africa and the africans in the age of the atlantic slave trade c20 eqs: why/how did slave trade...

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Africa and the Africans in Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade Slave Trade C20 C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade have What impacts did slave trade have on Africa? on Africa?

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Page 1: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Africa and the Africans in the Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Age of the Atlantic Slave

TradeTrade

C20 C20

EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? necessary?

What impacts did slave trade have on Africa?What impacts did slave trade have on Africa?

Page 2: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Stinger (True or False) Stinger (True or False)

European enslavement of Africans is the first European enslavement of Africans is the first type of slavery in history. type of slavery in history.

Europeans forced Africans into slavery. Europeans forced Africans into slavery. Most slaves were sold into the British colonies of Most slaves were sold into the British colonies of

North America. North America. Most slaves worked on cotton plantations. Most slaves worked on cotton plantations. Slavery in North America and slavery in Central Slavery in North America and slavery in Central

America were essentially the same. America were essentially the same. There has never been slavery in Europe.There has never been slavery in Europe.

Page 3: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

The BeginningsThe Beginnings ONE IMPORTANT POINT: Slavery existed in ONE IMPORTANT POINT: Slavery existed in

Africa BEFORE Europeans arrivedAfrica BEFORE Europeans arrived Remember, Portuguese explorers initiated Remember, Portuguese explorers initiated

contact with the African coast in the early 15contact with the African coast in the early 15thth century…they built “factories” (forts) for century…they built “factories” (forts) for trade…the most important was El Mina…trade…the most important was El Mina…these forts were established with the consent these forts were established with the consent of local African kings seeking trade alliances of local African kings seeking trade alliances and military supportand military support

The Portuguese and Afro-Portuguese The Portuguese and Afro-Portuguese (mulatto) traders followed traditional routes (mulatto) traders followed traditional routes into the interior to open markets with savanna into the interior to open markets with savanna kingdoms…religious efforts soon followed, kingdoms…religious efforts soon followed, particularly in the kingdoms of Benin and particularly in the kingdoms of Benin and Kongo, where kings were convertedKongo, where kings were converted

In the end, few Portuguese settled In the end, few Portuguese settled permanently…and other European nations permanently…and other European nations soon followed this pattern of establishing soon followed this pattern of establishing fortified positions and the coast and making fortified positions and the coast and making contacts with regional civilizations…NO contacts with regional civilizations…NO COLONIZATION (except South Africa)COLONIZATION (except South Africa)

Page 4: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

The Statistics of Slave The Statistics of Slave TradeTrade

Between 1450 and 1850 about 12 million Between 1450 and 1850 about 12 million Africans were shipped across the AtlanticAfricans were shipped across the Atlantic

About 10 to 11 million made it alive!About 10 to 11 million made it alive! Around 1/3 of those who died were either Around 1/3 of those who died were either

killed in raids by African slave traders or on killed in raids by African slave traders or on the trip to the coastthe trip to the coast

The volume of trade was greatest after The volume of trade was greatest after 1700, with over 80% of the total arriving1700, with over 80% of the total arriving

Brazil received more than 40% of the Brazil received more than 40% of the slaves shipped to the Americas…WHY???slaves shipped to the Americas…WHY???

High volume was important because of the High volume was important because of the high slave mortality rate in the Americas high slave mortality rate in the Americas (WHY?) and low fertility rate (only in the (WHY?) and low fertility rate (only in the Southern US were slaves able to have Southern US were slaves able to have children)children)

WHO was most likely captured for slavery?WHO was most likely captured for slavery?

Page 5: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Organization of Slave Organization of Slave TradeTrade

Portugal control slave trade until 1630…then the Dutch seized El Portugal control slave trade until 1630…then the Dutch seized El Mina…meanwhile, the British and French began to seek slave Mina…meanwhile, the British and French began to seek slave trade to supply labor for their New World colonies…by the 1700s trade to supply labor for their New World colonies…by the 1700s France was dominating tradeFrance was dominating trade

In terms of trade, slaves were bought from African slave trading In terms of trade, slaves were bought from African slave trading kingdoms with iron bars, brass rings and cowry shells early on…kingdoms with iron bars, brass rings and cowry shells early on…because of the value of trade benefits for African kings, coastal because of the value of trade benefits for African kings, coastal kingdoms began the process of raiding interior kingdoms (warfare), kingdoms began the process of raiding interior kingdoms (warfare), capturing prisoners and entering them into the slave market…capturing prisoners and entering them into the slave market…rarely did actual Europeans go into interior Africa to capture slavesrarely did actual Europeans go into interior Africa to capture slaves

The commercial profitability of slave trade was great, though many The commercial profitability of slave trade was great, though many questioned which group was in total control of the process…what questioned which group was in total control of the process…what has been proven is that slave trade led to the expansion of has been proven is that slave trade led to the expansion of Commercial capitalism and the advent of the Industrial Revolution Commercial capitalism and the advent of the Industrial Revolution in Europe (WHY?)in Europe (WHY?)

English traders estimated their profits from slave trade at around English traders estimated their profits from slave trade at around 5% to 10% in the late 1700s5% to 10% in the late 1700s

The most important pattern that emerged from slave trade was…The most important pattern that emerged from slave trade was…

Page 6: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

The Triangular Trade The Triangular Trade NetworkNetwork

Page 7: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

African Societies, Slavery African Societies, Slavery and the Slave Tradeand the Slave Trade

Once again…Africa already had systems of slavery…Once again…Africa already had systems of slavery…tribal kings owned the land, the people on the land tribal kings owned the land, the people on the land were tied to it and the number of slaves a noble had were tied to it and the number of slaves a noble had was tied to their wealth and status…slaves had many was tied to their wealth and status…slaves had many occupations but still had limited rights (no choices occupations but still had limited rights (no choices about lives or actions)about lives or actions)

It is important to remember that enslaving women was It is important to remember that enslaving women was central to African society…and polygamy increased in central to African society…and polygamy increased in African societies and Islamic religion influenced African societies and Islamic religion influenced kingdoms…in effect, the male slaves were most likely kingdoms…in effect, the male slaves were most likely to be sold where female slaves became harem to be sold where female slaves became harem members or domesticsmembers or domestics

In general, during the early periods of the slave trade, In general, during the early periods of the slave trade, Africans did not SELL their own people (changes by Africans did not SELL their own people (changes by the mid-1700s)the mid-1700s)

Page 8: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Slavery and African Slavery and African PoliticsPolitics

Slavery shifted the balance of Slavery shifted the balance of power in Africa from powerful power in Africa from powerful central states to newly central states to newly emerging slave trading emerging slave trading kingdoms on the coastlines…kingdoms on the coastlines…Kingdoms in the interior Kingdoms in the interior (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) (Ghana, Mali, Songhai) crumbled as kingdoms from crumbled as kingdoms from the coast (Asante, Benin and the coast (Asante, Benin and Dahomey) raided them for Dahomey) raided them for riches and slavesriches and slaves

What factors accounted for What factors accounted for this shift in power?this shift in power?

Page 9: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Coastal KingdomsCoastal Kingdoms

Asante: On the “Gold Coast”, the Asante: On the “Gold Coast”, the empire of the Asante (Ashanti) empire of the Asante (Ashanti) emerged from slave trade emerged from slave trade interactions…the clans of the interactions…the clans of the Asante (Akan and Oyoko) were Asante (Akan and Oyoko) were unified by Osei Tutu, who created unified by Osei Tutu, who created the title the title asanteheneasantehene (supreme (supreme leader)…his golden stool stood leader)…his golden stool stood as a symbol of unification…the as a symbol of unification…the asanteheneasantehene had a council of had a council of rulers and began to use military rulers and began to use military force to exercise power…the force to exercise power…the Dutch made connections with the Dutch made connections with the Asante by 1700…slaves (2/3 Asante by 1700…slaves (2/3 trade) and gold became their trade) and gold became their major exports and the Asante major exports and the Asante maintained their power until the maintained their power until the 1820s1820s

Page 10: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Coastal KingdomsCoastal Kingdoms

Benin: Was already a well developed, Benin: Was already a well developed, advanced society when Europeans advanced society when Europeans arrived…The arrived…The obasobas (leaders) of Benin (leaders) of Benin was largely interested in only trading was largely interested in only trading goods with arriving Europeans…goods with arriving Europeans…eventually pressure from Europeans eventually pressure from Europeans forced the forced the obasobas by the 1700s to begin by the 1700s to begin slave trade (though it never was their slave trade (though it never was their dominate source of economic dominate source of economic prosperity)prosperity)

Dahomey: By the 1700s, the influence Dahomey: By the 1700s, the influence of Europeans and their weapons of Europeans and their weapons transformed this society into a slave transformed this society into a slave producer…they used the typical producer…they used the typical pattern of forming armies to capture pattern of forming armies to capture slaves from the interior…they slaves from the interior…they continued as a major slave supplier continued as a major slave supplier into the 19into the 19thth C, with slavery having C, with slavery having negative impacts on their society negative impacts on their society (Such as?)(Such as?)

Page 11: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Slavery and East AfricaSlavery and East Africa

The Swahili trading states The Swahili trading states remained largely unaffected remained largely unaffected by European slave trade to by European slave trade to the Americasthe Americas

Slaves in this region were Slaves in this region were primarily women who were primarily women who were destined to become destined to become members of Arabian haremsmembers of Arabian harems

Unique to this region was the Unique to this region was the establishment of local establishment of local plantations with slave labor plantations with slave labor and the establishment of and the establishment of European plantations on European plantations on offshore islands that required offshore islands that required E. African and even Hindu E. African and even Hindu slavesslaves

Page 12: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Southern AfricaSouthern Africa South Africa remained unaffected by slave trade…South Africa remained unaffected by slave trade…

mainly thanks in part to sparse population and the mainly thanks in part to sparse population and the colony established by the Dutch East India colony established by the Dutch East India CompanyCompany

The Cape Colony was established was a provision The Cape Colony was established was a provision post for ships traveling east to Indonesia…the post for ships traveling east to Indonesia…the people who settled it were pioneers and sought a people who settled it were pioneers and sought a measure of separation from the Dutch crown…they measure of separation from the Dutch crown…they did use local natives as slaves but a large measure did use local natives as slaves but a large measure of intermarriage occurred as wellof intermarriage occurred as well

None of these peoples were ever exported out as None of these peoples were ever exported out as slave labor, but many were locally enslaved by the slave labor, but many were locally enslaved by the Dutch or killed in constant warfare with Dutch and Dutch or killed in constant warfare with Dutch and eventually British colonistseventually British colonists

Eventually, the Zulus solidified their power in the Eventually, the Zulus solidified their power in the beginning of the 19beginning of the 19thth century under their greatest century under their greatest warrior Shaka…his people carried on the traditions warrior Shaka…his people carried on the traditions he established in the he established in the mfecanemfecane or wars of crushing or wars of crushing and wandering...they influenced the development and wandering...they influenced the development of kingdoms (Swazi and Lesotho)of kingdoms (Swazi and Lesotho)

Afrikaaners (or Boers as they also became known Afrikaaners (or Boers as they also became known as) felt increased pressures from Zulu tribes that as) felt increased pressures from Zulu tribes that existed in large numbers on the high plains (velds) existed in large numbers on the high plains (velds) and the northeastern fringes of the territory…this and the northeastern fringes of the territory…this threat lasted well into the latter 1800sthreat lasted well into the latter 1800s

Page 13: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

The Slave “Experience”The Slave “Experience” Slaves became a significant portion of the population in the AmericasSlaves became a significant portion of the population in the Americas The journey for slaves to America on the Middle Passage was horrific…The journey for slaves to America on the Middle Passage was horrific…

slave ships were packed full…many slaves died on the journey (What slave ships were packed full…many slaves died on the journey (What ways?)ways?)

Those that survived became plantation or even mine labor replacing Those that survived became plantation or even mine labor replacing natives and indentured servants in the Brazil, Caribbean and Southern natives and indentured servants in the Brazil, Caribbean and Southern US (Demographically, Caribbean islands and Brazil became US (Demographically, Caribbean islands and Brazil became predominately black)predominately black)

In America, distinct slave hierarchies emerged…there was a difference In America, distinct slave hierarchies emerged…there was a difference between saltwater slaves (pure African) and Creole/mulatto slaves between saltwater slaves (pure African) and Creole/mulatto slaves (mixed)…Creole/mulatto slaves were more likely to win freedom…and (mixed)…Creole/mulatto slaves were more likely to win freedom…and their were free people of color (many who had been fortunate to travel to their were free people of color (many who had been fortunate to travel to Europe and become westernized rather than sold into servitude)Europe and become westernized rather than sold into servitude)

Rebellions were not uncommon, particularly where slaves with common Rebellions were not uncommon, particularly where slaves with common ethnicity lived (Brazil, Jamaica)ethnicity lived (Brazil, Jamaica)

Despite the negative effects of slavery, African societies STILL brought Despite the negative effects of slavery, African societies STILL brought with them their complete cultural identity (language, practices, religions)with them their complete cultural identity (language, practices, religions)…only family traditions were hard to re-establish, as most areas lacked …only family traditions were hard to re-establish, as most areas lacked female slavesfemale slaves

Page 14: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

The Decline of Slave The Decline of Slave TradeTrade Opposition to slavery grew out of Opposition to slavery grew out of

Enlightenment ideas and religious Enlightenment ideas and religious sentimentsentiment

Writers such as Rousseau and Adam smith Writers such as Rousseau and Adam smith decried the abuses of traders, decried the abuses of traders, characterizing them and their practice as characterizing them and their practice as backwards and immoral…it was the abuses backwards and immoral…it was the abuses and cruelty that brought the movement to and cruelty that brought the movement to the forefront of human society in the early the forefront of human society in the early 1919thth century century

Religious humanists such as John Wesley Religious humanists such as John Wesley and William Wilberforce began the early and William Wilberforce began the early abolition movements in Britain at the end of abolition movements in Britain at the end of the 18the 18thth century century

In 1807, British parliament outlawed slave In 1807, British parliament outlawed slave tradetrade

The full end to slavery and slave trade from The full end to slavery and slave trade from Africa did not come until the end of the 19Africa did not come until the end of the 19thth centurycentury

Page 15: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade C20 EQs: Why/How did slave trade begin/why was it necessary? What impacts did slave trade

Backwards DBQ in Backwards DBQ in Groups (Counts as quiz Groups (Counts as quiz grade) grade) Identify the thesis statement you have been assigned. Identify the thesis statement you have been assigned.

(That is Bad Science, I know.) (That is Bad Science, I know.) Identify the sources that support yout thesis statement.Identify the sources that support yout thesis statement. For each sources, identify whether it is a primary or For each sources, identify whether it is a primary or

secondary sourcesecondary source For each source, rate the trustworthiness of the source For each source, rate the trustworthiness of the source

from 1-10 and explain why you assigned that rating. from 1-10 and explain why you assigned that rating. Glue all of your most trustworthy sources onto a poster in Glue all of your most trustworthy sources onto a poster in

order to make a solid argument that supports your thesis. order to make a solid argument that supports your thesis. Put all group members’ names on the poster. Put all group members’ names on the poster. Traditional Assessment on Friday/Monday.Traditional Assessment on Friday/Monday.