The African-American Journey

Black Voting Power

• Because blacks in South Carolina vastly outnumbered whites, the newly enfranchised voters were able to send many African- American representatives to the state assembly, outnumbered the whites.

Florida & Reconstruction

• Beginning in 1868, Reconstruction program by Congress in Florida allowed lawmakers to pursue sweeping reforms.

Saint Augustine, Fla. Artillery inside Fort Marion; tents on rampart, taken between 1861 and 1865

II. Southern Redemption and African Americans

"We regard the Reconstruction Acts (so called) of Congress as usurpations, and unconstitutional, revolutionary, and void." - Democratic Platform

"The Union as it Was” Harper's Weekly, 1874

The Redeemed South?

"Everything Points to a Democratic Victory This Fall”

Self-Help, Autonomy & Danger: Community Building in New South

• Exodusters Movement– Almost 20,000 blacks

left Mississippi and Louisiana for the frontiers of Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Oklahoma.

Alfred Brockenbrough Williams, The Liberian Exodus. An Account of the Voyage of the First Emigrants in the Bark "Azor," and Their Reception at Monrovia, with a Description of Liberia--Its Customs and Civilization, Romances and Prospects. (Charleston, S. C.: The News and Courier Book Presses, 1878.)

Liberian Exodus Association, The Liberian Exodus. First Voyage of the Azor. Liberia a Delightful Country. Climate, Soil and Productions. Character of the People in Liberia; and How They Live. Full Information of the Exodus Movement. (Charleston, S. C.: W. J. Oliver's Print, 1878.)

The Rise of Peonage

Criminalizing Identity

Sanford, Florida 1880s

In 1883, white workers in Sanford responded to poor working condition by killing a black worker who accepted lower wages.

Education As Defense

Tuskegee History Class, photo by Frances Benjamin Johnston (1902)

Snow Hill Institute (Alabama 1902)

Industrial Philosophy

Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute: Daytona Beach, Florida (1912?)

Mary McLeod Bethune is third from left. This photo was possibly taken inside the original Faith Hall of the Daytona Literary and Industrial School for Training Negro Girls.

Washington’s Reality

Negro Building at Jamestown Exposition

Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition

Giles B. Jackson D. Webster Davis

Jackson was one of the organizer for the Negro Exhibition at the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition (1907).