AGE 322 AGE 322

AGRICULTURAL MECHANISATION AGRICULTURAL MECHANISATION 2 Units2 Units

Course Lecturer: Engr. Dada P.O.O.Course Lecturer: Engr. Dada P.O.O.Department of Agricultural EngineeringDepartment of Agricultural Engineering

Office Location: Civil Engineering Building.Office Location: Civil Engineering Building. Office No:3 Office No:3

FUNAABFUNAABEmail: Email: dadafemo@yahoo.com, , dadapo@unaab.edu.ng

What is Agricultural MechanisationWhat is Agricultural Mechanisation

Study of the manufacture, utilisation, Study of the manufacture, utilisation, distribution, repair and maintenance distribution, repair and maintenance of all machines involving farming of all machines involving farming operations from land clearing to operations from land clearing to processing.processing.

Use of farm machineryUse of farm machinery

Aims of MechanisationAims of Mechanisation

To increase productivityTo increase productivity

To remove farm drudgeryTo remove farm drudgery

To improve on product qualityTo improve on product quality

To reduce cost of labourTo reduce cost of labour

To increase incomeTo increase income

Provision of employment opportunitiesProvision of employment opportunities

Improve livelihood of farmersImprove livelihood of farmers

Levels of mechanisationLevels of mechanisationHumanHuman

– Power rating(0.1 HP), Power rating(0.1 HP), – most primitive most primitive – Highly inefficientHighly inefficient– High energy consumptionHigh energy consumption– Low cultivated areaLow cultivated area

AnimalAnimal– Power rating(1-5 HP)Power rating(1-5 HP)– Better than manual/humanBetter than manual/human– Larger capacity for animal drawn toolsLarger capacity for animal drawn tools– Prone to Tsetse fly infestationProne to Tsetse fly infestation– Competition for meat/milk by humansCompetition for meat/milk by humansMechanicalMechanical– Power rating(10-200HP)Power rating(10-200HP)– More coverage of landMore coverage of land– Highly efficientHighly efficient– High productivityHigh productivity– ExpensiveExpensive– Needs skilled labourNeeds skilled labour

Other sources of PowerOther sources of PowerSolar Solar – From the sun (continous, 3.41X10From the sun (continous, 3.41X1066 Joules/m Joules/m22

– Useful for: space heating, water heating and crop drying

WindWind– Used with wind vanesUsed with wind vanes

NuclearNuclear– Clean sourceClean source– Easily controlledEasily controlled– High power generationHigh power generation– Application through electric powerApplication through electric power

Biogas/BioenergyBiogas/Bioenergy– Renewable source of energyRenewable source of energy

The tractorThe tractorTractors can be classified in terms of their Tractors can be classified in terms of their capacity (power rating) and type (wheel, capacity (power rating) and type (wheel, crawler etc).crawler etc).

Wheel type can be of two types namely Wheel type can be of two types namely Two-wheeled and four-wheeled.Two-wheeled and four-wheeled.

Others include: earth moving types and Others include: earth moving types and industrial types.industrial types.

Power rating ranges from 1.3 to 150 HPPower rating ranges from 1.3 to 150 HP

Selection of farm tractorsSelection of farm tractors

To select appropriate size of farm To select appropriate size of farm tractors, the following must be tractors, the following must be considered.considered.

Farm area to be cultivatedFarm area to be cultivated

Type of crops to growType of crops to grow

Soil structureSoil structure

Financial capabilityFinancial capability

Size of implement to be drivenSize of implement to be driven

Tractor as a Prime moverTractor as a Prime mover

Drives all other farm machineryDrives all other farm machinery

PTO for energy generationPTO for energy generation

Provision of Draft power for tillage Provision of Draft power for tillage tools through 3-hitch systemtools through 3-hitch system

Used for trailing and transportation Used for trailing and transportation of farm produceof farm produce

Hydraulic output for equipment Hydraulic output for equipment liftinglifting

Internal Combustion EnginesInternal Combustion Engines

Burns fuel internallyBurns fuel internally

Mixture of fuel and airMixture of fuel and air

Power generated by the explosion of Power generated by the explosion of burnt mixture of fuel and airburnt mixture of fuel and air

Common types Include:Common types Include:– Gasoline/Otto cycleGasoline/Otto cycle– Diesel EngineDiesel Engine

Engine parts Engine parts Stationary partsStationary parts– Engine blockEngine block– CylindersCylinders– Cylinder headCylinder head– CrankcaseCrankcase– SumpSump

Rotating partsRotating parts– CrankshaftCrankshaft– Main bearingsMain bearings– FlywheelFlywheel– CamshaftCamshaft

Reciprocating partsReciprocating parts– PistonPiston– Connecting rodsConnecting rods– ValvesValves– Valve seatsValve seats

Engine AccessoriesEngine Accessories– Electrical systemElectrical system– Cooling systemCooling system

Agricultural Machinery Agricultural Machinery managementmanagement

Policies are necessary for successful implementation of Policies are necessary for successful implementation of Agricultural mechanization strategy. Agricultural mechanization strategy.

Policies are established by Government to achieve Policies are established by Government to achieve objectives.objectives.

strategies defines the way in which policies are strategies defines the way in which policies are implemented. implemented.

Some key policies are:Some key policies are:

Subsidies Subsidies

CreditsCredits

Taxes and DutiesTaxes and Duties

Private, Corporate or Government OwnershipPrivate, Corporate or Government Ownership

Input and output pricesInput and output prices

Public investment.Public investment.

Cost AnalysisCost Analysis

The maintenance of an accurate record of costs is an indispensable The maintenance of an accurate record of costs is an indispensable part of the machinery manager’s job. part of the machinery manager’s job.

Such records assist decision making processes that are the core of Such records assist decision making processes that are the core of good machinery management.good machinery management.

Ultimate goal of a machinery manager is to maximize enterprise Ultimate goal of a machinery manager is to maximize enterprise profits, get a higher output from his machines at minimum cost.profits, get a higher output from his machines at minimum cost.

Time of replacement of a machine is one of the most important Time of replacement of a machine is one of the most important decision making activity of the machinery manager.decision making activity of the machinery manager.

Cost analysis (Contd)Cost analysis (Contd)

Machinery costs are divided into two categories:Machinery costs are divided into two categories:Fixed cost (Independent of use) eg. Machinery investment, Fixed cost (Independent of use) eg. Machinery investment, taxes, housing, insurance etc.taxes, housing, insurance etc.Variable cost (associated with use) eg. Fuel, daily service, Variable cost (associated with use) eg. Fuel, daily service, power, labour, lubrication etc.power, labour, lubrication etc.

Depreciation: The amount by which the value of a machine Depreciation: The amount by which the value of a machine decreases with the passage of time whether decreases with the passage of time whether used or not. used or not.

The value declines due to the following:The value declines due to the following:Part worn out with usePart worn out with useExpense of operating machine increases with timeExpense of operating machine increases with timeNew or more efficient machine is availableNew or more efficient machine is availableChange in use of the enterprice.Change in use of the enterprice.

Cost analysis (Contd)Cost analysis (Contd)

Methods of calculating DepreciationMethods of calculating Depreciation1.1. Straight-line methodStraight-line method2.2. Declining balance methodDeclining balance method3.3. Sum of the year digits methodSum of the year digits method

Service life of a machine (Physical Life): Needed to estimate Service life of a machine (Physical Life): Needed to estimate depreciation. It terminates instantly due to irreplaceable depreciation. It terminates instantly due to irreplaceable part or irreparable part. part or irreparable part.

Economic Life of a machine: The length of time from purchase Economic Life of a machine: The length of time from purchase to that point where it is more economical to replace with to that point where it is more economical to replace with a second machine than to continue with the first.a second machine than to continue with the first.

Accounting life of a machine: Predicted life of a machine in Accounting life of a machine: Predicted life of a machine in hours of use based on the surveyed use of existing hours of use based on the surveyed use of existing machines and on design life used by the manufacturer.machines and on design life used by the manufacturer.

Cost Analysis (Contd)Cost Analysis (Contd)

Renting and LeasingRenting and LeasingRepair costsRepair costsInterest, tax, Insurance and ShelterInterest, tax, Insurance and Shelter

Approximate Annual Cost: Estimation for future cost of use for Approximate Annual Cost: Estimation for future cost of use for farm machines is important to machinery managers. Good farm machines is important to machinery managers. Good estimates help in costs of production, size selection and estimates help in costs of production, size selection and replacement decisions can be made.replacement decisions can be made.The actual costs are determined at the end of each year from The actual costs are determined at the end of each year from cost recordscost records

Approximate Annual costApproximate Annual cost

Approximate annual cost are determined by summing expected FC and Approximate annual cost are determined by summing expected FC and VC.VC.The total cost per year of a machine can be expressed as:The total cost per year of a machine can be expressed as:

AC = FC%/100 X P + CA/SWE X [R&M +L + O+F+T] AC = FC%/100 X P + CA/SWE X [R&M +L + O+F+T] Where: AC is Annual cost N/yrWhere: AC is Annual cost N/yrFC is Fixed Cost percentage (decimal)FC is Fixed Cost percentage (decimal)P is Initial Purchase price (N)P is Initial Purchase price (N)A is annual area use (Acres)A is annual area use (Acres)S is Forward speed (km/hr)S is Forward speed (km/hr)W is Effective width of action of machine (m)W is Effective width of action of machine (m)E is field efficiency (decimal)E is field efficiency (decimal)R&M is repair and maintenance cost (N)R&M is repair and maintenance cost (N)C is a constant 10 or 8.25C is a constant 10 or 8.25L is labour cost (N/yr)L is labour cost (N/yr)O is Oil cost (N/yr)O is Oil cost (N/yr)F is fuel cost (N/yr)F is fuel cost (N/yr)T is Cost of tractor use by the machine (N/yr)T is Cost of tractor use by the machine (N/yr)

Equipment SelectionEquipment SelectionAn efficient method of matching equipment to the true needs of An efficient method of matching equipment to the true needs of

agriculture will benefit both the manufacturer and the farmer. agriculture will benefit both the manufacturer and the farmer.

The selection of an equipment is a complex problem at farm level.The selection of an equipment is a complex problem at farm level.

To select field machinery, the following factors must be taken into To select field machinery, the following factors must be taken into consideration.consideration.

Implement performanceImplement performance

TimelinessTimeliness

Power availabilityPower availability

LabourLabour

Ability to anticipate and recognize significant trends in the Ability to anticipate and recognize significant trends in the technologytechnology

Machinery selectionMachinery selection

In field machinery selection, the most pertinent variable is In field machinery selection, the most pertinent variable is size or capacity of the machine.size or capacity of the machine.

The basis for selecting the proper capacity field machine is The basis for selecting the proper capacity field machine is to find the minimum cost by using the equation:to find the minimum cost by using the equation:

AC = FC%/100 X P + 8.25/SWE X [R&M +L + O+F+T] AC = FC%/100 X P + 8.25/SWE X [R&M +L + O+F+T] (Where the symbols have their usual meaning)(Where the symbols have their usual meaning)

If all the variables are expressed in terms of per metre of machine wheel basis If all the variables are expressed in terms of per metre of machine wheel basis with the exception of T, thenwith the exception of T, then

AC = AC = ff(w)(w)

Graph relating annual cost and machine width.Graph relating annual cost and machine width.

Power SelectionPower Selection

Cost of power is significant in many operations. Cost of power is significant in many operations.

Some implements are self propelled but most are powered by Some implements are self propelled but most are powered by tractors.tractors.

Tractor capacity is designated by horsepower.Tractor capacity is designated by horsepower.

The annual cost for a farm power unit can be expected to The annual cost for a farm power unit can be expected to consist of consist of

AC = FC%/100 X P + hours used X [R&M +L + O+ KAYV] AC = FC%/100 X P + hours used X [R&M +L + O+ KAYV]

Where K = timeliness factorWhere K = timeliness factor

Y = Potential crop yield (t/ha)Y = Potential crop yield (t/ha)

A = Area (acres)A = Area (acres)

V = Value of crop (N)V = Value of crop (N)

Used EquipmentUsed Equipment

Equipment selection also involves some decision about the Equipment selection also involves some decision about the economic of purchasing used machinery. When the price of economic of purchasing used machinery. When the price of a used equipment drops below its actual worth, there is an a used equipment drops below its actual worth, there is an economic opportunity for the employment of a used economic opportunity for the employment of a used machine.machine.In the decision to purchase a used equipment, the In the decision to purchase a used equipment, the machinery manager should recognize and distinguish machinery manager should recognize and distinguish between between PricePrice and and Value.Value.

The following can also guide decision on purchase of used The following can also guide decision on purchase of used equipment.equipment.

1.1. Evaluate wearEvaluate wear2.2. Recognize the adequacy of prior maintenanceRecognize the adequacy of prior maintenance3.3. Evaluate and judge deterioration due to ageEvaluate and judge deterioration due to age4.4. Be knowledgeable in performance of various modelsBe knowledgeable in performance of various models5.5. Be skilled.Be skilled.

Machinery managementMachinery managementInvolves thorough knowledge of:Involves thorough knowledge of:

Mechanical principles and limitations of the machine.Mechanical principles and limitations of the machine.

Efficient operations in the fieldEfficient operations in the field

Appropriate machine maintenanceAppropriate machine maintenance

Timely repair and replacementTimely repair and replacement

Selection of a machine systemSelection of a machine system

Economic analysis of actual or proposed activities.Economic analysis of actual or proposed activities.

Machinery management (contd)Machinery management (contd)

Discussions on the under listedDiscussions on the under listed

Field OperationsField OperationsField PatternsField PatternsCalibrationCalibrationLoss determinationLoss determinationField AdjustmentsField AdjustmentsRepair and maintenanceRepair and maintenancePreventive maintenancePreventive maintenance

ReferencesReferencesFarm machinery management byFarm machinery management by

Introduction to farm machinery by KepnerIntroduction to farm machinery by Kepner