WELCOMEWELCOME

AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BYPRODUCTS

Submitted to:

Dr. S.N. Rai

(Principal Scientist),

NDRI Karnal.

Submitted by:

Umesh Sontakke

M.V.Sc. (1st Year)

1.AMBADI CAKE

2.TAMARIND SEED POWDER

3.WARAI BRAN

4.NIGER SEED CAKE

AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BYPRODUCTS

Tropical fiber plant.

Native to India & Africa.

Ambadi Cake obtained as by product after extraction of oil from ambadi seed

Availability of ambadi cake in India is 0.33 x 105 tonnes

It is feed to dairy animal in rural areas.

(Badave et al. 1986)

AMBADI PLANT

Ambadi

Plant Leaves Flower

Conti…….

• It is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant growing to 1.5-3.5 m tall with a woody base.

• The stems are 1–2 cm diameter

• The leaves are 10–15 cm long, variable in shape, with leaves near the base of the stems being deeply lobed with 3-7 lobes.

• Ambadi Seed oil is 20.4% of the total seed weight which is similar to cotton seed.

• Ambadi Edible Seed Oil Contains:

Palmitic acid: 19.1%

Oleic acid: 28.0%

Linoleic acid: 45%

Stearic acid: 3.0%

Alpha-linolenic acid: 3%

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON % DM BASIS AMBADI CAKE (Hibiscus canabinus)

Crude protein 23.4

Ether extract 6.3

Crude fiber 19.7

Nitrogen free extract 40.2

Ash 10.4

Calcium ----

Phosphorus ----

DCP 18.7

TDN 63.8

M .L. PUNJ

Digestibility study

5 adult HF bull (240-400 kg body wt.)

(4 wk)

Sorghum straw

In last wk digestibility & metabolic trial are

conducted

Sorghum straw +

Ambadi cake

(Badave et al. 1986)

PARAMETER SORGHUM STRAW

(A) %

SORGHUM STRAW +

AMBADI CAKE (B) %

AMBADI CAKE * %

Dry matter (DM) 55.3 57.1 58.4

Organic matter (OM) 59.4 61.4 66.4

Crude protein (CP) 0 67.6 79.9

Crude fiber (CF) 60.7 65.9 82.0

Ether extract (EE) 45.6 77.0 86.1

Nitrogen free extract (NFE)

60.3 56.0 41.7

PERCENT DIGESTIBILITY

Badave et al., (1986)

A & B; 4 wk experimental period each.

* dig.coeff. for ambadi cake is calculated by difference.

15 cross bred (HF X Gir) bull calves

(BW 100 kg)

T1 (n=5) T2 (n=5) T3 (n=5)

Conc. mixture:Sorghum grain=25parts,Decorticated tamarind seed=20parts, GNE= 25parts, Deoiled rice bran=18parts, molasses= 10parts, MM=2.

Conc. Mixture + 0% ambadi cake

Conc. Mixture + 10 % ambadi cake

Conc. Mixture + 20% ambadi cake

Badave et al. (1986)

Effect ambadi cake on Growth

Experimental period (183 days)

P1 (90 days) P2 (93 days)

Feeds:

Hybrid nepier (NB-21)= 2.5 kg green

Sorghumstraw=2.5 kg

+

Conc.mixture

Feeds:

Hybrid nepier (NB-21)= 3 kg green

Sorghumstraw=3 kg

+

Conc.mixture

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FEEDS & FODDER.

Ingredients OM CP CF EE NFE Ash

Conc.

(T1)

91.2 18.1 9.8 3.6 59.7 8.8

Conc.(T2) 90.8 18.3 8.9 3.6 60.0 9.2

Conc. (T3) 91.2 18.2 9.9 3.7 59.9 8.8

NB-21 91.9 4.5 34.4 1.4 51.6 8.1

Sorghum

straw

91.2 2.1 32.1 1.1 55.9 8.8

Badave et al. (1986)

Apparent ration digestibility (%)

Parameter P1 P2

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

DM 59.07 60.39 59.51 69.21 70.01 69.18

OM 62.16 63.59 62.58 72.75 73.18 72.06

CP 65.54 66.58 63.88 67.39 64.19 67.86

CF 66.95 67.12 68.57 74.49 77.25 77.34

EE 73.02 68.11 75.43 84.28 82.88 85.15

NFE 60.50 62.57 59.74 70.40 7.61 69.80

Badave et al. (1986)

Results

P1 P2

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

Mean daily DMI (kg)

4.17 4.22 4.27 5.55 5.65 5.83

Digestibility Coefficient of DM, OM, EE, CF, NFE significantly higher in P2 than P1

Mean body wt & nutrient intake of the animalsT1 T2 T3

P1 P2 overall P1 P2 overall P1 P2 overall

No of animals 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Period (d) 90 93 183 90 93 183 90 93 183

Mean initial age (M)

7.9 10.9 7.9 7.3 10.6 7.3 7.3 10.6 7.3

Initial body wt (kg)

101.4 146.26 101.4 102.2 149.4 102.2 100.4 155.68 100.4

Mean daily wt gain (kg)

0.49 0.79 0.64 0.51 0.80 0.66 0.60 0.86 0.73

Mean daily DCP intake (kg)

0.303 0.410 0.357 0.317 0.375 0.346 0.279 0.402 0.341

Mean daily TDN intake (kg)

2.55 3.84 3.20 2.61 3.86 3.25 2.58 3.89 3.25

Total feeding cost (Rs)

- - 765.55 - - 765.63 - - 756.50

Feeding coat/kg gain (Rs)

- - 6.54 - - 6.38 - - 5.68

Badave et al. (1986)

Conclusion :

•Feeding cost per kg wt gain based on prices on feeds and fodder prevalent during experiment period was lowest for T3.

•Ambadi cake upto20% in compound cattle feed had no adverse effect on growth of the animal and decreased cost of feeding of prevalent cost structure.

Lactation study 12 Jersey cows

E1 (n=4) E2 (n=4) E3 (n=4)

Conc. Mixture: sorghum grian= 40, GNE= 30, DORB= 18, mollases = 10, MM=2.

Roughages: Green maize= 20kg, lucern=5kg,sorghum straw/head/d=2 kg.

Conc. Mixture + 0% ambadi cake

Conc. Mixture + 10 % ambadi cake

Conc. Mixture + 20% ambadi cake

15 day: adjustment period

45 day: comparison period

Badave et al. (1986)

Milk yield, composition & feeding cost of milk production per animal.

E1 E2 E3

No of animals 12 12 12

Period (days) 135 135 135

Total milk production (kg/animal)

1258.66 1329 1244.9

Fat % (avg.) 5.74 5.70 5.78

SNF % (avg.) 9.35 9.32 9.37

Total FCM (kg) 1562 1657 1570.78

Total feed cost (Rs)

1744.68 1730.25 1721.30

Feed cost per kg of milk (Rs)

1.38 1.30 1.38

Feed cost per kg of FCM (Rs)

1.12 1.04 1.10

Badave et al. (1986)

TOXIC FACTOR

• Aflatoxin b1 is found in ambadi cake

(Mycotoxins in feedstuff by Martin Weidenbör )

• No toxin found as per Punj,

Significance of ambadi cake in ration

• Fraction of feed nitrogen resistant to protease found to be significantly high in ambadi cake (47.46) as compare to other feed samples like GNC(12.97), meat & bone meal

• Maximum ADIN % content in ambadi cake than ground nut cake.

Ramachandra et al.,

Cont………

• Rumen escape protein value % of ambadi cake (27.52) & meat & bone meal (26.41) was found to be significantly high as compare to other feed sampals.

• Rapid rumen soluble nitrogen expressed % rumen degradable N significantly high in safflower cake(86.76) followed by GNC and ambadi cake.

Ramachandra, et al.,

INCLUSION LEVEL IN ANIMAL FEED:

Ambadi cake up to 20% in the compound cattle feed had no adverse effects on the growth of the animals & reduced cost of feeding of prevalent cost structure.

Ambadi cake upto 20% in the concentrate mixture would be useful for milk production .

(Bavade et al: 1985)

About Tamarind plant

• Tamarindus indica of the family Leguminosae.

• A slow-growing, long-lived, massive tree.

• Native to tropical Africa. • It is commonly found in south India.

• Nearly 1.4 lakh tonnes of tamarind seed available.

• It is highly wind-resistant.

• The pods may be cinnamon-brown or grayish-brown externally.

Conti..

• Medicinal Uses: Tamarind preparations are universally recognized as refrigerants in fevers and as laxatives and carminatives.

• Extract of seed coat of tamarindus inhibits nitric oxide formation

(Komutarin et al.,2004)

• Tamarind ingestion result into fluoride excretion & help in delaying flurosis (Rao and Khandare;2002)

Tamarind Tree Tamarind pod

Germinated tamarind plant

Tamarind kernel

Tamarind

TAMARIND SEED POWDER (Tamarindus indicus)

• Availability : 87 x 103 tons / year in India.

• Tamarind seed kernel good source of energy & protein.

• Tamarind kernel has high protein content than barley, oats & maize & total carbohydrates & minerals compare favorably with those oats & grams (Anon.,1976)

• The CP & DE content in tamarind seed were slightly high (13.00% & 3.6Mcal/kg respectively) than the maize (11.20% & 3.5 Mcal/ kg respectively )

( Mahto et al., 2007)

Parameter Percentage (%)

Crude protein 19.8

Ether extract 4.7

Crude fiber 2.1

Nitrogen free extract 70.3

Ash 3.1

Calcium --

Phosphorus --

DCP 11.26

TDN 63.92

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DECORTICATEDTAMARIND SEED POWDER % DMB

M.L.Punj

Nutrient digestibility of water soaked tamarind seed in pigs

Six 75% (crossbred LWY x desi) 1 month pregnant gilt

Initially 2kg /day of standard finisher ration Maize=45 %Deoiled sunflower cake=08 %Deoiled rice bran=42 %Fish meal =03 %Pigmin=02 %

1.25 kg std. finisher ration + 0.75kg tamarind soaked In water(1:4)

After 14 days preliminary feeding digestibility of nutrient is calculated

(Ravi et al;1999)

Six 75% crossbred (LWY x desi gilt )

Fed on standard finisher ration (R1) same which is used in digestibility study

Eight 75% crossbred (LWY x desi gilt )

Fed on ration containing soaked tamarind seed in replace of maize (R2)

2/3 rd period of gestation

Tamarind seed soaked in water =7.2 kg mixed with 8.8 kg other component of diet

Remaining period of gestation

8.1 kg tamarind seed soaked in water mixed in 9.9 kg of other component of diet

(Ravi et al;1999)

Chemical composition of rations & water soaked tamarind seed

Particular

(%DM basis)

Ration Water soaked tamarind seed

R1 R2

Crude protein 13.75 16.05 17.23

Ether extract 3.51 3.18 3.89

Crude fibre 10.98 11.47 2.77

NFE 60.73 57.73 72.90

Total ash 11.03 11.57 3.21

AIA 5.01 5.40 0.49

Ca 1.81 1.04 0.67

P 1.29 0.89 0.39

Cost/kg (Rs) 427.25 421 447.00

DMI (g/day) 1835 1794 (Ravi et al;1999)

Digestibility coefficients of rations & water soaked tamarind seed

Parameter

(%)

Ration Water soaked tamarind seed R1 R2

Dry matter 60.04 63.55 70.48

Crude protein 62.48 61.69 60.45

Ether extract 75.74 66.26 44.42

Crude fibre 29.24 25.33 12.81

NFE 70.66 77.95 89.74

Total carbohydrate

61.37 67.33 78.08

(Ravi et al;1999)

Nutritive value of rations & tamarind seed soaked in water

parameter

Ration

Water soaked tamarind seed

R1 R2

DCP 8.59 9.87 10.41

TDN 6067 62.83 80.03

DE (kcal/kg) 2669 2765 3521

(Ravi et al;1999)

Effect of diet on average growth & reproductive performance of gilt

particular Diet

R1 R2

Initial body wt. of gilt at mating (kg)

91.13 81.3

Body wt. of gilt at 110days

133.0 123.8

Body wt. gain 41.8 42.5

Gestation period 113 112

ADG of gilts (gm) 371 379

Daily feed intake (kg) 2.08 2.49

Feed/kg gain (kg) 5.27 5.10

(Ravi et al;1999)

LEVEL OF FEEDING

• 25 % in calf starters

• In chick ration from 10-30 % have revealed progressive decline in the growth ratio & FER

• Overnight water soaked tamarind seed can replace maize in the diets of pregnant crossbreed gilts economically

(Ravi et al ;1999)

• Pig ration: Replacement of maize with tamarind seed powder had no influence on digestibility of OM,DM,EE & NFE

• No effect of tamarind seed powder diet on N , Ca, & P retention & all animal were in positive balance (Mahto et al.,2007)

Toxin

Tamarind seed content tannin ( 2-4%).

Tamarind seed husk is a natural source of tannin that can be used to beneficially manipulate rumen fermentation

Tannin content in tamarind seed husk (g /kg DM)

TREATMENT : Overnight soaking in cold water reduces the tannin content.

Type of tannin Content (g /kg DM)

Total phenol 155

Hydrolysable tannin 20

Condensed tannin 136(Bhatta; 2001).

WARAI BRAN(Panicum milliceum)

• Availability : 20,000 tonnes / year for animal feeding

• DCP =4.5%

• TDN =57.4%

Parameter Percentage Crude protein 6.2

Ether extract 4.8

Crude fiber 18.7

Nitrogen free extract 58.2

Ash 12.1

Calcium --

Phosphorus --

DCP 4.5

TDN 57.4

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WARAI BRAN ON % DMB

LEVEL OF FEEDING

• 30 % in concentrate mixture of growing cross breed calves to give daily gain of 418gm &milk yield 12.9 kg in lactating cows.

NIGER SEED (Guizotia abysainica):

• Availability : 1 x 105 tonnes of cake annually.

Niger seed

Name of Commodity NIGER SEED

Family Composite

Botanical Name Abyssinica Cass

Synonyms Kalatil, Ramtil, Surguja

Description An erect, annual, smooth or scabrid herb

Cultivation Bilaspur,Jabalpur,Betul, Satara

Utilization Extraction of Oil, Edible Purpose Bird Feed and Seed

Production 1405.3(Shausan md.) or 02-75,000 tones in India.

Uses Niger seed oil is semi-drying Oil used as a paint oil Niger Seed cakes utilized for feeding, cattle or as manure. Niger Seed cake has a high manorial value and has given good results, which is applied to sugar cane crops.

Major Market Bombay, Nasik.

Present Market Rate :Rs.20-25/= per Kg. (Trified ministry of tribal affair India)

Conti….

• Guizotia abyssinica is an erect, stout, branched annual herb, grown for its edible oil and seed.

• Its cultivation originated in the Ethiopian highlands, and has spread to other parts of Ethiopia.

• Common names include: niger, nyjer, or niger seed; ramtil or ramtilla; inga seed; and black seed.

Conti….

• The seed, technically a fruit called an achene

• often sold as bird seed as it is a favourite of finches, especially Goldfinch and Greenfinch

• In the bird seed market, Nyjer is often sold or referred to as thistle seed. • 'Niger' name, which means black and looks similar to a word used as a

racial slur.

• Niger seeds are also used in southern parts of India. In Karnataka and Maharashtra (called Uchellu and Karale in Kannada and Marathi respectively )

Niger seed cake

• Chiefly produced : Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra & Orissa.

• Richer in available lysine & methionine than groundnut cake

• ME varies between 2700-2800kcal/kg

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NIGER SEED CAKE ON % (DMB)

Parameter Percentage

Crude protein 34.2

Ether extract 5.7

Crude fibre 13.6

Nitrogen free extract 37.0

Ash 9.5

Calcium --

Phosphorus --

DCP 32.7

TDN 49.4

M.L.PUNJ

LEVEL OF FEEDING

• 57 % Level in concentrate mixture of cross breed calves

• Niger seed cake can completely replace GNC on the protein basis for growing chicks *if fiber content in ration is adjusted

• In cattle ration as high as 10-15% is not uncommon

• Higher levels causes depression in total solid in milk

• Advisable to include along with other oil cake like GNC, Copra cake etc.