Agroforestry: a tool for sustainable nutrition?

2

About the World Agroforestry Centre

(aka ICRAF)

3

• We are one of the 15 global reasearch centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

• We are dedicated to generating and applying the best available knowledge to stimulate agricultural growth in developing countries, raise farmers’ incomes, and protect the environment.

– Our Vision: a rural transformation in the developing world as smallholder households increase their use of trees in agricultural landscapes to improve their food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, energy resources and environmental sustainability.

– Our mission: generate science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and use this research to advance policies and practices that benefit the poor and the environment.

Who are we?

4

Our research priorities

1. Domestication, utilization and conservation of superior agroforestry germplasm.

2. Maximizing on-farm productivity of trees and agroforestry systems.

3. Improving tree product marketing and extension for smallholders.

4. Reducing land health risks and targeting agroforestry interventions to enhance land productivity and food availability.

5. Improving the ability of farmers, ecosystems, and governments to cope with climate change.

6. Developing policies and incentives for multi-functional landscapes with trees that provide environmental services.

5

Our participation in the CGIAR Research Programmes (CRPs)

• CRP 1 Integrated Agricultural Systems

• CRP 2 Policy research

• CRP 4 Health and Nutrition

• CRP 5 Land and Water

• CRP 6 Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

• CRP 7 Climate Change and Agriculture

World Bank World Development Indicators

South Asia

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Kg

per

Hec

tare

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America

East Asia

Cereal yields by region

Fruit & veg consumption

Modified after: Msangi and Rosegrant 2011. Feeding the Future’s Changing Diets.

11

African facts

• Population growth has rendered fallowing impossible in many communities

• Land overuse is depleting soil organic matter, soil carbon and soil microbiology

• Consequently, across drylands Africa, soil fertility is dropping by 10-15% a year (Bunch, 2011)

• Deep poverty and logistical bottlenecks makes fertiliser unaffordable for most

• Funding for fertiliser subsidies is scarce and fickle

Where will soil fertility, soil organic matter and extreme weather resilience come from ?

Faidherbia Albida in teff crop system in Ethiopia

From trees.

Impact of fertilizer trees on maize yield

under farmer management _______________________________________

maize yield (t/ha)

Maize only 1.30

Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05

____________________________________________________________

2011 Survey of farms in six districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje,

Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)

Drought Drought Flood

P addition

resumed

Long-term maize yield without fertilizer

in a Gliricidia system

P stopped

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Zinder, southern Niger in the 1980s

In FMNR, farmers will select the best shoots from trees regrowing naturally from stumps and eliminate the rest. This promotes the growth of vigorous new trees adapted to local conditions.

Today, there are 5 million hectares of millet production in Faidherbia parklands

in Niger, producing 500,000 tons of extra grain a year !

23

Kantché district, Zinder, Niger

District of 350,000 people, with high tree on-field densities. Rainfall averages ca. 350 mm per year, typical of Sahel drylands.

Annual district-wide grain surplus:

2007 21,230 tons

2008 36,838 tons

2009 28,122 tons

2010 64,208 tons

2011 13,818 tons

Kantché produces grain surpluses even in drought years. This is mostly exported to northern Nigeria, providing cash revenue.

Yamba & Sambo, 2012

Where will Africa’s nutrition come from?

Modified after: Msangi and Rosegrant 2011. Feeding the Future’s Changing Diets.

From trees.

Harvest seasons

Example from western Kenya

Homegardens and their function

Trees in homegardens

Beware of ignorance!

Vit A & C: indigenous beat exotics

Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods.

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods; Fruits

for the Future Series, ICUC; Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/), etc.

Domestication of Agroforestry Trees producing food and non-food products

Creation of early fruiting, low stature, productive cultivars with high

quality and uniformity

Cultivar meeting market

specifications

Fruiting

cultivar

Simple and appropriate

propagation technology

Tree-to-tree

variation within a

village population

0

50

100

150

200

Individual trees

Ma

ss

(g

)

Kernel mass

Shell mass

Flesh mass

Quantification of Important Traits

%a-santalol

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

% a

-san

talo

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85

Individual trees

Mass (

mg

)

stearine (mg) oleine (mg)

Fruit

morphology

Medicinal

properties

Essential

oils Edible oils

and fatty

acids

Elite

trees

for

select

ion

Techniques allow multiple trait selection

for different markets

50+ species under Domestication

*Some of these have been approved by EU Food

Regulations

*

*

Participatory Tree Domestication (PTD)

Put simply PTD refers to:

the means communities select, propagate and manage high-value indigenous fruit trees and medicinal plants and integrate them in the various farming systems,

Species for domestication are mainly selected encompassing indigenous knowledge and genetic selection based on scientific principles

A strong partnership is developed with scientists, civic authorities and private companies.

PTD is a farmer driven and market lead process. It focuses on species farmers consume best with high potentials for local, regional and international markets

Gnetum

africanum

SPECIES UNDER DOMESTICATION

Irvingia gabonensis

Ricinodendron heudelotii Kola nitida

Garcinia cola (Bitter kola)

Monodora myristica Afrotyrax lepidophyllus

Zanthoxylum macrophylla

Nutritional benefits of indigenous fruits

Species Dacroydes

edulis

fruit

(88% dm)

Irvingia

gabonensis

kernels

(88% dm)

Maize

grain

(86% dm)

Rice

grain

Cassava

tuber

(30-35%dm)

Carbohydrates 14 26-39 66-76 46-59 24-31

Fats/oils 32 51-72 2-6 1-2 <1

Protein 26 7.4 5-14 4-8 1

Fibre 18 1 1-3 1-4 1-2

Data on micronutrients, fatty acids, etc.

in Leakey 1999, Food Chemistry 64, 1-

14.

Harvest periods of selected priority indigenous

fruit/nut species of West and Central Africa.

Tree species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Irvingia wombolu

Cola spp.

Dacryodes edulis

Garcina kola

Irvingia gabonensis

Ricinodendron heudelotii

RURAL RESOURCE CENTERS

Innovative approach helping farmers to be exposed to updated technologies in domestication and agroforestry. Demonstration plots helping farmers to acquire skills in

producing NTFPs and marketing knowledge

.

The concept of Rural Resource Centres

32

Differences with the classical agricultural extension approach

More scope for joint research, adaptation, training, sharing and diffusion of good practices and technologies

Better partnership between research, civil society organisations and farmers

More flexibility in activities, room for testing and adaptation

Gradual development

Efforts to be self-sustaining

Infrastructure

Tree nursery

training hall and

offices

Agroforestry demonstration plots

Small library

Experimenting together with farmers

vegetative propagation techniques on

species prioritised by communities

Exchanging planting material

between resource centres

Learning from each other during study visits

Activities

6

Why agroforestry?

• Agroforestry lets farmers grow more food, fodder and fuel while managing agricultural landscapes for critical ecosystem services - sustainably.

• Agroforestry helps curb greenhouse gas emissions by slowing the conversion of forest to farmland and by sequestering more carbon on farms (in trees and the soil).

• Agroforestry can involve hundreds of highly nutritious species, many of which are still relatively unknown.

Malawi is one of African 16 countries (April 2012) that are implementing or setting up National Evergreen Agriculture Action Plans, and the seat of the World Agroforestry Centre’s Southern Africa hub.

Malawi National Agroforestry Food Security Programme

Gliricidia, a leguminous coppice tree, interplanted with maize. The leaves are cut and turned over into the topmost soil layer, providing nitrogen and other nutrients

Fertilizer tree options: from the short to the long term

Relay Fallow

intercropping

(grain yield: 2-3

tons)

Improved Fallows (grain yield: 3-4 tons)

Gliricidia / Maize

intercropping

(grain yield 3-5 tons)

Faidherbia/ Maize

intercropping

(grain yield 3-5+

tons)

Waiting period before benefit accrues

1 year 2 years 3 years 5+ years

• Increased crop nutrient availability in rainfed food crop systems

• Improved microclimate and soil water relations conveying greater adaptation to climate change

• Increased and more stable food crop productivity

• Increased food micronutrient availability (fruits)

• Enhanced dry season fodder availability

• Dramatically increased carbon accumulation in food crop systems: 6-10 tons of CO2 per hectare per year are common

• Enhanced biodiversity

• Reduced deforestation due to on-farm fuelwood and timber production

What trees give to farms:

Because it works, agroforestry is spreading across Africa, both from the grassroots and through government programmes. Because the defining feature of these agroforestry fields is that they carry living vegetation all year around, we call this "evergreen agriculture". This spread must be hugely speeded up to meet the needs of tens of millions of smallholder farmers.

The evergreen agriculture vision: • EverGreen Agriculture is emerging as an affordable and accessible science-based solution to

regenerate the land on small-scale farms and increase family food production and cash income.

• EverGreen Agriculture is a form of more intensive farming that integrates trees with annual crops.

The vision of EverGreen Agriculture is to sustain a green cover on the land throughout the year,

increasing food and fodder production sustainably.

• EverGreen farming systems feature both perennial and annual species (trees and food crops). The

overall indicator of their effectiveness is building a healthy soil and environment, while increasing

the resilience of the farm enterprise to a variety of risks. They deliver extended growing seasons,

increased productivity, better water utilization efficiency, and drought resilience.

• Millions of women and men farmers in Zambia, Malawi, Niger, Burkina Faso, and other countries

are already practicing EverGreen Agriculture, successfully restoring exhausted soils with richer

sources of organic nutrients, and dramatically increasing both their crop yields and incomes.

• More countries are joining the Evergreen Partnership almost monthly: see

http://evergreenagriculture.net for details and regular updates.

30

Governments: 16 countries are now engaged in EverGreen Agriculture

Government example: in December 2011, the Ethiopian PM announces national plan to raise 100 million Faidherbia trees in farmers’ fields

32

What must be done?

Grassroots: agroforestry in West Africa is expanding too slowly

Existing systems are not recognised for what they are (ex:Faidherbia agroforest in Senegal)

What’s wrong with this picture? All the trees are old and risk declining soon. These lands are not being managed for replacement tree growth.

33

Growing Evergreen Agriculture on farms • Offer support to countries launching evergreen agriculture programmes:

• Help establish the right policies

• Technical support to define and establish best systems

• Boost extension services reach and quality

• Research, develop and support the implementation of scaling up and scaling out to many millions of smallholders

• Support to pioneer farmers, to national extension services, to NGOs and INGOs

• Encourage more partnerships between research, development, and private sector institutions

• Help spread the idea of “trees on farms” further at national and international levels

34

• Grow the science by encouraging research partnerships across the region to tackle key questions:

• Develop systems adapted to as many agroecological regions as are encountered

• Resolving complex policy issues

• Enhancing targeting & scaling-up

• Ensure quality tree genetics and plentiful tree seed supplies

• Enhance tree propagation and establishment

• Adapt to integrated production systems

• Estimate potentials for climate change adaptation

• …

Building the science of Evergreen Agriculture

Agroforestry and EverGreen Agriculture are •fresh, low-cost approaches to land regeneration and food security that have their roots in Africa and are spreading across the tropics and that are

•being adopted by millions of smallholders.

•Poor households should be targeted over large areas to end hunger on small farms; working in the

•many nations that are creating the policy and institutional environments to favor adoption.

•Research is critical to underpin the acceleration of more widespread adoption

Conclusion

36

For more information

Patrick Worms, World Agroforestry Centre

Email:p.worms@cgiar.org

Tel: +32 495 24 46 11

www.worldagroforestrycentre.org

www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/evergreen_agriculture

http://evergreenagriculture.net/about-evergreen-agriculture