sazogadoebis gaxsnis dRes, kavka-siaSi arqeologiuri kvlevaZiebis per-speqtivebis Sesaxeb mokle mimoxilviTi moxseneba gakeTda. Semdeg es moxseneba daibeWda sazogadoebis pirvel krebulSi. aRiniSna, rom saWiro iyo SavizRvispire-Tis arqeologiuri Seswavla, radgan aq aRmoCnda iseTi saintereso nagebobebi, rogoric dolmenebia. aqve aRiniSna sox-umis, foTis da biWvinTis midamoebis arqeologiuri Seswavlis aucilebloba, Semdeg CamoTvales istoriuli Zeglebi, romelTa Seswavlac sasurvelad miaCn-daT. esenia: dasavleT saqarTveloSi bedia-noqalaqevi, fasis-foTi, ozur-geTi, quTaisi, varcixe, oni, xoni, Sora-pani; aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi - surami, awyuri, oZrxe, Tmogvi, axalcixe, axal-gori, kaspi, bolnisi, dmanisi, mcxeTa, Jin-vali, gremi, nekresi, ujarma, Weremi da sxv. aqve iyo dasmuli sakiTxi kavkasiis mxaris arqeologiuri rukis Sedgenis Sesaxeb.

konferenciaze aRiniSna, rom saqarT-veloSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Catare-

rebiT; Seisyidos, sadaca hpovebs, Zveli fulebi, oqmebi, manuskriptebi da imis-Tana nivTebi, romelnica warmogvidgnen Zvelis drois saxsovarsa; gaaTxrevinos is akldamebi, sadaca dainaxavs saWirod”.

rogorc vxedavT, am statiaSi momavali arqeologiuri sazogadoebebisaTvis dasaxulia friad progresuli azrebiT gamsWvaluli programa; dasmulia sakiTxi ZeglTa dacvis, grafikuli fiqsaciis, aRweris, Sesyidvis da gaTxris Sesaxeb.

rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, 1873 wlis 23 marts damtkicda “kavkasiis arqeo-logiis moyvarulTa sazogadoebis” wes-deba. daadgines, rom am sazogadoebis cen-tri iqneboda q.TbilisSi da misi miza ni iyo Zveli nagebobebisa da, saerTod, siZveleTa gadarCena dangreva-ganadgure-bisagan. sazogadoebas SeZlebisdagvarad unda SeeZina siZveleebi mosaxleobisa-gan, TviTonac moepovebina masalebi da yovelive es mecnierulad Seeswavla. amg-vari Seswavlis Sedegebi TiToeul wevrs unda moexsenebina krebaze. sazogadoebis wesdebaSi aRniSnulia, rom is moawyobs eqspediciebs da awarmoebs gaTxrebs. sazogadoeba imdenad mondomebuli iyo siZveleTa arqeologiuri Seswavla inten-siurad Catarebuliyo, rom saqmisadmi

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bis Sesaxeb sakiTxi pirvelad 1856 wels m. WilaSvilma aRZra, magram amas praqti-kuli saqmianoba ar mohyolia. mxolod mcxeTis da SemdgomSi 1873 wels sof. urbnisis gaTxrebia maTTvis cnobili. konferencii saTvis ucnobia da gamorCaT 1852 wels d. meRvineTuxucesiSvilis mier ufliscixeSi warmoebuli arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi.

arqeologiis moyvarulTa sazogadoebis erT-erT Sekrebaze moxsenebiT gamovida d. baqraZe. man ilaparaka imaze, Tu rogor unda ganviTarebuliyo saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis saqme; yura-dReba gaamaxvila momavali gaTxrebis obieqtebze da imaze, Tu sad unda movelo-deT ukeTes Sedegebs. d. baqraZem wa mo a ye - na winadadeba, rom im etapze upiratesad unda Seswavliliyo kavkasiis adreuli epoqebi, radgan maT Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro cota informacia hqondaT. Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebis gamoyenebiT man mogvca Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros istoriul-arqeologiuri mimoxilva. Sem-deg igi sagangebod aRniSnavs or punqts - mcxe Tasa da vaSnars. am punqtebSi, misi azriT, arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba Zalian nayo fieri da saqarTvelos istoriisaT-vis bevris momcemi iqneboda. 1874 wels d.baqraZes am mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad sof. vaSnarTan (guriaSi) Cautarebia arqe-ologiuri dazvervebi. gaTxrebis Sedegad mas moupovebia keramikis, minis, rkinis da brinjaos nivTebi. mas aqve unaxavs nagebo-

bis naSTebi, kerZod, marmarilos svetis nawilebi, aguri, kramiti.

d. baqraZis xan grZli vi istoriul-arqe o-lo giuri kvlevis Sedegi iyo misi monogra-fia - “kavkasiis Zveli qristianuli Zeglebi”, romelic daibeWda kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvarulTa sazogadoebis krebulSi. naS-romSi mocemulia ZiriTadad saqarTvelos qristianuli Zeglebis aRwe riloba da kvle-vis Sedegebi. axlavs mecnieruli analizi, miTiTebulia wyaroebi, romelTa safuZ-velzec daiwera gamo kvleva. TiToeuli Zeglis aRweras win uZRvis mokle mxareTm-codneobiTi mimoxilva im regionisa, sadac es Zegli mdebareobs. am naSromSi gamoto-vebuli ar aris arcerTi umniSvnelovanesi Zegli. d. baqraZisaTvis Zeglis daTariRe-bisas mTavaria misi arqiteqturuli stili. naSromSi samasocamde Zeglia aRwerili da Seswavlili.

d. baqraZe erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, romelic cdilobda saqarTvelos isto-riis kvlevisas gamoeyenebina axlad aRmo-Cenili arqeologiuri masala. mas kargad esmoda, rom saqarTvelos istoriis uZve-lesi xanis Sesaswavlad arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba iyo saWiro. igi Tavis naS-romSi “istoria saqarTvelosi” aRniSnavs, rom “... istoriis winadroTa arqeologia rom Cven gamokvleuli gvqondes, SeiZleba imaT yofacxovrebas, damoki de bulebas erTisa meoresTan da ucxo tomnaTesave-b Tan SevxebiyaviT; magram am SemTxvevaSi Zalian naklulada varT”. iqve: “ueWvelia, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi, imereTSi, mesxeTSi da Savi zRvis pirad unda aRmoCndes mravali Zveli nivTeuloba, romelic naTels mohfens Cvens warsuls saukunoebsa”.

kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvarulTa sazoga-doeba d. baqraZis aqtiuri mona wi leobiT aRnusxavda da uyuradRebod ar tovebda kavkasiis teritoriaze SemTxveviT arqe-ologiur aRmoCenaTa arcerT faqts. amg-varad aRinusxa axalcixisken md. kurcxanis da ocxis SesarTavTan saxlis saZirkvelis Txris dros aRmoCenili sami moTeTro feris patara doqi; sof. ninowmindaSi SemTxveviT napovni spilenZis maxvili; artanujis cix-esTan mopovebuli brinjaos zari da Tixis qoTani. am zars asomTavruli warwera hqonda; sof. saguramoSi da sof. urbnisTan 1876 wels SemTxveviT upoviaT Tixis sarkofagebi. urb-

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cxlis nivTebi, brinjaos samajurebi, beWdebi da rkinis Subispirebi. gamTxre-lis azriT, es adgili unda yofiliyo salocavi, sadac swiravdnen sxvadasxva nivTebs. yazbegis garda arqeologiurad daizvera md. snos xeoba. kerZod, sof. juTaSi gaiTxara sami samarxi, romlebSic aRmoCnda rkinis isrispirebi, brinjaos sasafeTqle rgolebi, brinjaos da rkinis samajurebi da sxva.

1879 wels yazbegSive gaiTxara sacdeli Txrili, sadac aRmoCnda sami samarxi da maTi mimdebare kulturuli fenebi. aq upoviaT oqros, vercxlis, brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebi. 1882 wels daba yazbegis Crdilo-eTiT, md. Tergis xeobaSi sof. gveleTTan aRmoCenila Zveli nivTebi, romlebic Sem-dgom moxvda s.-peterburgis ermitaJSi.

erT-erTi sayuradRebo arqeologi-uri Zegli, romelmac adreve, kerZod, 1876 wels miiqcia Zveli istoriiT dain-teresebul pirTa yuradReba, aris vani (mdeba reobs md. suloris da md. rionis SesarTavis maxloblad). 1876 wels gazeT “droebaSi” (#52) aRniSnulia sof. saCinos (vani) axvledianebis goraze samarxeb-isa da oqros sxvadasxva nivTebis xSiri aRmoCenebis faqtebi. aqve gamoTqmulia azri - “rogorc Cans, didi simdidre unda iyos am goraSi. vin icis, ramdeni isto-riis masalebi aris napovni da patrone-bis ucodinarobisagan daRupula da ramdeni kvlav ipoveba am goraSi”. vanSi napovnma calkeulma sagnebma Tavi iCina jer kidev 1848 wels, roca q. quTaisSi gavliT myof cnobil qarTvelologs m. broses saCuqrad vanSi napovni TxuTme-tiode santimetris simaRlis mamakacis qandakeba miarTves. saCuqari m. broses s.-peterburgSi gada ugzavnia (nivTi amJamad dakargulia).

1880 wels mwerals da sazogado moRvawes giorgi wereTels (1842-1900 ww.) vanSi napovni nivTebis Sesaxeb informacia miu-wodebia arqeologiuri konferenciis mosamzadebeli komitetisaTvis. erT-gvarad amis Sedegic iyo albaT is, rom 1889 wels vanSi, axvledianebis goraze arqeologiuri sazogadoebis davalebiT mcire gaTxrebi Catarda. aq gauTxriaT ramdeni me samarxi, upoviaT liTonis nivTebi da keramikuli naSTebi.

nisSive monetebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb cno-bas gvawvdis p. ioseliani. TbilisSi qalTa gimnaziisaTvis fundamentis gaWris dros upoviaT monetebis ganZi.

mcxeTis Semdeg im periodSi, arqeologi-uri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze didi interesi yazbegis uZvelesma nivTebma gamoiwvia. am punqtma da misma mimdebare terito-riam ukve XIX s. samociani wlebidan miiq-cia siZveleebis mkvlevarTa yuradReba SemTxveviT napovni Zveli nivTebiT. cno-bilia gaTxrebis Sedegad mikvleuli didi raodenobiT arqeologiuri masala daba yazbegTan (sof. stefanwminda), romelic amJamad inaxeba s. peterburgis ermitaJis arqeologiur fondebSi.

daba yazbegSi, axlandeli al. yazbegis saxl-muzeumis gverdiT, saxlis saZirkv-lis Txrisas 1877 wels, upovniaT brin-jaos nivTebi - sakinZeebi, samajurebi, sxi-vana sayure, oqros balTa, pastis mZivebi, brinjaos jaWvis nawyvetebi, vercxlis Tasi, spilenZis situla, sul orasamde sxvadasxva nivTi.

amave adgilis momijnave farTobi 1878 wels gaiTxara; aRmoCnda oqrosa da ver-

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g. wereTels 1878-80-ian wlebSi arqeolo-giuri dazver vebi Cautarebia da mouxi-lavs mRvimevis gamoqvabuli (md. yviri-las xeobaSi daba saCxeresa da q. WiaTuras Soris); saCxe resTanve, cixe modinaxes goris ferdobze unaxavs samarxebis naS-Tebi. aq yofila keramikisa da liTonis nivTebi; md. yvirilas xeobaSi Sorapnis cixesTan unaxavs Tixis Zveli wyalsadenis naSTebi; sof. SorapanTan, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis gadmocemiT, rkinig-zis xazis gayvanisas muSebs SemTxveviT upoviaT samarxebi; q. quTaisSi, md. rionis napirTan, axlandeli wiTeli xidis axlos aRmoCnda Zveli abano; bagratis taZris CrdiloeTiT SemTxveviT unaxavT samarxis naSTebi.

quTaisSive, axlandeli bazris midamoebSi, sadac winaT baRi yofila gaSenebuli, aRmoCnda keramikis naSTebi. g. wereTelsve Seutyvia, rom sof. cixisZirTan, kvirikes goraze safortifikacio nagebobis mSe-neblobis dros upoviaT marmarilos sarkofagi warweriT.

1880 wels foTi-Tbilisis rkinigzis xazze sof. Wognarsa da sadgur ajameTs Soris miwis samuSaoebisas aRmoCnda ori Zveli namosaxlari gora (adgili nasajvarevi). aq, kulturul fenebSi dadasturda kera-mikuli nawarmi; liTonis iaraRi: culebi, danebi, isrispirebi, brinjaos samajurebi da sxv.

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi q. soxumSi yofila mcire arqeologiur-mxareTm-codneobiTi muzeumi, romelic Semdeg omis safrTxesTan dakavSirebiT qveynis Sida raionebSi gadautaniaT.

daaxloebiT amave dros q. soxumSi Cau-tarebiaT afxazeTis zedapiruli mxareT-mcodneobiTi gamokvleva; unaxavT Zveli dioskuriisa da pitiuntis nangrevebi. amis Sesaxeb miuwodebiaT cnoba afxazeTis siZveleebze arqeologiuri konferenciis mosamzadebeli komitetisaTvis. cnobaSi aRniSnulia arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT saintereso adgilebi. esenia: q. soxumis sanapiro dRevandeli sazRvao portis CrdiloeTiT, sadac zRvis napirze pou-lobdnen xolme Zvirfas nivTebs; inkitis tbis sanapiro, biWvinTis teritoria, md. webeldis xeoba.

1880 wels sof. diRomTan, iq sadac diRmiswyali uerTdeba md. mtkvars, mcire gaTxrebi awarmoes. am adgilze napovn siZveleebs jer kidev 1866 wels miuqce-via yuradReba. nanaxi nivTebis mixedviT ga moiTqva azri, rom isini samTavros (mcxe Tis) samarxebis monapovars hgavda. xsenebul teritoriaze gaiTxara TerT-meti samarxi. maTSi ZiriTadad vercxlis samkaulebi da Tixis WurWeli aRmoCnda.

1881 wels “kavkasiis arqeologiis moy-varulTa sazogadoeba” usaxsrobis gamo daiSala. 1881 wlis 28 noembers am sazoga-doebis yofili wevrebi gaerTiandnen “kavkasiis istoriisa da arqeologiis sazogadoebaSi”. am axali sazogadoebis wesdebis mixedviT gafarTovda misi moR-vaweobis are. sazogadoebas unda Sees-wavla kavkasiis istoria, upiratesad misi istoriis werilobiTi da nivTieri wyaroebi; SesaZleblobis farglebSi unda daecva es istoriuli Zegl-wyaroebi ganadgurebisagan; gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli an mosaxleobisagan Sesyi-duli Zveli nivTebi bardeboda kavkasiis muzeums (axla, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi), xolo Zveli xelnawerebi Tbili-sis sajaro biblioTekas.

am axali sazogadoebis daarsebis erT-erTi iniciatori iyo istorikosi d. baqraZe, romelic 1886 wlamde xelmZR-

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vanelobda mas. 1881-1885 wlebis ganmav-lobaSi moxerxda naSromebis ori tomis gamocema. aq gamoqveynebuli Zeglebidan dRevandeli arqeologiis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa ramdenime punqti, sadac moupovebiaT zedapiruli arqeologi-uri masala. esenia: axalcixe, axalqalaqi, so xumi, axali aToni, xucubani, anakofia.

male sazogadoebis Sromebis meore kre-bulis gamosvlis Semdeg “kavkasiis isto-riis da arqeologiis sazogadoeba” mis winamorbed “kavkasiis arqeologiis moy-varulTa sazogadoebasaviT” usaxsrobis gamo daiSala. miuxedavad am sazogadoebis daSlisa, saqar Tvelos siZveleebisadmi interesi mainc ar iklebda. amas mowmobs troisa da mikenis aRmomCenis da gamTxre-lis henrix Slimanis daintereseba saqar-Tve los SavizRvispireTiT (Zveli kol-xeTi) saberZneTis istoriasTan kavSirSi (argonavtebis ambavi). h. Slimans 1883 wels arqeologiuri komisiisaTvis saqarT-veloSi arqeo lo giuri gaTxrebis Catare-bis nebarTva uTxovia, magram misTvis uari uTqvamT.

eq. TayaiSvilis TqmiT, 1887 wels, roca igi ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi dabrunda, TiTqmis sul mitovebuli daxvda arqeolo-giuri kvlevaZieba. am mxriv mxolod 1889 weli gamoirCeva, roca mcxeTis siZveleebma isev miiqcia yuradReba. uZvelesi nivTebi imJamad bagineTTan aRmoCnda. bagineTSi nivTebis aRmoCenis faqts yuradReba miaq-cies ilia WavWavaZem da dimitri baqraZem. am

ukanasknels xnovanebis gamo TviTon aRar SeeZlo gaTxrebis meTvalyureoba da Tavze dadgoma; amitom gaTxrebis warmoeba bagi-neTSi daavala eq. TayaiSvils. bagineTTan muSaoba sul sami kviris ganmavlobaSi mim-dinareobda, xolo Semdeg usaxsrobis gamo Sewyda. gaTxrebi, xan mokleobis miu xedavad, saintereso da sayu ra dRebo gamodga. gai-Txara nageboba, sadac dadasturda sami sxva da sxva xanis fena. nage bo bis nangrevebSi aRmo Cnda qvaTlilebi, alizi, marmarilos natexebi, minisa da Tixis WurWlis naS-Tebi, spilenZis naSTebi, spilenZis culi. nagebobis SemorCenil kedelze gamoxat-uli yofila qalis Tavi (amJamad inaxeba xelovnebis muzeumSi). bagineTSi muSaobis xelmZRvaneloba qarTvelologiis swo-rupovari mkvlevaris da didi mamuliSvi-lis akademikos eqvTime TayaiSvilisaTvis (1863-1953 ww.) erT-erTi pirveli arqeolo-giuri gaTxra iyo.

mcxeTis am gaTxrebidan moyolebuli saqrTveloSi arqeologiur kvlevaZiebas saTaveSi udgeba eqTime TayaiSvili. ker-Zod, sadgur mcxeTis dasa vleTiT, arma-zisxevis maxloblad, Txris fi laqviT nageb samar xe bs, romlebSic aRmo Cnda yel-sabamebi, beW debi, sayureebi, samajurebi, minis naSTebi da WurWlis natexebi. samar-xebi eq. TayaiSvilma ax.w. I-VI sau kuneebiT daaTariRa.

1896 wels eq. TayaiSvils dasavleT saqar-TveloSive sof. sajavaxosTan (md. rio-nis marcxena mxares _ axla samtrediis r-nSi). da sof. xucubanTan (md. kintri-Sis marjvena napirze _ axla qobuleTis r-nSi) Cautarebia arqeologiuri dazver-vebi. sof. xucubnis SemTxveviTma arqe-ologiurma napovnebma jer kidev 1879 wels miiqcia yuradReba, ramac gamoiwvia am punqtisadmi eq. TayaiSvilis interesi. dasaxelebul punqtSi eq. TayaiSvils miukvlevia kulturuli fenebisaTvis, sadac aRmoCenila keramikis naSTebi da liTonis ramdenime nivTi. sof. sajavaxos drandaReles arqeologiuri dazvervisas aRmoCnda didi raodenobis keramikuli natexebi, ris mixedviTac eq. TayaiSvili aq keramikuli saxelosnos arsebobas varau-dobs.

1902 wels arqeologiuri Tvalsazri-siT yuradReba miiqcia sof. borma md.

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borimelas marjvena napirze. aq adgilo-brivi mcxovreblebi miwis xvnis dros SemTxveviT waawydnen mdidrul samarxebs, sadac aRmoCnda oqros da vercxlis sam-kaulebi, WurWeli gansakuTrebiT sain-teresoa vercxlis Tasi sakurTxevelTan mdgomi cxenis gamosaxulebiT da war-weriT, 1904 wels cixisZirTan (axla qobu-leTis r-ni) saxlis saZirkvlis gaWris dros aRmoCnda I-II saukunis mdidruli nivTebi. esenia oqros da vercxlis sam-kaulebi, WurWeli, monetebi, amokveTil gamosaxulebiani qvebi da sxv.

1908 wels md. qsnis xeobaSi sof. saZegur-Tan miwis samuSaoebis dros SemTxveviT ipoves mdidruli nivTebi, romlebic cnobilia “axalgoris ganZis” saxeliT. es nivTebi eq. TayaiSvils nawili Seugrove-bia da kavkasiis muzeumisaTvis SeuZenia. esenia oqros sayureebi, kisris rkalebi, sasafeTqleebi, samajurebi, yelsabami, beWdebi, vercxlis fialebi, cxenis aRka-zmuloba da sxv.

amave wels sof. axalqalaqTan (axla kas-pis r-nSia) miwis samuSaoebis dros ipoves brinjaos culebi da liTonis ramdenime zodi. nivTebi eq. TayaiSvilma kavkasiis muzeumisaTvis SeiZina. am nivTebis aRmo-Cenam eq. TayaiSvils jer kidev maSin aq liTonsadnobi saxelosnos arseboba ava-raudebina.

1912 wlis zafxulSi eq. TayaiSvils mcire arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Cautarebia md. banisxevis da mtkvris SesarTavTan. aq aRmoCenila samarxi, romelSic dadas-turda brinjaos samajurebi, sakinZeebi, sardionis mZivebi da sxv. amave wlebSi eq. TayaiSvils arqeologiurad dauzveravs agreTve saCxere, sadac spilenZis ramde-nime culi, samajurebi, sakinZeebi da Tixis WurWlis natexebi unaxavs.

eq. TayaiSvili, romelic am dros axlad daarsebul saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebas edga saTaveSi, cdilobda saqarTvelos miwis wiaRSi SemTxveviT napovni arcerTi nivTi ar gamohparvoda mxedvelobidan, raTa kavkasiis muzeumi-saTvis SeeZina.

saqarTvelos arqeologiis ganviTare-bis am etapze eq. TayaiSvilma pirvelma

gamoTqva zogierTi friad sayuradRe bo mosazreba. esenia: arqeologiuri mona-povris gaazrebisas adgilobrivi eTno-logiur-folkloruli faqtebis moS-veliebis aucilebloba; oqros da sxva liTonis iaraRis da samkaulis adgilo-brivi warmoSobis Sesaxeb (adre TiTiqmis yvela lamaz, pewian nivTs Semotanilad da ucxourad Tvlidnen); miuTiTa aucile-blad Sesaswavl Zeglebze _ saCxereSi, TrialeT-walkaSi, bagineTSi, da sxv.

1918 wels cnobilma enaTmecnierma niko marma eq. TayaiSvili miiwvia mis mier TbilisSi axlad daarsebul kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiur institutSi (es insti tuti farTo profilis dawese-buleba iyo). n. maris s.-peterburgSi xSirad yofnis gamo instituts faqti-urad eq. TayaiSvili uZRveboda. amave periodSi eq. TayaiSvili Tbilisis uni-versitetis studentTaTvis adgens arqeologiis kursis programas da iwyebs am kursis kiTxvas (1921 wlamde).

gela gamyreliZe

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R v i n i s s a s m i s e b i s a q a r T v e l o s a r q e o l o g i u r i m a s a l i d a n

saqarTvelo mevenaxeobis da Rvinis war-moebis udidesi tradiciebis mqone qveyana da, mecnier-mkvlevarTa umravlesobis azriT, mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis WeSmariti samSobloa. aq yurZnis mravali jiSia cno-bili. fiqroben, rom yurZnis dawurvis da daye nebis wesi Tavdapirvelad swored kavkasiaSi Caisaxa. pirvelad aq moaSi-naures da mouares velur vazs, romlis yurZnis dawurvis Se degad, wvenisagan, Rvino daayenes. Semdgom, saukuneebis gan-mavlobaSi, Rvinis dayenebis xelovneba sul ufro metad daixvewa.

garkveulwilad mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis kulturasTanaa dakavSirebuli arqe-ologebis mier miwis wiaRSi aRmoCenili da dokumenturad dadasturebuli mravalf-erovani Tixis, rqis, vercxlis, oqros da minis WurWel-sasmisebi, romlebic sau-kuneebis ganmavlobaSi Cveni winaprebis sufras amSvenebda. saqarTvelos teri-toriaze mrava li uZvelesi Tasi, fiala an yanw-ritonia arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mikvleuli. isini arqeologe-bis mier moZiebulia mcxeTaSi, TbilisSi, vanSi, TrialeTSi, alaznis velze, Jin-

valSi, rionis xeobaSi, soxumTan, qobu-leT-fiWvnarSi da a.S.

dResdReobiT saqarTvelos muzeumebSi gamofenilia arqeologebis mier mopo-vebuli Rvinis sasmisebis mdidruli ko -leq ciebi, romlebsac aTaswleulebi miwis wiaRSi dauyviaT. zogierTi maTgani imdenad mdidrulia Tavisi masaliT da gaformebiT, rom uTuod didebul-eri-sTavTa lxinis Semswrea.

Tanamedrove qarTveli lxinisa Tu mwu-xarebis sufraze ZiriTadad minis Wiqas iyenebs. mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTx-vevaSi Tu moixmars gansxvavebul sasmiss _ Tixis fialas, yanws, kaTxas, Tass da sxv. Zvel saqarTveloSi sufraze Rvinis sasmelad ZiriTadad Tixis WurWeli ixmareboda. magaliTad Tixis fiala qarTul sufras dRemde SemorCa. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad miwis wiaRSi oTxi aTasi wlis winan-deli Tixis saRvine WurWelia aRmoCenili.

Cveni winaprebi Rvinis smas patara fialebiT iwyebdnen. mere gadadiod-nen gansxvavebul mozrdil sasmisebze.

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qarTul sufraze tradiciuli iyo jixvis, xaris, gareuli Txis rqis yanwebi, vercxliT moWedili. xSirad rqis formis vercxlis moz-rdili sasmisebic mzaddeboda. mravali uZvelesi sasmisia aRmoCe-nili arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Se degad, romlebic dRes saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis koleqciebSia daculi.

Tixis WurWlis warmoeba Zveli saqar Tve los erT-erT maRalgan vi-Tarebul dargs warmoadgenda. warmoebis masStabebis utyuari mowmobaa arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili keramikuli nawarmis araCveu-lebrivi simravle da mravalferovneba.

arqeologiurad Seswavlil mi wis fenebSi gvxdeba saRvine daniSnulebis _ qvevrebi, dergebi, mravalgvari doqebi, kaTxebi, maTarebi da sxv. am nawarmis damzadebaSi dasaqmebuli iyvnen specialuri xelosnebi. Zvel saqarTveloSi gakeTebuli sasmisebi gamo irCeva natifi formiT. misi Semamkobeli ornamenti moxdenilad aris Serwymuli WurWlis formas-Tan.

vercxlis yanw-ritoni vanis naqalaqaridan dasavleTiT rva kilo-metze sof. mTisZiris arqeologiur Zeglze aRmoCnda. yanw-ritons daboloebaze vac-kacis figuraa, xolo pirTan suros gamosaxuleba, romlis qvemoTac wriuli reliefuri xazebi aqvs.

ritoni ixmareboda Rvinis sasmelad. mas cxovelis rqiseburi moyva-niloba hqonda, xolo wverze sxvadasxva arsebaTa figurebi gaaCnda. cxovelis rqas adamiani didi xania sasmisad iyenebs. saqarTveloSi amgvar sasmiss Rvinis dasalevad iyeneben da yanws uwodeben. uwin yanw-ritons saritualo WurWlis daniSnulebac hqonda. mas sa gan-gebo religiuri ceremonialebisaTvis amzadebdnen. saqarTveloSi: mcxeTaSi, gudauTaSi, cixisZirSi, stefan wmindaSi, vanSi aRmoCenilia ada mi anis gamosa xulebebi, romlebsac xelSi yanw-ritoni uWiravT.

sof. mTisZiris yanwis SemkulobaSi gamoyenebulia iseTi ornamenti, romelic Zv. w. V- IV saukuneebis kolxur oqromWedlobas da keramikas axasiaTebs. yanwis boloze na xevrad adamiani da naxevrad Txa anu vac-kacia gamosa xuli, romelic nadirTmfarveli oCopintre _ oCokoCi, panis msgavsi RvTaeba unda iyos. am RvTaebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobas gvawvdis eqvTime mTawmindeli _ “saxelis debani igi sawar-marToTa, romelni maT RmrTad Seracxnes... sruliad moispen: dios, . . anu boCi-oCopintre da gaci, da badagon, da armaz, romel igi wnexasa yurZnisasa... mis dionises sa xels ityvian, da sicilsa aRazrzenen, ese yoveli sa-eSmako ars...” sagulisxmoa, rom RvTaeba oCopintre anu pani nax se nebia dio ni sesTan erTad. is dakavSirebuli iyo dionises mis-teriebTan. pani dionises erT-erTi Tanmxlebi RvTaeba iyo. qarTul folklorSi SemorCenili zogierTi tradicia gvafiqrebinebs, rom SesaZloa, sof. mTisZiris yanwze Txad gadacmuli mamakacia gamosax-uli, romelic RvTaeba oCopintres ganasaxierebda.

sayuradReboa, rom jer kidev Zvel berZnul mwerlobaSi mravalgzis naxsenebia kolxuri Rvino. magaliTad, argonavtebma aia-kolxeTSi stumrobisas araerTxel igemes lalisferi Rvino. isini gaocebuli darCnen mefe aietis sataxto qalaqis quTaias mdidruli silamaziT. isini Sescqerodnen “... mefis sasaxlis galavans, ganier WiSkrebs da maRal svetebs, romlebic mwkrivad iyvnen ganlagebuli kedlebis garSemo.”... “zRurbls, rom gadaabijes TvalSi ecaT mwvane foTlebiT

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daburuli vaz-venaxi, romelic farTod iyo ga daSlili. qvemoT Rvino moedine-boda.”

Zvel werilobiT wyaro “qarTlis cxov-re baSi” aRniSnulia _ “da iyo qarTls Sina puri da Rvino friadi”. amgvarad axa-siaTebda avtori maSindeli sa qar Tvelos ekono mikur keTildReobas. mogvi a ne-biT italieli mog za uri arqanjelo lam-ber ti Tavis Cana were bSi gvauwyebs _ “kol xe Ti mdidaria Rvi niT.” “maspinZlis win sufraze meriqife Svid vercxlis Tass awyobs, jer sul pataras, mere ufro mozrdils, bo lo Si dids.” Seu yvebian pa tara TasebiT da Semdeg didebze gada-dian. “sufraze vinc bevrs dalevs, ise rom gonebas ar dah kargavs, is Rirseul kacad miaCniaT.” etyoba amitomacaa vercxlis sasmisze amokveTili nikoloz baraTaSvi-lis moxdenili Segoneba _ “amavse RviniT, agavseb lxiniT, Sesvi? gaamos!

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r a s m o g v i T x r o b e n Z v e l i m o n e t e b i

Zveleburi monetebis mecnierul Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs am Tu im istoriiis sakiTxebis gasaSuqeblad. erTi SexedviT, am liTonis naWrebs saTanado dargis specialistis xelSi “ametyveleba” da warsulis mTel rig umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebSi garkveulobis Setana SeuZliaT. moneta, werilobiT wyarosTan erTad, gardasul droTa didmniSvnelo-vani dokumentia, magram rogorc wyaros, mas garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. monetis moWris ufleba, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifos kompe-tenciaa. amdenad moneta saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone sabuTia. aqedan gamomdinare, fuli, marTalia Zunw formebSi, magram samagierod obieqturad asaxvavs ama Tu im istoriul faqts, ramdenadac is dazRveu-lia mematianes subieturi Sexedulebebisagan.

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samecniero disciplinas, romelic Zvele-bur monetebs Seiswavlis numizmatika ewodeba. es termini momdinareobs mon-etis berZnuli saxelwodebidan nomisma. la Tinurad monetas numizma ewodeba, xolo qarTulSi mis aRsaniSnavad safases xma-robdnen. sityva “moneta” Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda iunonas (qalebis mfarveli romauli RvTaeba) erT-erT epiTets, rac “damrigebels” niSnavs. iunonas sapativsa-cemod yvelaze maRal wertilze agebuli kapitoliu mis taZarSi moTavsebuli iyo zarafxana (sawarmo, sadac fuli iWreba). swored amitom, liTonisagan moWril fuls moneta ewodeba.

numizmatikuri mecnierebis yvelaze Zveli da rTuli problemaa is sakiTxi, Tu sad da rodis gamoCnda pirvelad moneta, vin iyo misi gamomgonebeli. es sakiTxi aRelveb-daT jer kidev Zvel berZnebsa da romae-lebs. isini monetis gamogonebas TavianT RmerTebsa da miTiur gmirebs miawerdnen. Zveli berZnebisa da romae lebis ineteresi monetis warmoSobis problemisadmi gasagebia, vinaidan monetis gamogoneba Zveli civilizaciis erT-erTi didi monapovaria. es faqti Tavisi mniSvnelo-biT SeiZleba yvelaze RirsSesaniSnav mec-nierul aRmoCenebs amovuyenoT gverdSi. samwuxarod, monetis gamomgoneblis saxeli jer-jerobiT ucnobia mecniere-bisaTvis, maSin rodesac liTonis fulis

samSoblos dasaxeleba dReisaTvis arc Tu ise did siZneleebTanaa dakavSire-buli. moneta gaCnda Zv. w. VIII-VII s-is mijnaze erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad Zveli samyaros or punqtSi: mcire aziis (saxelmwifo lidiaSi da kunZul eginaze (saberZneTi)). saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv. w. VI s-Si iWreboda vercxlis moenetebi - e. w. “kolxuri TeTri”. amrigad, kol-xeTi samoneto civilizaciis erT-erTi adreuli keraa.

axla gavecnoT zogierT numizmatikur termins: monetas ori mxare aqvs-Subli (aversi) da zurgi (reversi). maT gansxvave-buli funqcia gaaCniaT. Sublze Tavsdeba iseTi gamosaxuleba, romelsac sakanon-mdeblo funqcia aqvs. masze amokveTilia RvTaeba, Semdeg monarqi, imperatori an respublikis simbolo, rac ama Tu im monetas brunvaSi akanonebs da iZleva misi srulfasovnebis garantias. zur-gis gamosaxulebas gamosacnobi funq-cia akisria. misi daxmarebiT vgebulobT mo netis moWris adgils. monetaze xSirad warweraa.

Zveli berZnuli vercxlis monetebis ZiriTad erTeuls draqma ewodeba. garda amisa, iWreboda didraqma (ordraqimiani), tetradraqma (oTxdraqmiani), dekadraqma (aTdraqmiani) da sxv. berZnuli sam-yaros oqros monetas ewodeba stateri. romauli vercxlis fuls denari, oqro-sas - aureusi.

aRmosavleTSi vercxlisagan iWreboda sikli (sikila), aqemenianTa epoqaSi, Zv. w. VI s-dan, dirhemi (VII-XIV), Tanga (Temur-lengis epoqidan), abazi (sefianTa iranSi), oqrosagan-dariki (aqmemenianTa iranSi), dinari, alTuni (TurqeTSi).

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Zveleburi monetebiT daintereseba jer kidev XVI s-Si daiwyo. XVIII s-is bolos avstrielma mecnierma ioseb ilari ekelma safuZveli Cauyara numizmatikur mec-nierebas. mis Semdeg interesi Zveleburi monetebis mimarT kidev ufro gaizarda da izrdeba yoveldRiurad. mainc riT aris ganpirobebuli aseTi Seunelebeli interesi Zveleburi monetebis mimarT?!

moneta politikuri informaciis pirvel-xarisxovani wyaroa. xSir SemTxvevaSi masze moTasebuli warwerebi iseT cnobebs Seicavs, rac matianeebSi daculi ar aris, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi is saTanadod azustebs da avsebs kidec werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebs. am mxriv numiz-matikuri masala did daxmarebas uwevs istoriul mecnierebas. moviyvanT maga-liTs: Zv.w. VI s-Si kolxeTis saxelmwifos arsebobis erT-erTi argumentia moneta - “kolxuri TeTri”. aRsaniSnavia, rom es aris ucilobeli faqti samoneto emisiisa (moWra, gamoSveba) da fuladi mimoqce-visa. dasavleT saqarTvelos terito-riaze ukve Zv. w. VI s-dan iWreboda ver-cxlis monetebi - e.w. “kolxuri TeTri”, romelic uaRresad farTod mimoiqceoda regionSi. misi damaxasiaTebeli niSani is aris, rom es samoneto jgufi TiTqmis ar gadioda kolxeTis sazRvrebs gareT da masze moTavsebuli gamosaxulebebi mWidro kavSirSia qarTveluri samyaros religiur warmodgenebTan. is poli-tikuri warmonaqmni ki, romlis farg-lebSi intensiuri samoneto cirkula-ciaa dadasturebuli, ukve saxelmwifoa.

meore magaliTi: cnobilia oqros moneta, romlis Sublze aleqsandre makedone-lis profilia gamosaxuli, xolo zurgze - taxtze mojdomi aTena (sibrZnis qal-RmerTi) da berZnuli zedwerili: basi-leosi ake, anu mefe akesi. moneta SemTx-veviT aRmoCnda trapezuntis midamoebSi, romelic Zvelad kolxeTis sazRvrebSi Semodioda. Tavis droze mravali mecn-ieri Seecada am monetis saidumloebis axsnas, imis dadgenas, Tu vin iyo warw-eraSi moxseniebuli piri, magram uSede-god. saqme isaa, rom arc erT werilobiT wyaroSi aseTi mefe ar ixsenieba. 1946 w. meore analogiuri stateri xonis raion sof. konCxaSi ipovnes. qarTvelma mec-nierebma, am monetebis kolxeTis terito-

riaze aRmoCenis safuZvelze wamoayenes hipoTeza, rom sxva wyaroebiT ucnobi mefe akesi, kolxeTis mmarTvelia. Tu es mosaz-reba dadasturdeba, maSin ga daiWreba kolxeTis politikuri istoriis umniSn-vnelovanesi problema im periodSi same-fos arsebobis faqtis Sesaxeb. kidev erTi analogiuri magaliTi: cnobilia dabal-xarisxovani vercxlisagan moWrili mcire zomis mo netebi dausrulebeli berZnuli le gendiT: bas... saul... an sau... misi aRd-gena SeiZleba rogorc “mefe sav (lakisa)”, an rogorc “mefe sav (lakisa)” es mo netebi rva caladaa cnobili, aqedan Svidi dasav-leT saqarTveloSia napovni soxumis

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da miiRes gemis cxviris moyvanilobis kvarcxlbeki. ase gairkva monetis saSu-alebiT Zveli berZnuli xelovnebis erT-erTi Sedevris Seqmnis dro, mizezi da vinaoba. is ganasaxierebs gamarjvebis qal-RmerT nikes. qandakeba didi sifrTxiliT gadaitanes parizSi da gamofines luvrSi.

Zv. w. IV s-is udidesi berZeni moqandakis praqsiteles qandakeba, romelic gamosax-avs vaWrobisa da vaWrebis RmerTis - her-mess yrma dioniseTi (Rvinisa da venaxis RmerTi), saqveynodaa cnobili. am qandake-bas marjvena xeli motexili aqvs da aravin icoda hermesis namdvili poza. aprioru-lad varaudobdnen, rom hermess marjvena xeli zeviT unda hqonoda aweuli da xelSi yurZnis mtevani Weroda, magram es iyo mxolod hipoTeza. da ai, aRmoCnda Trakiis erT-erTi qalaqis mo neta, romelmac daadastura xelovnebaTmcodneebis es varaudi. monetaze gamosaxuli iyo her-mesis qandakeba miniaturaSi, romelsac marTlac yurZnis mtevani ekava marjvena xelSi.

Zalian xSirad monetebze gamosaxulia xelovnebis iseTi Sedevrebi, romlebsac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. aseTebis ricxvs ekuTvnis Zv. w. V s-is didi berZeni moqanda-kis fidiasis qmnileba olimpieli zevsi. romis imperatorma adrianem ax. w. II s-is pirvel naxevarSi imogzaura olimpiaSi da amasTan dakavSirebiT moaWrevina mone-tebi olimpieli zevsis gamosaxulebiT. Cvenamde moaRwia orma aseTma monetam. erTi inaxeba parizSi da masze olimpieli zevsis mxolod Tavia amotvifruli, xolo meore florenciaSi, romelzedac zevsi mTeli taniTaa gamosaxuli. am qan da-kebis rekon stru qciis dros es monetebi pirvel xa ri sxovan wyaros warmo a dgenda specialis tebisaTvis. garda qandakebeb-isa, numizmatikur Zeglebze arc ise iSvia-Tad gamosaxulia arqiteqturuli kom-pleqsebi, navsadgurebi, xidebi da sxv. mag:

midamoebsa da vanis naqalaqarze. aRmoCe-naTa topografia Zlieri argumentia am monetebis kolxuri warmoSobis sasarge-blod. Tu sabolood damtkicdeba zemox-senebuli monetebis kolxuroba, esec erT-erTi sabuTi iqneba, romelic daadas-turebs dasavleT saqarTvelos terito-riaze samefos arsebobis faqts.

axla moviyvan ramdenime magaliTs, Tu rogor asworebs numizmatikuri masala werilobiT wyaros cnoebebs.

Zv. w. 65 w. iberiis (qarTlis) sazRvrebs romaeli sardali gneius pompeusi moadga. iberiis Semdeg igi kolxeTSi gadavida. aq man mmarTvelad aristarqe daniSna da amiT qveyanas formaluri damoukidebloba mianiWa. zogierTi Zveli wyaro aristarqes mefes uwodebs, magram es versia am ukanasknelis saxeliT moWrilma draqmebma gaabaTila. mone-tas berZnulad aweria: “aristarqe, mmarTveli kolxeTisa”. igi albaT kolxeTis zRvispira nawils marTavda.

xelovnebisa da artefaqtebis Seswavlis sailustarciod ramdenime magaliTs movi-yvanT: 1863 w. frangma arqeologma Sem-puazom sabreZneTis kunZul saoTradaze miakvlia marmarilos qandakebis tans da marmarilosave, gaurkveveli daniS-nulebis didi zomis natexebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom qandakebas aklda Tavi da xelebi, is mainc udides efeqts axdenda. qadakeba ganasaxierebda romeliRac frTebgaSlil RvTaebas, romelic mzad iyo gasafre-nad. mecnierebma wamoayenes mravali varaudi, magram danamdvilebiT aravin icoda romel RvTaebas ganasa xierebda es uTavo, jadosnuri xelovnebiT naZerwi qandakeba, romel periods miekuTvneboda is, an ra SemTxvevasTan iyo dakavSirebuli misi Seqmna. saidumlos farda monetam axada. makedoniis mmarTvelma demetrios poliorketma (Zv. w. IV s-is dasaruli) egviptis flotze kviprosis salaminTan sazRvao gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad moaWrevina memorialuri (e.i. samaxsovro) vercxlis monetebi, romelzedac gamosa-xuli iyo gemis cxvirze mjdomi frTosani qalRmerTi xelSi sayviriT. swored am mo netebma moagones arqeologebs marma-rilos didi namtvrevebi, romelTa daniS-nuleba maT ar icodnen. isini SeaerTes

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romis kolizeumi, xidi md. dunaize da sxv. monetaze Semonaxulia didi adamianebis, didi filosofosebis, gamoCenili poli-tikuri moRvaweebis - demokrites, plato-nis, sokrates, aleqsandre makedonelis da sxvaTa portretebi. romauli monete-bis koleqcia gvaZlevs imperatorTa Sesa-niSnav portretul galereas. romauli xelovnebis mkvlevarTaTvis isini mni-Svnelovani istoriuli wyaroa.

Zveleburi monetebi religiis istorii-saTvis umniSnvnelovanesi da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sando wyaroa: monetebs aleqsandre makedonelis epoqamde (Zv. w. 336-323 ww), rogorc wesi, RvTaebaTa gamosaxuleba amSvnebs. magali-TisaTvis aviRoT q. aTenis monetebi. Zv. w. VI-V ss-is aTenur tetradraqmebze,

iseve rogorc ufro gviani xanis mone-tebze, qalRmerT aTenas gamosaxulebaa amokveTili, rac aSkarad amtkicebs, rom aTena am qalaqis mfarveli RvTaeba iyo. asevea sxva qalaqebis mimarTac. berZnuli panTeonis kaleido skopuri saWreli, iSviaTi sizustiTaa gadmocemuli monete-bze. Zalian xSirad numizmatikuri masala erTaderTi sabuTia am Tu im punqtis pan-TeonSi Semaval RvTaebaTa dasadgenad. moneta mezobel qveynebTan savaWro-eko-no mikuri urTierTobis uryevi sabuTia, amdenad udavoa misi roli qveynis ekono-mikuri istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

saqarTveloSi didi raodenobiTaa aRmo-Cenili ucxo saxelmwifoTa monetebi: berZnuli, romauli, parTuli, sasanuri, arabuli, bizantiuri, selCukuri, mon-Roluri, Sirvanuli, sparsuli, Turquli, evropuli da a. S., rac naTlad amtkicebs

Cveni qveynis ekonomikur kavSirurTier-Tobas gare samyarosTan. magram imisaTvis, rom monetam ar dakargos savaWro-ekonmi-kuri urTierTobis maCvenebeli sabuTis mniSvneloba, saWiroa monetaTa aRmoCenis zusti aRricxva. monetas araviTar SemTx-vevaSi ar unda davukargoT pasporti (e. i. cnoba aRmoCenis adgilis, droisa da garemoebis Sesaxeb). unda gvaxsovdes, rom monetas, rogorc istoriul wyaros, garkveuli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs: mone-tis TviT aRmoCenis adgili. es saSuale-bas mogvcems davadginoT ucxouri mon-etebis Semosvlis gzebi, CvenSi. epoqebis mixedviT davadginoT saqarTvelos ama Tu im kuTxeSi romeli ucxouri mone-tebi iyo CarTuli samoneto mimoqcevaSi da sxva mravali mniSvne lovani sakiTxi. arqeoloiuri gaTxrebis dros monetebis aRmoCenis Semxvevebi Zalian xSiria. unda

xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli mraval-ricxovani numizmatikuri masala yvelaze faseulia, yvelaze sandoa, mecniereulad dokumentirebulia. monetebis daxmare-biT, arc Tu ise iSviaTad, xdeba mTeli arqeologiuri kompleqsebis zusti daTariReba. es gasagebicaa: bevr mone-taze TariRia moTavsebuli an TariRdeba monarqisa da imperatoris mmarTvelo-bis wlebiT. moneta gacveTilic rom iyos da zedwerilebi gadaSlili, gamocdil numizmats mainc ar gauWirdeba misi moW-ris saukunis dadgena. Zveleburi mone-tebis Seswavlas sxva aspeqtebic aqvs, magram, vfiqrob, naTqvamic sakmarisia im didi rolis gasaTvaliswineblad, rac maT akisriaT qveynis warsulis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

giorgi dundua

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hidroarqeologia, sazRvao arqeologia anu wyalqveSa arqeologia sxvadasxva mizeziT wylis qveS – zRvaSi, tbaSi, mdi na reSi – moqceul materialuri kulturis Zeglebs: namo saxlarebs, CaZirul gemebs da maT tvirTs Seiswavlis. is “Cveulebrivi” arqeologiisagan mxolod wyalqveS warmo e bu li gaTxrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli meTo dikiT gansxvavdeba.

pirveli “wyalqveSa arqeologebi” xmelTaSua zRvaSi Rrublis maZie-blebi iyvnen. maTi meSveobiT gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, SemTxveviT aRmoCnda ara^ erTi da ori Zveli xomaldis, qandakebis, keramikis, li-Tonis nivTis naSTi.

w y a l q v e S a a r q e o l o g i a

d a f a z i s i s s a i d u m l o

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wyalqveSeTis Seswavlis saqmes mZla vri bi-Zgi misca me-20-e saukunis ormocian wlebSi frangi mkvlevar-myvinTavis Jak iv kustos da misi kolegebis mier msubuqi da moxer-xebuli akvalangis Seqmnam. am gamo go nebas Semdeg Sveicarieli mecnieris g. keleris mier wyalqveS sunTqvisaTvis airis spe-cialuri Semadgenlobis dadgena daemata, ramac kidev ufro gaaxangrZliva akvalan-giT wyalSi yofnis dro. amasTan dakavSire-biT saerTod wyalqveSa kvle va da, kerZod, wyalqveSa arqeologiuri Zieba gaadvilda. droTa ganmavlobaSi wyalqveSa romantikiT gata cebuli moyvaruli enTuziastebis garda gamo Cnd nen profesionali hidro-arqe o lo ge bic (a.pua de bari, n.lamboli, f.benua, f.di uma, j.basi, p.Trokmortoni, v.blavatski, b.pe te r si da sxv.).

1955 wlidan wyalqveSa arqeologiaSi saer-TaSoriso kongresebi imarTeba. gamodis specialuri Jurnali “sazRvao arqeolo-gia”. safrangeTSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, italiaSi da saberZneTSi wyal-qveSa arqeo lo giuri kvlevis sagangebo dawesebulebebi arse bobs. dReisaTvis hidroarqeologia kvle vis sakuTari me-Todikis mqone isto ri ul-arqeologiuri samecniero mimarTulebaa.

saqarTveloSi, sadac Savi zRvis sanapiro 330 kilometrzea gadaWimuli, cxadia, wyal qveSa arqeologiur kvlevas garkveu-li perspeqtiva gaaCnia. miTumetes, saqarT-velos zRvispireTSi (kolxeTSi) Zveli werilobiTi cnobebis avtorebis - skilaqs kariandelis, flavius arianes, pomponius melas, strabonis, klavdios ptolemaio-sis, prokopi kesarielis, agaTias, vaxuSti bagrationis da arqeologiuri monace-mebis mixedviT^ mTeli rigi dasaxlebebi

aris aRnusxuli: sof. gonioSi (afsaro-si), sof. cixisZirSi (petra), qobuleTi-fiWvnarSi, sof. urekSi, foTi-palias-tomis tbaSi (fasisi), sof. anakliaSi, yulevSi, q. oCamCireSi (gienosi), q. soxum-Si (dioskuria-sebastopolisi), q. biWvin-TaSi (pitiunti). saqarTvelos istoriis kvle visaTvis uaRresad sayuradReboa xsene buli namosaxlarebis, zRvaSi mo-qceuli navsadgurebis, TavdacviTi Tu sxva daniSnulebis nagebobebis Seswav-la. jer kidev am ocdaoTxi saukunis win kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebi – diosku-

ria, gienosi, fasisi, Tavis TxzulebaSi - “azia” moixse nia skilaqs kariandelma -“...Semdeg arian kolxebi; qalaqi dioskuria, qalaqi gienosi, mdinare gienosi, mdinare xobosi, mdina re fasisi da qalaqi fasisi” (81).

CamoTvlili qalaq-dasaxlebebi cxov-re-bis wesiT zRvasTan mWidrod iyvnen dakav-Sirebuli. isini did rols asrulebd-nen ucxoeTTan savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturul-politikur urTierTobaSi. pirvel rigSi swored zRvispira qalaqe-bis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda kontaqte-bi Savi zRvis anu evqsinis pontos da xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebTan da qalaqeb-Tan – miletTan, qiosTan, samosTan, ro-dosTan, aTenTan, mendesTan, sinopesTan, herakleasTan, romTan. SemdgomSi bizan-tiasTan, konstantinopolTan^ genuasTan, veneciasTan, osmaleTTan (stambuli, sinope, trapizoni, samsuni) da sxv.

zRvispira qalaqSi vaWrobis garda xe-losnobis sxvadasxva dargebi - meTuneo-ba, mWedloba, oqromWedloba, xurooba, feiqroba iyo ganviTarebuli, magram aq gansakuTrebuli roli mainc zRvasTan dakavSirebul saqmi a nobas - meTevzeobas, zRvis marilis mopovebas da sazRvao vaWrobas eniWeboda. strabonis “geogra-fiaSi” aRniSnulia, rom Savi zRvis “Zveli xalxebi dacuravdnen ... vaWro bi saTvis^ ... napir-napir, rogorc iasoni, ... ” zRvaze yaCaRoba da ucxo sanapiroebze Tavda-sxmebi, albaT zRvis pira xalxebis erT-erTi Semo sav lis wyaro iyo. am mxriv sayuradReboa agreTve Zv.w. IV saukuneSi dawe rili Txzuleba, sadac aRniSnulia, rom “... fasi selebi stumarT moyvareni ar-ian, isini amarageben maT, visac sanapiro-sTan gemebi eRupebaT”.

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Zveli saqarTvelos da antikuri samyaros urTi erTobis istoriis kvle visaTvis friad sain teresoa Tundac erTi CaZi ruli xomaldis aRmoCena, romelic zRvis Rel-vis, sazRvao brZolis an raRac sxva miz-ezis gamo kolxeTis sanapirosTan daiR-upa. xmelTaSua zRvaSi amgvari CaZi ruli gemebis ukve ara erTi da ori naSTia wy-alqveSa arqeologebis mier mikvleuli da Seswavlili. Zveli saqarTvelos istoriis SeswavlisaTvis uaRresad sayuradReboa agreTve zemo xsenebuli dasaxlebebis – afsa ro sis, petras, fasisis, gienosis, dioskuria-sebas topolisis, pitiuntis zRvaSi moqceuli navsa dgurebis, Tav-dacviTi Tu sxva daniSnulebis nage bo-bebis kvleva.

hidroarqeologebma yuradReba miaqcies Savi zRvis qveda SreebSi didi raode-nobis gogirdwyalbadis arsebobas. amis safuZvelze gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom aq organuli nivTierebebis Semcveli nivTebi: xe, tyavi, qsovilebi, papirusebi da sxv. SedarebiT ukeT iqneba gadarCe-nili. Zvel werilobiT wyaroebze dayrd-nobiT aRiniS neba, agreTve, rom CaZirul gemebze mosalodnelia klasikuri xanisa

da Sua saukuneebis droindeli xelnaw-erebis povna. istoriuli mecnierebi-saTvis marTlac udidesi SenaZeni iqneba berZnul-laTinur, qarTul an sxva enaze Sesrulebuli ucnobi xelnaweris aRmo-Cena. samwuxarod, es yvelaferi sakmaod did siRrmeebze iqneba saZebni da mxolod akvalangiT aq verafers gavawyobT, albaT saWiro Seiqmneba batiskafis gamoyeneba.

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, geo-morfologebis varaudiT, Savi zRvis done dRevandelTan SedarebiT gacilebiT dabla iyo. daaxloebiT Zv.w. I saukuni-dan daiwyo zRvis donis aweva. amis gamo sanapi roze ganlagebuli Zveli dasax-lebebi wylis qveS moeqca. zRvis Seteva xmeleTze dResac grZeldeba. bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi marto aWaris farg-lebSi 300 heqtramde sanapiro waiRo zR-vam. aq drodadro arqeologiisaTvis sain-tereso masalebs – keramikas, samkaulebs, liTonis nivTebs, monetebs – zRva gamo-riyavs. am ramdenime wlis winaT qobuleT-cixisZiris monakveTze meTevzeebis bades amforebi amohyva. isini, albaT, romelime CaZiruli xomaldis tvirTs warmoadgen-da. soxumis yureSi md. besleTis Sesar-

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TavTan reliefur gamosaxulebiani marma-rilos qva (stela) aRmoCnda. amave yuris fskeridan qalis skulptura da amfore-bia amoRebuli.

saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevisas wyal-qveSa arqeologia SeiZleba dagvexmaros istoriisaTvis zogierTi iseTi pirvel-xarisxovani problemis gadaWraSi, rogo-ricaa – Zveli xalxebis sazRvao migraciis sakiTxebi; antikuri civilizaciis gavr-celebis gzebi kolxeTSi; Zveli saqarT-velos savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebi Savi da xmelTaSua zRvis xalxebTan da sxv.

swored am garemoebebma ganapirobes 1985 wels saqarTveloSi^ arqeologiuri kvle-vis centrSi pirveli SavizRvispireTis hidroarqeologiuri eqspediciis Camoya-libeba (xelmZRvaneli g. gamyreliZe). eqspedicias pirvel rigSi saqarTvelos zRvis pireTis hidroarqeologiuri rukis Sedgena daevala. amisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna hidroarqeologiis TvalTaxedviT weri-lobiTi wyaroebis, zepiri gadmocemebisa da geomorfologiuri monacemebis xelax-la gadasinjva-Sejereba.

saqarTvelos zRvispireTis hidroarqe-ologiurad saintereso ubania md. rioni – md. sufsis monakveTi, sadac ZvelTaganve cnobilia, rom qalaqi fasisi mdebare-obda. q. fasisi, werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT kolxeTis miwa-wyalze arsebuli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saqalaqo kera iyo. swored aman ganapiroba wyalqveSa arqeologiuri samuSaoebis q. foTTan dawyeba. 1985 wlidan moyolebuli Savi-zRvispireTis hidroarqeologiuri eqs-pedicia q. foTTan muSaobs. ZiriTadi wyalqveSa arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba eqspediciam zRvaSi, foTis navsayudeli-dan md. sufsamde SelfSi da paliastomis tbaSi Caatara. samuSaoebis dros gamovi-yeneT akvalangebi da miwis sawovi danad-gari. samwuxarod, ar moxerxda bgeriTi impulsuri hidrolokatoris gamoyeneba, romelic hidro arqeologiuri Ziebisas karg Sedegebs iZleva.

berZnul-laTinuri werilobiTi wyaroe-bis mixedviT q. fasisis adgilmdebareo-ba TiTqos zustad aris gansazRvruli. qalaqi ganlagebuli iyo md. fasisis deltis marcxena mxares; aqve saxeldeba

tbac (paliastomi). amgvari gansazRvra zedmiwevniT miesadageba dRevandeli q. foTis mdebareobas. amis gamo mecnierebi erTsulovnad mianiSneben, rom Zveli fa-sisi foTsa da mis mimdebare teritoria-zea saZebneli. amis miuxedavad, klasi ku ri periodis fasisi mainc mikvleuli ar aris.

es ki imitom xdeba, rom xsenebul monak-veTSi urTulesi paleogeomorfologi-uri situaciaa. geomorfologiuri mdgo mareobis mxriv yulev-foTi-urekis zRvispireTi TiTqos amovardnilia saqar-Tvelos zRvispireTis saerTo konteqsti-dan. aq bundovania globaluri, Savi zRvis regresiis da transgresiis faqti fa-sisTan mimarTebaSi. gaurkvevelia zRvis sanapiro Sel fis lokaluri dinamikis sakiTxic. xSirad geomorfologebi arqe-ologebis mona cemebs eyrdnobian da sana-piroze Zveli namosaxlarebis ganlage-bis mixedviT gamo aqvT zogadi daskvnebi. Cveni azriT, sakiTxi kompleqsur Seswav-las moiTxovs. oRond, sasurvelia^ rom jer geomorfo logebma gagv cen pasuxi Tu rogori iyo sanapiros dinamika da Zvelad sad erTvoda rioni zRvas. maT unda gaiTvaliswinon globaluri (zRvis regresia-transgresiis) da loka lu ri (mdinareebis gamonatani naSali masala; mdina reebis rionis, fiCoris, xobis, suf-sis Zveli kalapotebi; regionis Waobi-anoba da sxv.) monacemebi. sasurvelia, rom paleo geomorfo lo gi uri kvlevisas gamoyenebuli iyos kosmosuri gadaRebebi saTanado kompiuteruli deSifri rebiT. es imitom, rom erTxel da samudamod gairkves Tu winaT md. rion-fasisi sad uerTdeboda zRvas da ra mimarTebaSia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da klasikuri xanis namosaxlarebi masTan. samwuxarod, xsenebul regionSi mxolod aerofotoga-

daRebebma sasurveli Sedegi ver mogvca. sayuradReboa, rom aq erTis mxriv xdeba rionis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didZali naSali masalis gamotana, rac al-baT deltis zRvaSi gawevas iwvevda; xolo meores mxriv xdeboda zRvis donis aweva, rasac sanapiros zRvisgan mitaceba moyva.

dReisaTvis yulev-foTi-urekis sanapi-roze, zRvasTan adrerkinis periodis Zveli namosaxlarebi aRmoCenilia fo-Tis Crdi lo eTiT sof. yulevSi, md. xobis Sesar TavTan; agreTve md. civasTan; fo-Tidan samxreTiT md. sufsis SesarTavTan; agre Tve foTSi, pali astomis tbis “na-texebis” namo sa xlaris torfian fenebSi aRmo Cnda Zv.w. IV s. Sav la kiani WurWeli da ro do suli amforis qusli.

sayuradRebo faqtia, rom marto 1872 wlidan 1965 wlamde foTis mida mo ebSi zRvam miitaca 200 m-mde siganis miwis mona kve Ti. am monacemebiT gamodis, rom fasisi zRva Si unda iyos daZi ru li. amis dasturia agreTve mecnier-geografe-bis mona ce mebi, romlis mixedviTac

Sav zRvaSi e.w. fanagoriuli regresiis damTavrebis mere daaxloebiT Zveli da axali welT aRri cxvebis mijnaze daiwyo zRvis transgresia. Sedegad, dRevand-lamde zRvis donem or metramde aiwia. Sesabamisad Zveli namo sax la rebi zRvis qveS unda moyo liliyvnen. kerZod, amg-vari procesebi ganviTarda CrdiloeT da samxreT (mag. sinopi) SavizRvispireT-Si, sadac mTeli rigi klasikuri xanis naqalaqarebi moeqcnen wyalqveS.

foTi-grigoleTis zRvis SelfSi hidroar-qeologiuri eqspediciis kvleva-Ziebisas zRvis fskerze geomorfologiuri mdgo-mareoba friad rTulia. md. rionis samxreTi Stos SesarTavTan zRva xSirad mRvriea da xilvadoba cudia. mdinares didi raodeno-biT Slami gamoaqvs da zRvis Relvis dros wyalqveS warmoiqmneba qviSis diunebi. Sesa-bamisad Tu warmovidgenT, rom es xdeboda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, maSin unda vifi-qroT, rom klasikuri periodis fasisis naSTebi qviSis sqeli feniT aris dafaruli. hidroarqeologiuri kvlevisas grigole-Tis gaswvriv paliastomis gadmoRma zR-vaSi 25 m siRrmeSi aRmoCnda e.w. welSezneq-ili amfo rebi. adreuli sinopuri amfora,

romelsac mxarze grafito aqvs, aRmoCnda zRvaSi sufsis kanionis maxloblad. mal-

TayvasTan zRvaSi pontos herakleis Zv.w. IV s-is amfora aRmoCnda.

amrigad, dRevandeli geomorfologiuri da topoarqeologiuri monacemebis Sejerebis mixedviT, klasikur-elinisturi xanis fasi-

si saZebnelia q. foTidan daaxloebiT 15 km. radiusis farglebSi – xmeleTze da zRvaSi. ufro konkretulad ki yulev-foTi-suf-sis da Waladid-saqorqios Soris mdebare samkuTxedSi. lokaluri geomorfologi-uri cvlilebebis gamo – mdinareebis mier gamotanili naSali masalis akumulacia zRvispireTSi; torfis Sreebis moZrao-ba; niadagis Warbtenianoba; zRvis donis cvalebadoba da sxv. safiqrebelia, rom q. fasisis nawili xSirad xvdeboda wyal Si.

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amitom qalaqi fasisi, zogadad, xsenebuli samkuTxedis farglebSi, sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva adgilze inacvlebda.

Sedegiani da sayuradRebo aRmoCnda eqs-pediciis muSaoba paliastomis tbaSi. paliastomSi, zRvis SesarTavidan, mal-Tayvidan kilometrze, tbis dasavleT nawilSi, wyalSi mivakvlieT III-VIII ss. na-mosaxlars (adgili “natexebi”). am adg-ilze yuradReba migvaqcevines foTelma mebadurebma. maTi gadmocemiT, aq mosmul bades “qoTnebis natexebi” mohyveboda.

tbaze es Zveli namosaxlari daax loebiT aTas kvadratul metrze, xolo napirze cxraas kvadratul metrze vrcel deba.

napiridan tbis Suagulisaken oras metramde sila-qviSiania, xolo Semdeg torfiani Tixis fenebi iwyeba. fskerze akvalangiT yvinTvisas mcire moZraobisTanave lami imRvreva da wy-ali muqi, momwvano-moyavisfro feris xdeba.

samosaxloze, tbidan didZali keramika amoviReT. maT Soris aris samSeneblo ke-

ramika (kramiti^ aguri), gvxvdeba damwvari baTqaSi natexebi, rac aq nagebobebis arse-bobaze migvaniSnebs (arqeologiuri masa-la inaxeba q. foTis muzeumSi).

namosaxlarze dadasturebuli aguri oTxkuTxaa da sisqe 5 sm-mdea, xolo sigrZe da sigane 30 x 25 sm. agurebi xis yalibSia nakeTebi. “natexebis” namosaxlarze aRmo-Cenili agurebi iseTivea, rogorc dasav-leT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukunee-

bis naqalaqarebze - biWvinTaSi, soxumSi, oCamCireSi, gudavaSi, noqalaqevSi, sof. mTisZirSi, vaSnarSi, cixisZirSi, gonioSi da sxv. “natexebis” namosaxlarze warmod-genilia brtyeli, 2,5 sm-mde sisqis, gver-debakecili kramitebic.

tbis fskeridan amoRebul Tixis WurWelSi raodenobis mxriv pirveli adgili amforebs uWiravs, romlebic zeTis, Rvinis, marcv-leulis gadasatan tarad gamoiyeneboda. am-forebis garda dadasturda qvevrebis, qoT-nebis, jamebis, luTeriebis, wiTellakiani TefSebis natexebi. adgilobrivi warmoebis keramikasTan erTad ucxouri (ZiriTadad mcireaziuri da Crdilo SavizRvispire-Tis) nawarmic gvxvdeba, rac savaWro urT-ierTobebze migviTiTebs. wyalqveSve vipoveT samarxic. masSi adgilobrivi war-moebis e.w. welSezneqili amfora vertika-lurad iyo Cadgmuli da meore amforis Ziri hqonda Tavze damxobili. amforasTan qviSaSi adamianis neStis nawilebi, sami mS-vildsakinZi anu fibula, erTi qinZisTavi, minis sasmisebi da imperator iustines (565 - 578 ww.) ocnumiani moneta aRmoCnda.

rogorc Cans, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi tbas samosaxlos garkveuli nawili dau-fa ria. paliastomis am namosaxlarze mopo vebuli arqeologiuri masala ise-Tivea, rogoric dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva Tanadroul Zeglebze, kerZod, piti-unt-biWvinTaSi, arqeopolis-noqalaqev-Si, soxum-sebastopolisSi, gudavaSi da sxv. SesaZloa, rom paliastomis am Zveli namosaxlaris saxiT Cven saqme gvaqvs bi-zantiuri xanis, prokopi kesarielis da

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agaTias TxzulebebSi aRweril fasisis naSTebTan. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom pa-liastomis fskeris Tixa torfian qveda fenebSi, romlis zemoTac xsenebuli sa-mosaxlo aRmoCnda, Zvel, klasikuri peri-odis fasissac mivakvlioT.

I s-is avtori straboni fasisis Sesaxeb gad-mogvcems: “md. fasisze aris misi mosaxele qalaqi, kolxTa savaWro adgili, garSemor-tymuli mdinariT (rioni), tbiT (paliasto-mi) da zRviT” (XI,II,17). agaTia mogviTxrobs: “fasisTan xom erTi tbaa, romelsac patara zRvas eZaxian da romelic evqsinis pontos uerTdeba”, “satvirTo xomal de bi zRvis napiras da fasisis SesarTavTan miacures qalaqis maxloblad” (III,21). Sem dgo mSi, XVIII s-Si vaxuSti bagrationi aRniSnavs: “zRvis kideze aris tba pali as to mi sa, didi. am tbi-dan Sesdis zRuas mdinare amisive. .... amas ityvian naqalaqevs da Semdgo mad moculsa wylisagan”.

geomorfologebis azriT, paliasto-mis tba-laguna zRviuri reliqtia. Zve-lad aq md. rionis limani iyo. sruliad bunebrivia, rom winaT swored am moxerx-ebul limanSi, romlis napirzedac qalaq-navTsayudeli mdebareobda^ gemebi Semo-suliyvnen. gemebi Semdeg paliastomis gavliT md. rionze aRma agrZelebdnen svlas, romelic maSin cnobili samdinaro savaWro-satarnzito gza iyo.

paliastomis tbaSi keramika agreTve e.w. axal baTumis xidTan, md. fiCoris, md. Txorinas da md. malTayvas srutis Se-sarTavSic aRmoCnda. paliastomis tbis samxreT mxares, adgil “naeklesiarze”, wyalSi, riyis qvebiT nagebi Sua saukunee-bis kedels mivakvlieT.

Savi zRvispireTis hidroarqeologiuri eqs-pedicia sagangebod wyalqveSa gamokvle ve bi-saTvis gankuTvnili gemi `hidrobiologi~-Tac awarmoebda saqarTvelos zRvis Selfis hidroarqeologiur kvlevas. eqspediciam saZiebo-dazverviTi samuSaoebi zRvis Self-Si - biWvinTasTan, soxumTan, cixisZir-bo-bo yvaTTan Caatara. biWvinTaSi Seswav li lia inkitis tba da biWvinTis yure. inkitis tba winaT lagunas warmoadgenda, amitom safi q-rebelia, rom gemebisaTvis myudro sayudeli unda yofi liyo. aq biWvinTis naqalaqaris Tana dro uli TavdacviTi nage bo bis naSTebia mikvleuli.

biWvinTis yure napiridan zRvisken 15 m siRrmemde Tanabradaa daqanebuli, Semdeg ki mkveTri daferdeba iwyeba. aq Cacvenil nivTebs zRva ukan napirisaken veRar abrunebs. Tu raime arqeologiuri masala iyo napiridan zRvaSi moxvedrili, is aucileblad dacurdeboda da ufro zRvis kenaa saZebneli. xsenebuli mkve-Tri daqanebis Semdeg daaxloebiT 60-70 metrze iwyeba terasa, romelic dafar-ulia SlamiT. terasa SeviswavleT specia-luri saTvalTvalo kameris saSualebiT. fskerze xilvadoba sakmaod kargia.

soxumis cixis gaswvriv wyalSi napiridan 100 m-ze, vnaxeT kedlebi. kedlebi niJa rebiT da zRvis wyalmcenareebiTaa dafaruli. maTi sqeli fenis Camofxekis Semdeg brtyeli kvadratuli, adreuli Sua saukuneebisaT-vis damaxasiaTebeli aguriani kedeli gamoC-nda. kedlis sisqe or metramdea. mSeneblo-bisas gamoyenebulia qvac. kedlebis qveda nawili Rrmadaa Cafluli qviSa-RorRSi. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda soxumis yuris centraluri nawili, sadac zogierTi mkvle vari klasikuri xanis dioskuriis naS-Tebis arsebobas varaudobs. Cven CavyvinTeT sa-TvalTvalo kameriT 60 metrze. fskeri

dafarulia Slamis sqeli feniT. eqspediciam hidroarqeologiuri daz ve rvebi Caatara cixisZir-boboyvaTis mona kveTzec. adgi-lobrivi mcxovreblebis TqmiT, aq napirze monetebs da keramikis natexebs pouloben. naqalaqaris CrdiloeTiT zRva Si, napiridan daaxloebiT samas metrze, 30 m siRrmeze vi-poveT Suasaukuneebis e.w. welSezneqili am-forebi. aqve aRmoCnda moWiquli keramikac.

SavizRvispireTis hidroarqeologiurma eqspediciam 1999-2000 ww-Si aSS texasis Statis universitetTan arsebul sazR-vao arqeologiis institutTan da daniel hidroarqeolog born livenTan erTad gaagrZela q. foTis SemogarenSi zRvis Selfisa da paliastomis tbis arqeo lo-giuri dazverva-Seswavla. eqspediciis kvleva-Zieba im saerTaSoriso programis nawili iyo, romelic Zveli qalaq fasisis zust lokalizebas isaxavs miznad. eqspe-diciam 60 m siRrmidan traliT moaxerxa keramikis fragmentebis amoReba. palias-tomis tbis dasavleT nawilSi adgil “na-texebSi” eqspediciam wylis fskeridan kv-lav amoiRo III-VIII ss-is keramika. agreTve, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia imperator konstanciusis (337-362 ww.) spilenZis mon-etis aRmoCena. eqspediciam sadazvervo samuSaoebis Sedegad rion-fiCoris Suam-dinareTSi ramdenime arqeologiisTvis sayuradRebo samosaxlo borcvi aRmoaCina.

saqarTveloSi wyalqveSa arqeologiis upirveles amocanad unda CaiTvalos zRvis pireTis da tbebis wyalqveSa arqeo-lo giuri rukis Sedgena. SesaZleblobis farglebSi unda aRinusxos saqarTvelos tbebisa da zRvis sanapiroze SemTxveviT gamoriyuri yvela arqeologiuri nivTi; aucilebelia berZnul-romauli, qarTu-li, bizantiuri, arabul-osmaluri saisto-rio wyaroebis erTxel kidev gadasinjva da hidroarqeo logiisaTvis sayuradRebo cnobebis amokrefa. magaliTad, cnobebis Sekreba zRvispira qalaqebis an gemebis CaZirvis adgilis, an kidev xomaldebis aRWurvilobis, maTi tvirTis Sesaxeb; in-formacia zRvis sanapiros geologiuri procesebis, Zveli klimaturi pirobebis an naosnobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi adgilebis Sesaxeb. pirvel rigSi saWiroa daizveros zRvis sanapiros myudro yu-reebi da koncxebi, radgan wynar yureebSi, romlebic moxerxe buli iyo xomaldebis

Sesayvanad da dasa tvirT-gadmosatvirTad navsadgurebs marTa vdnen. xolo zRvaSi gamoSverili koncxebi ki xSirad mravali gemis daRupvis mizezi xdeboda.

wyalqveSa arqeologiuri dazvervebis dros sasurvelia sahaero fotogadaRe-bebi, romelTa meSveobiTac sayuradRebo arqeolo gi uri cnobebis miReba SeiZleba. amgvari sahaero fotogadaRebebi war-matebiT gamo iyenes jer kidev 1934 wels finikiis sanapiros qalaq tiris wyalqveS moqceuli nawilis gegmarebis Seswavli-sas. hidro arqeo lo giuri kvleva uSualod aris damo kidebuli saerTod wyalqveSeTis kvlevis teqnikis ganviTarebaze, romelic giganturi nabijebiT miiwevs win.

SavizRvispireTis hidroarqeologiuri eqspedicia, saTanado dafinansebis SemTx-vevaSi, momavalSi, kvlavac gaagrZelebs saqarTvelos Selfis da paliastomis tbis kvleva-Ziebas. vin icis Cveni istoriis kidev ra saidumlos inaxavs saqarTvelos zRvispireTi da tbebi.

gela gamYyreliDZe

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gamocemebi arqeologiaSi

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oTaris, rogorc mecnieris, savele-arqeologis, Seudarebeli organiza-toris da pedagogis mier gavlili gza.Zveli saqarTvelos da antikuri sam-yaros istoriisa da arqeologiis TiTqmis arcerTi kardinaluri sakiTxi ar darCenila, romelsac ar Sexebia batoni oTari ramdenime aTeuli wlis moRvaweobis manZilze. mis STambeWdav mecnierul memkvidreobaSi calsaxad Cans udidesi ganswavluloba, arqe-ologiuri masalisadmi da werilobiTi wyaroebisadmi sistemuri midgoma, saistorio problematikis ganzoga-doebis gasaocari unari. is SesaniSnavi mecnier-oratori iyo. misi yoveli sajaro gamosvla originalurobiT gamo irCeoda da cxovel interess iwvevda specialistebsa Tu farTo sazogadoebaSi. saqarTvelos isto-ria-arqeologiis ganviTarebaSi Seta-nili didi wvlilis gamo batoni oTari si cocxleSive sayovelTao aRiarebiT sargeblobda samSobloSi da ucxoeTSi.

batoni oTari didi mecnierisaTvis dama xa si a Te beli Sinagani alRoTi grZnobda msoflio mowinave samec-niero siaxle-mima r Tulebebs da maT umalve CvenSi nergavda. is meTaveobda qarTul arqeologiaSi kvlevis uax-lesi meTodebis SemoRebas. misi daarse-bulia saqarTveloSi mTavari arqeo-lo giuri dawesebuleba, rome lic dRes oT. lorTqifaniZis saxels atarebs.

vfiqrobT, aseTi mecnier-mkvle va-ris naSrom-naRvawi momdevno Taobe-bisaTvis samagali To unda iyos. batoni oTaris WeSma ri ti pat ri o tizmi, Rir-seuli ma mu li Svi loba, pirovnuli xibli, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iu -mo ri, sayvareli saqmisadmi pasu-xismgeblobis gamZa frebuli grZnoba, misi naRvawi da nafiqri, batoni oTaris xsovnis ardaviwyebis udavo sawin daria.

redaqciisagan

oTar lorTqifaniZe

ukve meoTxe welia, rac, cnobili arqe-olog-istorikosi, akademikosi oTar lorTqifaniZe gardaicvala. batoni oTari qarTuli mecnierebis Rir-seuli warmomadgeneli iyo. igi erT-gulad eweoda erovnuli samecniero azrovnebis Wapans da saxeli gauTqva mas msoflio samecniero asparezze. dasanania, rom Cven qveyanas swored dRes aklia mudam axali Canafiqre-biTa da gegmebiT aRsavse aseTi niWieri pirovneba, uaRresad mravalmxrivi da nayofieri istorikos-arqeologi. gasaocrad mravlismomcvelia batoni

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