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Gothic to Renaissance

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Italy Around 1400

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• The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% – 60% of Europe's population, reducing the world’s population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400. This has been seen as creating a series of religious, social and economic upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European History. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover.

• Because the plague killed so many of the poor population, wealthy land owners were forced to pay the remaining workers what they asked, in terms of wages.

• Because there was now a surplus in consumer goods, luxury crops could now be grown. This meant that for the first time in history, many, formerly of the peasant population, now had a chance to live a better life. Most historians now feel that this was the start of the middle class in Europe and England.

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Original Sin

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The Great Chain of Being

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Humanism

• A cultural and intellectual movement during the Renaissance, following the rediscovery of the art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. A philosophy or attitude concerned with the interests, achievements, and capabilities of human beings rather than with the abstract concepts and problems of theology and science.

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Renaissance Humanists

• Petrarch• Giovanni Boccaccio• Cosimo de Medici• Marsilio Ficino• Niccolò Machiavelli• Baldassare Castiglione• Giordano Bruno

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A WIDE VARIETY OF OPINIONS AND ATTITUDES

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HUMANISM a Focus on Human Beings:

• Education that perfected humans through the study of past models of civic and personal virtue.

• Value system that emphasized personal effort and responsibility.

• Physically and intellectually active life that was directed at a common good as well as individual nobility .

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